Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

22. Ba ibkvfZ ibkZl_ey <Zkbeby :dk_gh\Z13 =_g_jZevghfm k_dj_lZjx PD DIKK E B ;j_`g_\m

³;he__ e_l y Zdlb\gh jZ[hlZe \ kh\_lkdhc ebl_jZlmj_« H^gZdh e_l 10– gZaZ^ \ k\_l ^Z b lh k [hevrbf ljm^hf klZeZ \uoh^blv lhevdh qZklv

fh_c jZ[hlu« H]ey^u\Zykv gZaZ^ y gbdh]h g_ fh]m h[\bgblv \ kemqb\r_f- ky« G_ \b`m ^ey k_[y ^jm]h]h \uoh^Z« dZd lhevdh ebrv hlt_a^ aZ jm[_`«´

Bklhqgbd ‹ K –92.

KM>V;: WFB=J:PBB

Ba ibkvfZ N B RZeyibgZ d ^hq_jb14

³Lu h[yaZl_evgh kijZrb\Z_rv dh]^Z `_ y ijb_^m \ Kh\_lu Ihkfhljb \ dgb]m ³I_j_ibkdZ Q_oh\Z b Dgbii_j´ \hl dZdb_ \ughkdb lu gZc^_rv lZf ³RZeyibg N_^hj B\Zgh\bq jh^beky \ ] AgZf_gbluc i_\_p bf_e a\Zgb_ gZjh^gh]h ZjlbklZ j_kim[ebdb gh [ue ebr_g _]h aZ lh qlh gZoh^ykv aZ ]jZgbp_c kheb^Zjbabjh\Zeky k [_ehwfb]jZglZfb´ ³<hl l_[_ [Z[mrdZ b Xjv_\ ^_gv´ : lu ]h\hjbrv – ijb_a`Zc AZq_f" <_^v y \_kvfZ ³kheb^Zjb-

abjh\Zeky´ \ k\h_ \j_fy k =hjvdbf b E_gbguf gh pZjv g_ ebrZe f_gy a\Z- gby khebklZ AZ qlh fg_ ^Zxl a\Zgby – aZ lZeZglu beb aZ dZjZqdb´

Bklhqgbd ‹ K –156.

24. AZibkdZ Fbgbkl_jkl\Z dmevlmju KKKJ

\ PD DIKK

hdly[jy ]

Z\]mklZ ]. gZ aZk_^Zgbb Kh\_lZ gZjh^guo dhfbkkZjh\ JKNKJ [ueh ijbgylh ihklZgh\e_gb_ h ebr_gbb N B RZeyibgZ a\Zgby GZjh^ gh]h ZjlbklZ J_kim[ebdb

Wlh ihklZgh\e_gb_ \ k\h_ \j_fy [ueh ijZ\bevguf b hljZ`Zeh fg_gb_ kh\_lkdhc h[s_kl\_gghklb hkm^b\r__ g_ehyevgu_ ihklmidb N RZey-

ibgZ \h \j_fy _]h ]Zkljhe_c \ [mj`mZaguo kljZgZo

Jhkl b mdj_ie_gb_ Kh\_lkdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ ]h^u khpbZebklbq_kdh]h kljhbl_evkl\Z hij_^_ebeb \ ^Zevg_cr_f baf_g_gb_ ih\_^_gby hl^_evguo jmkkdbo ibkZl_e_c b fmaudZglh\ \ jZagh_ \j_fy b ih jZaguf h[klhyl_ev kl\Zf hklZ\b\rbo k\hx Jh^bgm Wlh gZreh g_dhlhjh_ hljZ`_gb_ \ bo ih ke_^mxs_f l\hjq_kl\_ b ^_yl_evghklb aZ jm[_`hf qlh iha\hebeh ba^Zlv ijhba\_^_gby ibkZl_e_c B ;mgbgZ : DmijbgZ dhfihablhjZ K JZofZgb-

gh\Z b ^jm]bo ;eZ]h^Zjy wlhfm l\hjq_kl\h \u^Zxsboky ibkZl_e_c b fmau- dZglh\ hdZaZ\rboky \ wfb]jZpbb \gh\v klZeh ^hklhygb_f kh\_lkdh]h gZjh^Z

440

N B RZeyibg y\ey_lky g_ih\lhjbfuf y\e_gb_f \ bklhjbb jmkkdh]h b fbjh\h]h hi_jgh]h l_ZljZ dhlhjuf gZr gZjh^ ]hj^blky ih ijZ\m

