Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

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\u^\bgmlv b^_x Eb]b GZpbc dZd _^bgkl\_gghc f_`^mgZjh^ghc hj]Zgb

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5) ^ey lh]h qlh[u hdhgqZl_evgh k\_j]gmlv \eZklv bam\_jh\ ih^dm

ib\rbo k_[_ \k_k\_lguo ijhc^ho b Z\Zglxjbklh\ gZjy^m k ijhiZ]Zg^hc gZpbhgZevguo b^_c b ijZ\ q_eh\_dZ g_h[oh^bfh mqblu\Zy kbeu ijhlb\ gbdZ \ dZ`^hf ]hjh^_ \ dZ`^hf ijhfure_gghf f_kl_ dhj_gghc Jhkkbb b MdjZbgu iml_f lsZl_evgh]h hl[hjZ b \_ebqZcr_c hkfhljbl_evghklb \_j[h\Zlv \h \k_o k_fvyo b djm]Zo jmkkdh]h h[-\Z \k_o dj_idbo b klhcdbo

ex^_c g_`gh ex[ysbo k\hx jh^bgm G_h[oh^bfh h[t_^bgblv \k_ jZa jhag_ggu_ kbeu \ h^gm dj_idmx p_emx iZjlbx qlh[u wlZ Zdlb\gZy kbeZ fh]eZ g_ lhevdh \_klb ^Zevg_crmx jZ[hlm b ijhlb\hklhylv g_ aZ kljZo Z aZ kh\_klv \jZ`^_[ghc gZf kbe_ gh kmf_eZ [u \ gm`guc fhf_gl jmdh\h ^blv klbobcgufb \aju\Zfb \hkklZgby fZkk gZijZ\eyy bo d _^bghc p_ eb – d \_ebdhfm \hajh`^_gbx <_ebdhc Jhkkbb

6) g_ ij_^j_rZy aZjZg__ dZdhc h[s_kl\_gguc kljhc ^he`_g [ulv \

]hkm^Zjkl\_ Jhkkbckdhf Z \u^\b]Zy kh k\h_c klhjhgu b^_x \_ebdh]h a_fkdh]h kh[hjZ fu \k_ `_ ^he`gu ahjdh kfhlj_lv qlh[u lZcgu_ \jZ` ^_[gu_ kbeu jZa gZ\k_]^Z ihl_jyeb hohlm ]jZ[_`Z b [_kqbgkl\Z gZjh^Z \ p_ehf b g_ ihf_rZeb [u \ ^Zevg_cr_f jZa\_jgmlv \ Jhkkbb k\hb _s_ g_ihqZlu_ kbeu gZ imlv ^moh\gh]h b wdhghfbq_kdh]h l\hjq_kl\Z

LsZl_evgh \a\_kb\ kh\j_f_ggh_ iheh`_gb_ Jhkkbb _^bgkl\h gZ kljh_gby jmkkdh]h gZjh^Z fu l\_j^h \_jbf qlh [ebahd dhg_p kljZ^Zgb yf b jZ^hklgh [m^_l hk\h[h`^_gb_

GZr kh\j_f_ggbd ‹ K –171.

11. G B ;moZjbg. Ijhe_lZjkdZy j_\hexpby b dmevlmjZ10 ba\e_q_gby

n_\jZey ]

Ba h[_kkbe_gby ?\jhiu ]^_ k_cqZk aZjZ[hlgZy ieZlZ jZ[hqbf b^_l gZ ihgb`_gb_ lh]^Z dZd m gZk hgZ b^_l gZ ih\ur_gb_ ba jZahj_gby bgl_e eb]_gpbb dhlhjh_ ijhbkoh^bl \ =_jfZgbb :\kljbb b l ^ \ul_dZ_l ^jm

]h_ \ul_dZ_l ]hjZa^h [hevrZy \_jhylghklv kh\_jr_ggh bghc i_jki_dlb \u qlh klZgh\ykv gZ gh]b Kh\_lkdZy Jhkkby klZg_l gh\hc :f_jbdhc g_ \ [mj`mZaghf Z \ ijhe_lZjkdhf kfuke_ keh\Z