Fbgbkl_jkl\h dmevlmju KKKJ kqblZ_l qlh \ gZklhys__ \j_fy ke_^m _l ijbgylv g_h[oh^bfu_ f_ju ^ey lh]h qlh[u g_ lhevdh bfy gh b \k_ gZke_^b_ N B RZeyibgZ \_jgmlv gZr_c kljZg_

Ijhrm \Zrbo mdZaZgbc

IhklZgh\e_gb_ PD DIKK ijh_dl

hdly[jy k ] Fbgbkl_jkl\h dmevlmju KKKJ \g_keh \ PD DIKK ij_^eh`_gb_ hlf_lblv -e_lb_ kh ^gy i_j\h]h \uklmie_gby N B. RZ-

eyibgZ \ fhkdh\kdbo hi_jguo l_ZljZo WlZ ^ZlZ bkihegy_lky hdly[jy k ] Lh\ FboZceh\ kqblZ_l lZd`_ g_h[oh^bfuf \hkklZgh\blv RZeyibgm

ihkf_jlgh a\Zgb_ GZjh^gh]h ZjlbklZ J_kim[ebdb

Hl^_e dmevlmju iheZ]Z_l qlh ^ZlZ r_klb^_kylbe_lby i_j\h]h \uklm ie_gby ZjlbklZ \ fhkdh\kdbo l_ZljZo g_ y\ey_lky x[be_cghc b aZkem`b \Zxs_c \k_khxagh]h ijZa^gh\Zgby Qlh dZkZ_lky \hkklZgh\e_gby ih kf_jlgh a\Zgby N RZeyibgm lh [ueh [u ijZ\bevguf jZkkfhlj_lv wlhl

\hijhk g_ k\yau\Zy _]h j_r_gb_ k r_klb^_kylbe_lb_f i_j\h]h \uklmi e_gby N RZeyibgZ \ fhkdh\kdbo l_ZljZo

JZaj_rblv Fbgbkl_jkl\m dmevlmju KKKJ

1.Hlf_lblv hdly[jy ]. 60-e_lb_ kh ^gy i_j\h]h \uklmie_gby \_ ebdh]h jmkkdh]h ZjlbklZ N B RZeyibgZ \ fhkdh\kdbo hi_jguo l_ZljZo

2.<g_klb \ <_joh\guc Kh\_l JKNKJ ij_^eh`_gb_ h \hkklZgh\e_gbb N B RZeyibgm ihkf_jlgh a\Zgby GZjh^gh]h ZjlbklZ J_kim[ebdb

25. Ba \hkihfbgZgbc kdmevilhjZ K > Wjvab15

³< ghy[j_ ] ijb[ueb \ Fhkd\m b y aZibkZeky gZ ijb_f d ij_^ k_^Zl_ex Dhfbl_lZ ih ^_eZf bkdmkkl\ l E_[_^_\m I_j\Zy \klj_qZ k

ij_^k_^Zl_e_f dhfbl_lZ \f_klh ijb\_lkl\by h]jZgbqbeZkv _]h aZy\e_gb _f ³Y ljb ]h^Z ^h[b\Zeky qlh[u <Zk g_ imklbeb \ KKKJ b dZd <u kfh] eb kx^Z y\blvky"´ KijZrb\Zx ³Ihq_fm"´ Hg hl\_qZ_l ³<Zrb jZ[hlu g_ kh\_lkdb_´ Y ]h\hjx ³ <u g_ \b^_eb b g_ agZ_l_ fhbo ijhba\_^_gbc´ Ihlhf y _fm gZihfgbe h k\hbo kh\_lkdbo jZ[hlZo h dhlhjuo y m`_ ]h\h jbe \ur_ H^gZdh jmdh\h^bl_eb Dhfbl_lZ ih ^_eZf bkdmkkl\ hklZebkv

441

ijb k\h_f fg_gbb ^h kbo ihj B \hl m`_ ljb ]h^Z dZd y \ Fhkd\_ gh fh_ iheh`_gb_ g_ baf_gbehkv

Y ijb_oZe g_ k imklufb jmdZfb Y ijb\_a kdmevilmj fZrbgu bgkljmf_glu b ^Z`_ ^\Z \Z]hgZ fZl_jbZeh\ Y ohqm ihdZaZlv fheh^_`b dZd gm`gh jZ[hlZlv ih-gh\hfm Dh]^Z y ijb_oZe \ KKKJ lh ^mfZe qlh

kdmevilmju bsml gh\u_ l_ogbq_kdb_ imlb gh d kh`Ze_gbx hgb jZ[hlZ xl ih klZjbgd_ dZd ^\_ lukyqb e_l lhfm gZaZ^ fhehldZfb ^Z _s_ imgd lbjhf dZd dhibjh\sbdb Z g_ om^h`gbdb-l\hjpu Y ohqm dZd om^h`gbd

ihdZaZlv gZjh^m fhb ljm^u ihke_^gbo e_l´

Bklhqgbd ‹ K –94.

26. Ba \hkihfbgZgbc B H^h_\p_\hc16

– Y \kx `bagv ohl_eZ \_jgmlvky kljZrgh lhkdh\ZeZ ih Jhkkbb K\hbf

mki_oZf \h NjZgpbb b :f_jbd_ y ijb^Z\ZeZ fZeh agZq_gby \hl jmkkdbc mki_o [ue [u gZklhysbf Gh ^mfZx _keb [u y hklZeZkv \jy^ eb [u ^h `beZ ^h k_]h^gyrgbo ^g_c O\Zlbeh [u b lh]h qlh fhb klbob qj_a\u qZcgh ex[be Ljhpdbc Z h^gh mihfbgZgb_ \ k\yab k gbf kmebeh [hevrb_ g_ijbylghklb Wlh \u agZ_l_ g_ om`_ f_gy

Iha^g__ \ –70-_ ]] m f_gy ^Z`_ g_ [ueh i_j_ibkdb k fhbf jh^guf [jZlhf `b\rbf \ Jhkkbb – \ ihke_^g_f _]h ibkvf_ kh^_j`ZeZkv ijhkv[Z

[hevr_ g_ ibkZlv _fm [ueb kfmlgu_ \j_f_gZ >Z`_ g_ agZx dh]^Z hg mf_j

M wfb]jbjh\Z\rbo jmkkdbo ibkZl_e_c g_ [ueh gbq_]h djhf_ `_eZ gby qlh[u bo qblZeb gZ jh^bg_ =_hj]bc :^Zfh\bq aZf_qZl_evguc djb lbd b ebl_jZlmjh\_^ – emqrbc \ wfb]jZpbb – b g_^hhp_g_gguc ihwl

]h\hjbe “Y \k_ ^_eZx lhevdh ^ey [m^ms_c keZ\db \ Jhkkbb \k_ ibrm ibrm Z gZ^h [u b hl^hogmlv”.

FZjbgZ P\_lZ_\Z – \hkoblbl_evgZy `_gsbgZ k ly`_euf oZjZdl_jhf

ly`_euf ^Z`_ ^ey g__ kZfhc B \ wfb]jZpbb hgZ [ueZ dZd [u b [_ehc b djZkghc \k_]^Z hs_lbg_gghc \k_]^Z ]hlh\hc ijbgylv b ^Zlv [hc Fu lh]^Z `beb khklhyl_evgh ihfh]Zeb fgh]bf mkljZb\Zeb [Zeu Hq_gv `Ze_x qlh fg_ gbdh]^Z ^Z`_ \ ]heh\m g_ ijboh^beh ^Zlv _c ^_g_] Fh `_l [ulv ihlhfm qlh hgZ fh]eZ b g_ ijbgylv

«;mgbg hdZaZeky bf_ggh lZdbf dZdbf y _]h ij_^klZ\eyeZ g_h[u

qZcgh \_ebq_kl\_gguf ]hj^uf ^Z`_ gZ^f_gguf : \f_kl_ k l_f hg [ue hq_gv g_j\_g b \i_qZlebl_e_g

;mgbg _^bgkl\_gguc ba djmiguo jmkkdbo ibkZl_e_c g_ bf_e aZ ]jZgb p_c ihqlb gbdZdh]h mki_oZ G_fgh]h ihijZ\beZ _]h iheh`_gb_ Gh[_e_\ kdZy ij_fby dhlhjmx hg ijbgye ba jmd dhjhey R\_pbb dZd jZ\guc _fm

442

dZd dhjhev Ebl_jZlmju Gh b ihke_ wlh]h _]h “Fblbgm ex[h\v” b “@bagv :jk_gv_\Z” p_ebdhf gbdlh g_ ohl_e i_qZlZlv

OZjZdl_jgh lh qlh kdZaZe fg_ ;mgbg dh]^Z y gZibkZeZ k\hc i_j\uc jhfZg “:g]_e kf_jlb”: “Gm \hl g_ bf_eZ [Z[Z oehihl GZ[_]Z_l_kv \u

l_i_jv Imklv ^Z`_ \u k_cqZk gZi_qZlZ_l_kv <ijhq_f `_eZx mki_oh\”.