G_evay Jhkkbx \uj\Zlv ba h[s_]h dhgl_dklZ ba h[s_]h djm]Z \k_]h fbjh\h]h ohayckl\Z \ lhf qbke_ AZiZ^ghc ?\jhiu gZrZ j_\hexpby _klv lhevdh qZklv h[s_c _\jhi_ckdhc j_\hexpbb GZr ijhlb\gbd ijb[_]Z_l \ k\h_c Zj]mf_glZpbb ijhlb\ gZk d ZgZeh]bb k [mj`mZaghc j_\hexpb_c d

25

ZgZeh]bb dhlhjmx hg kqblZ_l ijZ\bevghc gh dhlhjZy ih kms_kl\m k\h_fm g_ fh`_l [ulv ijbgylZ gb aZ dZdh_ ^hdZaZl_evkl\h ijhe_lZjkdZy j_\hex pby hlebqZ_lky g_ lhevdh k\hbf deZkkh\uf kh^_j`Zgb_f hl [mj`mZaghc j_\hexpbb gh \_kv oh^ __ bf__l b g_ba[_`gh [m^_l bf_lv \ dZdhc m]h^gh kljZg_ lZdb_ ki_pbnbq_kdb_ q_jlu dhlhju_ mgbqlh`Zxl \kydmx ZgZeh]bx f_`^m [mj`mZaghc j_\hexpb_c b ijhe_lZjkdhc

JmkkdZy j_\hexpby ihdZaZeZ qlh fmdb jh^h\ ba^_j`db ]jZ`^Zgkdhc \hcgu g_hiulghklv g_mf_ehklv gh\uo ijZ\bl_e_c hdZaZebkv gZklhevdh [hevrbfb qlh wlh k\b^_l_evkl\h h [_^ghklb \u^Zggh_ gh\uf ijZ\bl_ eyf Jhkkbb _klv ^hdZaZl_evkl\h g_aj_ehklb ^Zgghc kljZgu <kydZy ijh e_lZjkdZy j_\hexpby \ dZdhc m]h^gh kljZg_ ^Z`_ \ kljZg_ dZiblZebklb q_kdb jZa\blhc ^h djZcg_]h \ujZ`_gby [m^_l hlebqZlvky ih k\hbf ba ^_j`dZf hl \kydhc [mj`mZaghc j_\hexpbb \ kl_i_gb g_baf_jbfhc

B wlh \hagbdZ_l \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v ba lh]h qlh gh\h_ khpbZebklbq_ kdh_ h[s_kl\h jh`^Z_lky \ g_^jZo klZjh]h dZiblZebklbq_kdh]h h[s_kl\Z kh\k_f ^jm]bf iml_f q_f dZiblZebklbq_kdh_ h[s_kl\h \ g_^jZo h[s_kl \Z n_h^Zevgh-dj_ihklgbq_kdh]h Ba\_klgh iheh`_gb_ FZjdkZ dhlhjh_

pblbjm_lky gZrbfb ijhlb\gbdZfb k hkh[_gghc ex[h\vx iheh`_gb_ dhlhjh_ ]h\hjbl qlh gbdZdZy gh\Zy h[s_kl\_ggZy nhjfZ g_ aZklmiZ_l f_klh klZjhc h[s_kl\_gghc nhjfu ^h l_o ihj ihdZ \ ehg_ klZjuo hlgh r_gbc \ g_^jZo klZjh]h h[s_kl\Z g_ khaj_eb we_f_glu wlh]h gh\h]h h[ s_kl\Z B \hl a^_kv dh]^Z jmkkdb_ [hevr_\bdb aZohl_eb ijh^_eZlv ydh[u ijhe_lZjkdmx j_\hexpbx hgb fh`gh kdZaZlv ihklZjZebkv \ulhedgmlv ba [_j_f_gghc fZl_jb kh\_jr_ggh g_ khaj_\rbc ieh^ dhlhjuc kh\_j r_ggh _kl_kl\_ggh jh`^_gguc g_ gZ -f f_kyp_ Z gZ -f h[gZjm`be

k_[y dZd gbdq_fguc \udb^ur WlZ Zj]mf_glZpby _klv hkgh\gZy Zj]mf_g lZpby gZrbo khpbZe-^_fhdjZlbq_kdbo ijhlb\gbdh\ Y h[jZsZx \Zr_