Fg_ kZfhc m ;mgbgZ dZ`mlky kdmqgufb b aZlygmlufb g_dhlhju_ hib kZgby – \hl Q_oh\ h[tykgye \k_ ^\mfy kljhdZfb ;hevr_ \k_]h ex[ex m

;mgbgZ “L_fgu_ Zee_b”.

Y g_ \klj_qZeZ [he__ hkljhmfguo ex^_c q_f Oh^Zk_\bq b =_hj]bc B\Zgh\ IhgZqZem wlh dZq_kl\h dhlhjuf h[Z [ueb gZ^_e_gu \ ba[uld_ bo hq_gv k[eb`Zeh hgb ^jm`beb \f_kl_ hq_gv ohjhrh jZa]h\Zjb\Zeb Oh^Zk_\bq fh] [ulv `_eqguf ya\bl_evguf gh b fbeuf Oh^Zk_\bq i_ qZlZeky \ “<hajh`^_gbb” ]^_ khljm^gbqZe =_hj]bc B\Zgh\ Gh iha^g__ ^jm`[Z h[_jgmeZkv \jZ`^hc Oh^Zk_\bq ij_ajbl_evgh hlha\Zeky h “I_

l_j[mj]kdbo abfZo” =_hj]by B\Zgh\Z @hj` [ue hkdhj[e_g

H]hg_d ‹« K –23

Ba jmdhibkb “KljZgbpu [ueh]h” : K Wnjhg17. H^bghq_kl\h FZjbgu P\_lZ_\hc18

]

FZjbgZ dZaZeZkv lhc `_ qlh b \ Fhkd\_ – lZ `_ q_edZ l_ `_ k_j_[jy

gu_ [jZke_lu l_ `_ ]eZaZ ]ey^ysb_ fbfh kh[_k_^gbdZ \ k\hx b _]h ^Zev b l_ `_ g_mdhkgbl_evgu_ ijb\uqdb – d mlj_gg_c jZ[hl_ ghqghc [_kkhg

gbp_ ^he]bf ijh]medZf q_jghfm dhn_ b l_ `_ \aZbfhbkdexqZxsb_ k\hckl\Z – k^_j`Zgghklv b g_mdjhlbfhklv g_ijbfbjbfhklv b djhlhklv

^he]hl_ji_gb_ b \kiuevqb\hklv h[sbl_evghklv b `Z`^Z m_^bg_gby lZ `_ m\e_q_gghklv m\e_dZ_fhklv ex^vfb ijb \gmlj_gg_c g_kihkh[ghklb g_\hafh`ghklb ^eblv k gbfb hlghr_gby

Gh kh\_jrbeky \ g_c – q_eh\_d_ \ g_c – ihwl_ g_h[jZlbfuc _s_ ijh

kluf ]eZahf g_\b^bfuc b g_bkdmr_gguf mohf g_keurbfuc ih\hjhl i_j_ehf hlemq_gghklb hl hdjm`Zxs_c `bagb mqZklgbdhf dhlhjhc hgZ i_j_klZeZ k_[y hsmsZlv HldexqbeZkv kihkh[ghklv gZoh^blvky gZ ih \_joghklb `bagb gZ ieZ\m \f_kl_ k g_c ohly [u gZi_j_dhj hij_^_eb eZkv g_aZjy`Z_fhklv _x b g_kebygghklv k g_x qm`hc qm`bf ijbgZ^e_ `Zs_c \h\g_ gZoh^ys_cky Hl g_^h\_jby d hdjm`Zxs_fm hl g_^hklh \_jghklb _]h g_kfhljy gZ “mki_o”.