\gbfZgb_ gZ wlhl i_j\uc imgdl dhlhjuc fg_ dZ`_lky kZfuf kms_kl\_g guf JZkkfhljbf dZd jh`^Z_lky dZiblZebaf \ g_^jZo klZjh]h n_h^Zev gh-dj_ihklgbq_kdh]h h[s_kl\Z b dZd jh`^Z_lky khpbZebaf \ g_^jZo dZ

iblZebklbq_kdh]h h[s_kl\Z ?keb lZd ihklZ\bf \hijhk lh ^ey gZk kh \_jr_ggh ykgh b lhqgh [m^_l \b^gZ ]em[hqZcrZy jZagbpZ \ kZfhf lbi_ wlh]h khaj_\Zgby B khpbZebaf aj__l \ g_^jZo dZiblZebafZ b dZiblZebaf aj_e \ g_^jZo n_h^Zevgh-dj_ihklgbq_kdh]h j_`bfZ gh dZd hgb aj_eb –

\hl \ q_f \hijhk WlZ jZagbpZ ijbgpbibZevgZy g_h[uqZcgh ]em[hdZy GZrb ijhlb\gbdb dhlhju_ o\Zeylky qlh hgb fZjdkbklu g_ aZf_qZxl hgb ^Z`_ g_ klZ\yl wlh]h \hijhkZ

GZf ]h\hjyl qlh jmkkdZy j_\hexpby gbq_]h g_ ijbg_keZ qlh m gZk gbs_lZ [hevrZy Kh\_jr_ggh \_jgh Gh fu l_i_jv qm\kl\m_f dZd khdb a_feb \oh^yl \ gZk \ gZrb `beu b ih^gbfZxlky d gZr_c ]heh\_ dhlhjZy gZqbgZ_l ih-^jm]hfm jZ[hlZlv Fu wlh agZ_f b fu wlh qm\kl\m_f Fu

26

agZ_f qlh fu _s_ k_cqZk g_ ih^gyebkv ^hklZlhqgh \ukhdh gh fu agZ_f

qlh fu gZr jmkkdbc gZjh^ wlm rbjhdhaZ^mx [Z[m dhlhjZy jZgvr_ ^Zevr_ k\h_c hdhebpu gbq_]h g_ agZeZ lZd i_j_ljyogmeb lZd i_j_^_eZ eb qlh hgZ l_i_jv agZ_l g_ lhevdh qlh lZdh_ JhaZ Exdk_f[mj] b FZdebg hgZ agZ_l lh q_]h g_ agZ_l gb h^bg njZgpmakdbc f_sZgbg <havfbl_ jmk kdh_ dj_klvygkl\h dhlhjh_ ^Zevr_ k\h_]h ^\hjZ gbq_]h g_ agZeh hgh lZd i_j_^_eZehkv qlh hgh f_j_dZ_l g_ lhevdh h k\h_f ^\hj_ h k\h_c ^_j_\g_ beb k_e_ b ^Z`_ g_ lhevdh h Fhkd\_ gh b h Ehg^hg_ b h IZjb`_ <hav fbl_ aZgylb_ Jmjkdh]h [Zkk_cgZ fu aZ wlh \j_fy \ Bkihedhf Dhfbgl_j gZ ihemqbeb ba ^_j_\_gv fZkkm ibk_f dhlhju_ mdZau\Zxl qlh im[ebdZ j_Z]bjm_l gZ kh[ulby dhlhju_ ijhbkoh^yl q_jl agZ_l ]^_ Wlh agZqbl qlh i_j_^_edZ \ ]heh\Zo ijhbahreZ dhehkkZevgZy dhlhjmx g_^hhp_gblv fh`_l lhevdh Z[khexlguc ijhklhnbey b^_cguc khieyd Fu agZ_f hl ebqgh qlh k_cqZk dZd gbdZd fu \ujZ[Zlu\Z_f dh_-dZdb_ dZ^jbrdb dh

lhju_ [ulv fh`_l ^_eZxl hrb[db gh \k_ `_ ijh^\b]Zxlky \i_j_^ <hl g_^Z\gh g_f_pdbc ihkeZggbd [ue gZ kt_a^_ Kh\_lh\ \ Fhkd\_ Hg ]h\h jbl – ^Z lZf im[ebdZ ihqbs_ q_f \ gZrb j_cokjZlu B fu kZfb \b^bf

gZ l_o `_ kt_a^Zo dZd m gZk \ujZklZ_l gh\uc dZ^j jZ[hqbo dhlhjuc ih^ oh^bl d \hijhkZf hq_gv ]em[hdh«