Q_eh\_d g_ kj_^u Z kljZgu FZjbgZ jZkklZ\rbkv kh kljZghc aZf_gu _c \ “kj_^_” dZdhc [u lh gb [ueh g_ bkdZeZ ^Z b g_ fh]eZ bkdZlv Wfb]

jZpby `_ kjZam ij_\jZlbeZkv bf_ggh \ “kj_^m” jZks_ib\rmxky jZkiZ\

443

rmxky d lhfm `_ gZ g_gZ^_`gu_ fbdjhfbjdb ]jmiibjh\hd ijboh^h\ a_feyq_kl\ \ dhlhjuo FZjbg_ g_ o\ZlZeh [u gb \ha^moZ gb ijhkljZgkl \Z _keb [u hgZ b iulZeZkv k`blvky k gbfb b \`blvky \ gbo gb ijhklh kfukeZ GZ eZ^hgb __ km^v[u gZqZeZ h[hagZqZlvky `_kldZy ]em[hdZy eb gby h^bghq_kl\Z

Ba\_klby fZy

28. Ba \hkihfbgZgby : Lmevqbgkdh]h ba^Zl_ey wfb]jZglkdh]h `mjgZeZ “DZe_c^hkdhi” \ KR:

Y ijb_oZe kx^Z g_ bf_y gb h^gh]h gZ^_`gh]h agZdhfh]h GZqbgZe `blv “gZ hsmiv” iehoh agZy Zg]ebckdbc <hl ihq_fm y l\_j^h j_rbe \

i_j\h_ \j_fy g_ ih^oh^blv [ebadh d jmkkdbf ba^Zgbyf kgZqZeZ gZ^h [u khjb_glbjh\Zlvky hkfhlj_lvky b ohlv g_fgh]h bamqblv yaud M f_gy [u eh mklhcqb\h_ ohlv b gZb\gh_ `_eZgb_ – klZlv Zf_jbdZgp_f Z g_ lygmlv

k kh[hc ly`_euc \ha jmkkdbo ijh[e_f b f_glZevghklb Fh] eb y agZlv lh]^Z qlh wlh Z[khexlgh g_\hafh`gh"

GZ^h [ueh dZd-lh `blv >Z`_ g_ `blv Z – \u`blv Ihfgx y ibkZe \ “IZghjZfm” \ “Gh\uc Zf_jbdZg_p” gh kiZk_gb_ g_ ijboh^beh Ijh[h \Ze jZ[hlZlv ^ey Zf_jbdZgkdbo ij_kk-Z]_glkl\ ihemqZehkv fZehwnn_d lb\gh: f_rZe yaudh\hc [Zjv_j«

Y l_jyeky \ ^h]Z^dZo b m`_ [ue kdehg_g d fukeb qlh b^_y ba^Zgby kh[kl\_ggh]h `mjgZeZ Z[kmj^gZ gh \^jm] \ dZdhc-lh fhf_gl gZr_e

“dexqbd” d j_r_gbx kh[kl\_gghc aZ]Z^db <gbfZl_evgh gZ[ex^Zy aZ

\uoh^b\rbfb \ k\_l ba^Zgbyfb y m\b^_e h^gm hq_\b^gmx aZdhghf_j ghklv [hevrbgkl\h ibrmsbo e_aeh ba dh`b \hg qlh[u aZklhe[blv k\h_ bfy \ bffb]jZglkdbo ibkZl_evkdbo k\ylpZo b ]eZ\gh_ – qlh[u \u]ey

^_lv ihhjb]bgZevg__ qlh[u M>B<BLV G:JH> KEH<HF Wlh [ueh bo aZ[em`^_gb_ ohly Zf[bpbb gbdhfm g_ \ha[jZgyxlky l_f [he__ – ex^yf

l\hjq_kdbf KqblZy k_[y q_eh\_dhf kqZkleb\uf gZqbklh ba[Z\e_gguf hl ih^h[guo Zf[bpbc y j_rbe ihclb ih bghfm imlb G? M>B<EYLV GB DH=H KEH<HF Z G:OH>BLV L:DB? KEH<: dhlhju_ fh]ml ihfhqv ex^yf \ wlhc ljm^ghc ihjhx hiZkghc `bagb Djhf_ lh]h y agZe qlh gZr qblZl_ev _s_ \ Khxa_ mklZe hl dZgp_eyjkdhc kmohc ]Za_lghc e_dkb db ihwlhfm b yaud h[s_gby k gbf lh`_ ^he`_g [ulv ^jm]bf [he__ Q? EH<?Q?KDBF

<uoh^pu ba Jhkkbb kljZrgh jZa[jhkZgu b jZah[s_gu GbdZdb_ fhb mkbeby baf_gblv qlh-lh ihdZ g_ ijbghkyl \b^bfh]h mki_oZ gh y \k_ jZ\

gh \_jx qlh ijb dZdbo-lh h[klhyl_evkl\Zo ijhbahc^_l \aju\ dhlhjuc aZklZ\bl gZk ijb^\bgmlvky ^jm] d ^jm]m