< ihbkdZo k\h_]h imlb Jhkkby f_`^m ?\jhihc b :ab_c: Oj_klhfZlby ih bklh jbb jhkkbckdhc h[s_kl\_gghc fukeb OIO b OO \_dh\ Q F K 137–138.

12. ;moZjbg G B H fbjh\hc j_\hexpbb gZr_c kljZg_ dmevlmj_ b ijhq_fhl\_l ZdZ^_fbdm B IZ\eh\m 11

]

JZ[hqbc deZkk kZfuf dZl_]hjbq_kdbf h[jZahf hlf_lZ_l gZmqgh_ rZjeZlZgkl\h dhlhjh_ l_i_jv ijhp\_lZ_l gZ \ufhq_gguo djh\vx iheyo ?\jhiu b \ dhlhjhf g_dhlhju_ kdhj[gu_ ]eZ\hx jhkkbckdb_ bgl_eeb]_g lu \b^yl ihke_^g__ keh\h [h`_kl\_ggh]h hldjh\_gby JZ[hqbc deZkk ijyfh aZbgl_j_kh\Zg \ lhf qlh[u emqrb_ ljZ^bpbb gZmdb – Z emqrb_

ljZ^bpbb gZmdb k\yaZgu k hiulguf bkke_^h\Zgb_f k fZl_jbZebafhf k [hjv[hc ijhlb\ \kydhc f_lZnbabdb – qlh[u wlb emqrb_ ljZ^bpbb gZmdb

kie_ebkv b kebebkv \ h^bg ihlhd k mkbebyfb ih[_^hghkgh]h ijhe_lZjbZ lZ b _]h mqZs_cky fheh^_`b

< ihbkdZo k\h_]h imlb F K 139

13. ;moZjbg G B ;hjv[Z ^\mo fbjh\ b aZ^Zqb gZmdb

ba ^hdeZ^Z gZ qj_a\uqZcghc k_kkbb :G KKKJ

27

21– bxgy ]

;mj`mZaby g_h[uqZcgh ]hj^blky k\h_c pb\bebaZpb_c b k\h_c dmevlm jhc Bklhjbq_kdb hgZ k^_eZeZ \ k\h_ \j_fy h]jhfgh_ ^_eh H^gZdh wlhl lbi dmevlmju ^he`_g g_ba[_`gh hlhclb \ ijhreh_ ^he`_g [ulv gbk ijh\_j]gml b [m^_l gbkijh\_j]gml \f_kl_ kh k\hbf ohayckl\_gguf b ih eblbq_kdbf hkgh\Zgb_f ;mj`mZagZy dmevlmjZ lZd `_ bklhjbq_kdb ij_ oh^ysZ lZd `_ fZeh \_qgZ dZd hlghr_gb_ f_`^m dZiblZebklhf b gZ_f guf jZ[hqbf f_`^m j_cokdZgpe_jhf b ihqlZevhghf f_`^m ]_g_jZehf @hnnjhf b ijhe_lZjb_f gZ^_\rbf nhjfm bfi_jbZebklkdhc Zjfbb “<ukhqZcrbf” lbihf ^moh\ghc dmevlmju [mj`mZabb y\ey_lky nhjfZ

j_eb]bhagh]h b b^_Zebklbq_kdh]h khagZgby dhlhjZy jZkkfZljb\Z_l kljhc \k_]h fbjha^Zgby ih lbim ^_e_gby gZ ]hkih^ b jZ[h\ aZdj_iey_l \h \k_o q_eh\_q_kdbo ]heh\Zo ijhdeylv_ a_fgh]h fbjZ dhlhjh_ ^he`gh [ulv jZa [blh j_\hexpbhgghc ijZdlbdhc ^_eZ_l ba hlghr_gby jZ[kl\Z fh^_ev ^ey \k_]h dhkfhkZ \ha\h^bl wlh hlghr_gb_ \ \_qgmx bklbgm h[s_kl\Z b ijb jh^u \ g_ij_eh`guc aZdhg \kydh]h [ulby ;mj`mZagZy dmevlmjZ g_jZa ju\gh k\yaZgZ k jZa^_e_gb_f f_`^m mfkl\_gguf b nbabq_kdbf ljm^hf