444

Dh]^Z-lh h^bg hq_gv fm^juc klZjuc q_eh\_d ijh`b\rbc \ :f_jbd_ [hevr_ iylb^_kylb e_l kdZaZe fg_ “AZihfgbl_ fheh^hc q_eh\_d y \b

^_e a^_kv kZfuo jZaguo ex^_c k gZr_c jh^bgu Fgh]b_ fh]ml \Zf ihkh qm\kl\h\Zlv dh]^Z m \Zk [_^Z fgh]b_ fh]ml ^Z`_ ihfhqv gh mki_oZ \Zf g_ ijhklyl gbdh]^Z”.

Jh^bgZ ‹ K –49.

IJBF?Q:GBY

1;mgbg B\Zg :e_dkZg^jh\bq –1953) – ibkZl_ev k ] – \ wfb]jZpbb EZmj_Zl Gh[_e_\kdhc ij_fbb ] :\lhj ijhba\_^_gbc gZibkZguo \ deZkkbq_kdhc ljZ^bpbb

2;_j^y_\ GbdheZc :e_dkZg^jh\bq –1948) – nbehkhn < ] \ukeZg ba KKKJ

K ] – \h NjZgpbb Hkgh\gu_ khqbg_gby “Kfuke l\hjq_kl\Z” (1916), “Fbjhkha_j- pZgb_ >hklh_\kdh]h” (1923), “Nbehkhnby k\h[h^gh]h ^moZ” (1927–1928), “KZfhkhagZgb_”

(1949).

3 Kljm\_ I_lj ;_jg]Zj^h\bq –1944) – iheblbq_kdbc ^_yl_ev nbehkhn wdhghfbkl bklhjbd im[ebpbkl :dZ^_fbd Jhk :G bkdexq_g \ K ] – \ wfb]jZpbb j_^Zdlhj `mjgZeZ “JmkkdZy fukev” ]Za_lu “<hajh`^_gb_” Ij_ih^Z\Ze \ IZjb`kdhf b ;_e]jZ^kdhf mgb\_jkbl_lZo

4Kl_img N_^hj :\]mklh\bq –1965) – ibkZl_ev djblbd nbehkhn < ] \ukeZg ba KKKJ `be \ =_jfZgbb Bkke_^h\Ze ijh[e_fu ^moh\ghklb j_eb]bb :\lhj f_fmZjh\ “;u\r__ b g_k[u\r__ky” hq_jdh\ h jmkkdbo ibkZl_eyo

5<hehrbg Dbjb_gdh FZdkbfbebZg :e_dkZg^jh\bq –1932) – ihwl om^h`gbd djblbd LjZ]bq_kdh_ i_j_`b\Zgb_ bklhjbq_kdhc km^v[u Jhkkbb hljZabe \ ijhba\_^_gbyo “>_fhgu ]emohg_fu_”, “G_hiZebfZy DmibgZ”, “Imlyfb DZbgZ” b ^j

6Im[ebpbkl b ijhaZbd <eZ^bfbj DhgklZglbgh\bq ;mdh\kdbc jh^beky ^_dZ[jy

1942 ] \ ;_e_[__ ;Zrdbjby Mqbeky gZ [bhnZd_ F=M hldm^Z \ ] [ue bkdexq_g aZ mqZklb_ \ kZfba^Zlkdhf `mjgZe_ “N_gbdk” b ihwlbq_kdb_ ql_gby gZ iehsZ^b FZydh\kdh]h :j_klh\Zg \ ] b aZdexq_g \ ki_pikbo[hevgbpm hk\h[h`^_g \ ] < wlh \j_fy \ wfb]jZglkdhf `mjgZe_ “=jZgb” \uoh^bl ih^[hjdZ _]h jZkkdZah\ < ]. Zj_klh\Zg aZ

ijhl_kl ijhlb\ km^Z gZ^ : =bga[mj]hf b X =ZeZgkdh\uf ijb]h\hj_g d ]h^Zf aZdexq_gby Ihke_ hk\h[h`^_gby ijbgbfZe Zdlb\gh_ mqZklb_ \ ijZ\haZsblghf ^\b`_gbb < ] h[jZlbeky d <k_fbjghfm dhg]j_kkm ikbobZljh\ k ^hdmf_glZfb h[ bkihevah\Zgbb kh\_lkdbfb \eZklyfb ikbobZljbb ^ey [hjv[u k bgZdhfukeysbfb :j_klh\Zg b ijb]h\hj_g d ]h^Zf lxj_fgh]h aZdexq_gby –eZ]_jyf b – kkuedb H[f_gyg gZ EmbkZ Dhj\ZeZgZ