dhlhjh_ h[j_dZ_l ljm^ysboky l _ ^_ckl\bl_evgmx ijhba\h^bl_evgmx

kbem h[s_kl\Z gZ mfkl\_ggh_ \Zj\Zjkl\h ^Z\Zy bf h[ju\db agZgbc ebrv \ lhc f_j_ \ dhlhjhc wlh g_h[oh^bfh ^ey jZ[hlu gZ kh\j_f_gguo keh`guo fZrbgZo b ZiiZjZlZo “dmkhq_d” Zjbnf_lbdb iexk [b[eby i_

j_ie_l_ggZy \ k\bgmx dh`m gZ ij_^f_l “fbjh\haaj_gby” b ^ey ihkemrZ gby ;mj`mZagZy dmevlmjZ g_jZaju\gh k\yaZgZ k dZe_q_gb_f ex^_c ]hjh^

\ukZku\Z_l khdb ba ^_j_\gb b h[j_dZ_l __ gZ ^moh\guc b^bhlbaf m[h`_ kl\h ijhn_kkbc ij_\jZsZ_l ex^_c \ h^gh[hdbo b dZkljbjh\Zgguo madbo ki_pbZebklh\ \ ijb^Zldb fZrbgu dZgp_eyjbb [xjh ;mj`mZagZy dmev lmjZ nhjfbjm_l b e_ibl w]hbklbq_kdbo `Z^guo `b\hlguo ki_dmeyglh\ \ h[eZklb `bagb ^_ckl\by nbehkhnbb nbebkl_jh\ b f_sZg ^ey dhlhjuo \eZklv ^_g_] _klv \ukrbc aZdhg ;mj`mZagZy dmevlmjZ kha^Z_l ^\hcgmx [mo]Zel_jbx \ fhjZeb j_eb]bb b bkdmkkl\_ ih^h[gh lhfm dZd hgZ g_ba [_`gh ^he`gZ hibjZlvky gZ lZcgmx ^biehfZlbx \ iheblbd_ B a^_kv kh pbZebaf \uklmiZ_l kh k\hbfb ijbgpbiZfb Hg mgbqlh`Z_l ijhlb\hih eh`ghklv f_`^m ]hjh^hf b ^_j_\g_c b ke_^h\Zl_evgh bo dmevlmjgmx ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv Hg \uklZ\ey_l gZ k\h_f agZf_gb mgbqlh`_gb_ ih eyjghklb mfkl\_ggh]h b nbabq_kdh]h ljm^Z h[t_^bgyy bo k\yau\Zy l_h jbx b ijZdlbdm fukev b ^_eh gZmdm b ljm^ Hg \i_j\u_ \ q_eh\_q_kdhc bklhjbb ^_eZ_l \kx kmffm agZgbc ^hklmighc \k_f b \ly]b\Z_l \ Zdlb\gh_ dmevlmjgh_ kljhbl_evkl\h fbeebhgu Hg mgbqlh`Z_l nhjfu b^_Zebklb q_kdh]h b j_eb]bhagh]h khagZgby klZ\y gZ _]h f_klh Zdlb\guc ij_h[jZ amxsbc fbj ^bZe_dlbq_kdbc fZl_jbZebaf

28

LZdbf h[jZahf h[sbc djbabk fbjh\h]h dZiblZebklbq_kdh]h ohayc kl\Z _klv djbabk \k_fbjghc dZiblZebklbq_kdhc dmevlmju ;hjv[Z deZk kh\ _klv [hjv[Z kihkh[h\ ijhba\h^kl\Z b \ lh `_ \j_fy [hjv[Z ^\mo dmevlmj Wlh _klv gZklhysZy [hjv[Z ^\mo fbjh\ h^ghfm ba dhlhjuo km`^_gh ih]b[gmlv