Ihk_ebeky \ :g]ebb J_^Zdlbjh\Ze k[hjgbd klZl_c b ^hdmf_glh\ “<eZ^bfbjkdZy lxjvfZ” GZibkZe dgb]m \hkihfbgZgbc h kh\_lkdbo eZ]_jyo “B \ha\jZsZ_lky \_l_j”

Z lZd`_ aZibkdb h k\h_c `bagb gZ AZiZ^_ “IbkvfZ jmkkdh]h iml_r_kl\_ggbdZ”

< ]. \uimklbe hq_jd “IZpbnbklu ijhlb\ fbjZ” MqZkl\h\Ze \ dZq_kl\_ k\b^_l_ey h[\bg_gby \ km^_ ijhlb\ DIKK \ Fhkd\_ \uimklbe h[ wlhf dgb]m gZ njZgpmakdhf yaud_ ]eZ\u ba dhlhjhc im[ebdh\Zebkv \ iZjb`kdhc ]Za_l_ “JmkkdZy fukev”.

7 Ihf_jZgp =jb]hjbc Khehfhgh\bq (1918) – nbehkhn b im[ebpbkl AZdhgqbe FBNEB mr_e gZ njhgl ^h[jh\hevp_f < ] bkdexq_g ba DIKK ih h[\bg_gbx \ Zglbkh\_lkdhc ^_yl_evghklb Hl[u\Ze kjhd \ eZ]_jyo ^h ] IjZ\haZsblgbd ?]h jZ[hlu [ueb gZi_qZ

lZgu \ kZfba^Zl_ b gZ AZiZ^_

8 Jhkljhih\bq FklbkeZ\ E_hihev^h\bq – \bhehgq_ebkl ^bjb`_j gZjh^guc Zj lbkl KKKJ ijhn_kkhj Fhkdh\kdhc dhgk_j\Zlhjbb K ] `b\_l \ KR: < ] ebr_g ]jZ`^Zgkl\Z KKKJ \ ] ]jZ`^Zgkl\h \hkklZgh\e_gh < 977– ]] \ha]eZ\eye

445

<Zrbg]lhgkdbc kbfnhgbq_kdbc hjd_klj EZmj_Zl f_`^mgZjh^guo dhgdmjkh\ E_gbgkdhc ij_fbb =hk ij_fbb JN

9<brg_\kdZy =ZebgZ IZ\eh\gZ – i_\bpZ gZjh^gZy ZjlbkldZ KKKJ \ 1952– ]] – khebkldZ ;hevrh]h l_ZljZ K ] `b\_l aZ ]jZgbp_c < ] [ueZ eb r_gZ kh\_lkdh]h ]jZ`^Zgkl\Z \hkklZgh\e_gh \ ]

10FZl_fZlbd im[ebpbkl b ihwl :e_dkZg^j K_j]__\bq ?k_gbg-<hevibg kug K_j]_y

?k_gbgZ jh^beky \ ] \ E_gbg]jZ^_ < ] aZsblbe dZg^b^Zlkdmx ^bkk_jlZpbx ih fZl_fZlbq_kdhc eh]bd_ \ lhf `_ ]h^m Zj_klh\Zg aZ “Zglbkh\_lkdb_” klbob b aZdexq_g \ ikbo[hevgbpm \ E_gbg]jZ^_ Hk_gvx hlijZ\e_g \ kkuedm \ DZjZ]Zg^m < ]. hk\h[h`^_g ih Zfgbklbb < kZfba^Zl_ k k_j_^bgu -o ]] oh^beb _]h klZlvb b klbob < 1959 ] i_j_^Ze aZ ]jZgbpm k[hjgbd k\hbo klboh\ b “K\h[h^guc nbehkhnkdbc ljZdlZl” aZ qlh [ue Zj_klh\Zg b gZ ]h^ ihf_s_g \ ikbo[hevgbpm < ] \ Gvx-Chjd_ \ur_e _]h k[hjgbd “<_k_ggbc ebkl” – klbob b ljZdlZl Dgb]Z \ureZ k iZjZee_evguf i_j_\h^hf gZ

Zg]ebckdbc yaud ?k_gbg-<hevibg – h^bg ba hkgh\Zl_e_c ijZ\haZsblgh]h ^\b`_gby \ KKKJ hj]ZgbaZlhj ^_fhgkljZpbb \ aZsblm Kbgy\kdh]h b >Zgbwey gZ Imrdbgkdhc iehsZ^b^_dZ[jy < ]. kgh\Z ihf_s_g \ ikbo[hevgbpm gh [eZ]h^Zjy \f_rZl_evkl\m fgh]bo \b^guo mq_guo \ lhf `_ ]h^m hk\h[h`^_g Wfb]jbjh\Ze \ gZ ke_^mxsbc ]h^ \uimklbe \ IZjb`_ “Xjb^bq_kdmx iZfyldm” ^ey ijZ\haZsblgbdh\ @b\_l \ KR:

11G_djZkh\ <bdlhj IeZlhgh\bq (1911–1987) – ibkZl_ev < 1947 ] ijbkm`^_gZ =hkm^Zj kl\_ggZy ij_fby aZ ih\_klv “< hdhiZo KlZebg]jZ^Z”. :\lhj jZkkdZah\ hq_jdh\ \hkihfbgZ gbc K ] `be aZ ]jZgbp_c

12<hcgh\bq <eZ^bfbj GbdheZ_\bq – ibkZl_ev K ] \ wfb]jZpbb \ NJ= :\

lhj ih\_kl_c jZkkdZah\ im[ebpbklbdb < 1969–1975 ]] gZibkZe jhfZg “@bagv b g_h[u qZcgu_ ijbdexq_gby khe^ZlZ B\ZgZ QhgdbgZ” ^hdmf_glZevgh-kZlbjbq_kdmx ih\_klv “B\ZgvdbZ^Z”, Zglbmlhibx Fhkd\Z ”.

13:dk_gh\ <Zkbebc IZ\eh\bq (1932) – ibkZl_ev kug ? K =bga[mj] H^bg ba eb^_jh\ l g “bkih\_^Zevghc ijhau”. K 1980 ] `b\_l aZ ]jZgbp_c :\lhj jhfZgh\ “Ihbkdb `ZgjZ”, “H`h]”, “Hkljh\ Djuf” b ^j

14RZeyibg N_^hj B\Zgh\bq (1873–1938) – i_\_p gZjh^guc Zjlbkl J_kim[ebdb (1918). I_e \ ;hevrhf b FZjbbgkdhf l_ZljZo Kha^Ze ]Ze_j_x jZaghoZjZdl_jguo h[jZah\ K 1922 ] – \ wfb]jZpbb < ] _]h ijZo i_j_g_k_g ba IZjb`Z \ Fhkd\m

15Wjvay gZkl nZfbeby G_n_^h\ Kl_iZg >fbljb_\bq –1959) – kdmevilhj \ –

1950 ] jZ[hlZe aZ ]jZgbp_c

16H^h_\p_\Z BjbgZ <eZ^bfbjh\gZ gZkl nZfbeby b bfy – BjZb^Z =mklZ\h\gZ B\Zgh\Z (1895–1990) – ibkZl_evgbpZ < wfb]jZpbb k ih ] :\lhj k[hjgbdh\ klboh\ jhfZ gh\ \hkihfbgZgbc “GZ [_j_]Zo K_gu”, “GZ [_j_]Zo G_\u”).

17Wnjhg :jbZ^gZ K_j]__\gZ – ^hqv FZjbgu P\_lZ_\hc b K_j]_y WnjhgZ. J_ij_k-

kbjh\ZgZ \ ] hk\h[h`^_gZ \ ]

18 P\_lZ_\Z FZjbgZ B\Zgh\gZ –1941) – ihwl_kkZ Z\lhj k[hjgbdh\ “<_jklu”, “Ih ke_ Jhkkbb”, “IhwfZ =hju”, “IhwfZ DhgpZ” \hkihfbgZgbc h : ;_ehf < ;jxkh\_ F <hehrbg_ ; IZkl_jgZd_ < –39 ]] – \ wfb]jZpbb IhdhgqbeZ `bagv kZ- fhm[bckl\hf

446

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Om^h`gbd h[eh`db K E Lbfhn__\Z

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Ih^ibkZgh \ i_qZlv NhjfZl × ;mfZ]Z hnk_lgZy =ZjgblmjZ LZcfk I_qZlv hnk_lgZy Mke i_q e Mq -ba^ e LbjZ` wda AZd

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