Djbabk b jZaeh`_gb_ k h^ghc klhjhgu ih^t_f b kljhbl_evkl\h – k

^jm]hc KZfhm[bckl\Z ^_kyldh\ lukyq ljm^ysboky AZiZ^Z b l\hjq_kdbc wglmabZaf kh\_lkdbo ijhe_lZjb_\ >_kyldb ijhp_glh\ miZ^dZ ijh^mdpbb \ dZiblZebklbq_kdbo kljZgZo b [mjgu_ l_fiu __ jhklZ m gZk Ihbkdb [h]Z b lhkdZ ih kj_^g_\_dh\vx kj_^b ]_e_jl_jh\ AZiZ^Z b gZmqguc jZkp\_l m kh\_lkdbo mq_guo – \hl dZdhc [ZeZgk ih^\_eZ bklhjby

< ihbkdZo k\h_]h imlb« K –138.

14. Ba dgb]b G : ;_j^y_\Z12³Bklhdb b kfuke jmkkdh]h dhffmgbafZ´13

Jmkkdh_ dhffmgbklbq_kdh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h _klv _^bgkl\_gguc k_cqZk \ fbj_ lbi lhlZeblZjgh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z hkgh\Zggh]h gZ ^bdlZlmj_ fbjhkh a_jpZgby gZ hjlh^hdkZevghc ^hdljbg_ h[yaZl_evghc ^ey \k_]h gZjh^Z Dhffmgbaf \ Jhkkbb ijbgye nhjfm djZcg_]h wlZlbafZ, ho\Zlu\Zxs_]h

`_e_agufb lbkdZfb `bagv h]jhfghc kljZgu b wlh, d kh`Ze_gbx, \iheg_

kh]eZkgh kh klZjufb ljZ^bpbyfb jmkkdhc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghklb KlZjZy jmkkdZy Z\lhdjZlbq_kdZy fhgZjoby bf_eZ dhjgb \ j_eb]bhaguo \_jh\Zgb yo gZjh^Z hgZ k_[y khagZ\ZeZ b hijZ\^u\ZeZ dZd l_hdjZlbx dZd k\ys_g gh_ pZjkl\h Gh\h_ jmkkdh_ dhffmgbklbq_kdh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h lh`_ Z\lhdjZ-

lbqgh b lh`_ bf__l dhjgb \ \_jh\Zgbyo gZjh^Z \ gh\uo \_jh\Zgbyo jZ [hq_-dj_klvygkdbo fZkk hgh lh`_ khagZ_l k_[y b hijZ\^u\Z_l dZd k\y

s_ggh_ pZjkl\h dZd h[jZlgmx l_hdjZlbx Kh\_lkdh_ dhffmgbklbq_kdh_ pZjkl\h bf__l [hevrh_ koh^kl\h ih k\h_c ^moh\ghc dhgkljmdpbb k fhk-

dh\kdbf ijZ\hkeZ\guf pZjkl\hf < g_f lh `_ m^mrv_ ;,; \_d \ Jhkkbb g_ [ue p_ehklguf [ue jZa^\h_gguf hg [ue \_dhf k\h[h^guo bkdZgbc b j_\hexpbb J_\hexpby kha^ZeZ lhlZeblZjgh_ dhffmgbklbq_kdh_ pZjkl\h b \ wlhf pZjkl\_ m]Zk j_\hexpbhgguc ^mo bkq_aeb k\h[h^gu_ bkdZgby < pZjkl\_ wlhf ^_eZ_lky hiul ih^qbg_gby \k_]h gZjh^Z ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghfm dZl_obabkm Jmkkdbc wlZlbaf bf_e \k_]^Z h[jZlghc klhjhghc jmkkdbc ZgZjobaf Dhffmgbklbq_kdZy j_\hexpby \hkihevah\ZeZkv \ k\h_ \j_fy ZgZjobq_kdbfb bgklbgdlZfb gh hgZ ijbreZ d djZcg_fm wlZlbafm ih^Z\ eyxs_fm \kydh_ ijhy\e_gb_ jmkkdbo ZgZjobq_kdbo bgklbgdlh\ !

;_j^y_\ G : Bklhdb b kfuke jmkkdh]h dhffmgbafZ F K –120.

KBKL?F: H;J:AH<:GBY

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