Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

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guc kfuke ijbh[j_lZ_l gZjhqblh lmfZggZy njZaZ djblbdZ _keb mq_klv qlh hgZ [ueZ gZibkZgZ \ ] ihke_ \_ebdhc ih[_^u Kh\_lkdhc :jfbb ih^ KlZebg]jZ^hf

I_j_^ gZfb g_ kemqZcgu_ hl^_evgu_ hrb[db Z kbkl_fZ ZglbiZljbh lbq_kdbo \a]ey^h\ gZghkysbo ms_j[ jZa\blbx gZr_c ebl_jZlmju b bk dmkkl\m kbkl_fZ dhlhjZy ^he`gZ [ulv jZa]jhfe_gZ GZ^h j_rbl_evgh jZa b gZ\k_]^Z ihdhgqblv k eb[_jZevguf ihimklbl_evkl\hf \k_f wlbf wkl_lkl\mxsbf gbqlh`_kl\Zf ebr_gguf a^hjh\h]h qm\kl\Z ex[\b d Jh^bg_ b d gZjh^m g_ bf_xsbf aZ ^mrhc gbq_]h djhf_ aehiuoZl_evkl\Z b jZa^mlh]h kZfhfg_gby GZ^h hqbklblv Zlfhkn_jm bkdmkkl\Z hl ZglbiZl jbhlbq_kdbo h[u\Zl_e_c

Jhkkby dhlhjmx fu g_ agZeb« K –313.

13. Ibkvfh : : :ofZlh\hc ibkZl_ex

B = Wj_g[mj]m

hdly[jy ]

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200

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14. Ibkvfh ]_g_jZevgh]h k_dj_lZjy KhxaZ ibkZl_e_c KKKJ : : NZ^__\Z3 k_dj_lZjx PD <DI [ F : Kmkeh\m

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: NZ^__\

15. AZibkdZ aZf_klbl_ey aZ\_^mxs_]h Hl^_ehf ijhiZ]Zg^u b Z]blZpbb PD <DI [ < K Djm`dh\Z F K Kmkeh\m h g_p_e_khh[jZaghklb im[ebdZpbb ibkvfZ : : :ofZlh\hc

Zij_ey ]

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201

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< k\yab k wlbf \jy^ eb ke_^m_l i_qZlZlv \ gZklhys__ \j_fy \ gZr_c ij_kk_ ibkvfh :ofZlh\hc ih ih\h^m \uklmie_gbc h g_c \ aZjm[_`ghc i_qZlb bf_\rbo f_klh \ ]h^m Khxa ibkZl_e_c l NZ^__\ lZd`_

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< Djm`dh\

***

B hg hjebgufb hqZfb

M\b^_e k \ukhlu Dj_fey

DZd iurgh aZeblZ emqZfb

Ij_h[jZ`_ggZy a_fey

?]h ljm^h\ _]h ^_ygbc

Ij_^ gbf g_kf_lgu_ ieh^u – =jhfZ^u \_ebqZ\uo a^Zgbc Fhklu aZ\h^u b kZ^u

K\hc ^mo \^hogme hg \ wlhl ]hjh^ B hl\jZlbe hl gZk [_^m –

<hl hlq_]h lZd [h^j b fheh^ Fhkd\u g_h[hjbfuc ^mo

B [eZ]h^Zjgh]h gZjh^Z

Hg keurbl ]hehk ³Fu ijbreb

KdZaZlv ]^_ KlZebg lZf k\h[h^Z

Fbj b \_ebqb_ a_feb´

: :ofZlh\Z Ba pbdeZ ³KeZ\Z fbjm´ –1950.).

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AZ l_[y y aZieZlbeZ Qbklh]Zghf

Jh\gh ^_kylv e_l oh^beZ Ih^ gZ]Zghf

Gb gZe_\h gb gZijZ\h G_ ]ey^_eZ

: aZ fghc om^Zy keZ\Z R_e_kl_eZ

: :ofZlh\Z ³IhwfZ [_a ]_jhy´ –1965).

Jh^bgZ ‹ K –109.

202

16. AZibkdZ ij_^k_^Zl_ey Dhfbl_lZ ih ^_eZf bkdmkkl\ ijb Kh\_l_ Fbgbkljh\ KKKJ I E_[_^_\Z B < KlZebgm h aZdjulbb =hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h ?\j_ckdh]h l_ZljZ

fZjlZ ]

Blh]b jZ[hlu Fhkdh\kdh]h =hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h ?\j_ckdh]h l_ZljZ aZ 1948 ] ihdZau\Zxl qlh wlhl l_Zlj g_ hijZ\^u\Z_l k_[y \ nbgZgkh\hf

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qbl_evghc kl_i_gb gZ ^hlZpbb ba ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h [x^`_lZ AZ ] kh[- kl\_ggu_ ^hoh^u l_ZljZ hl ijh^Z`b [be_lh\ khklZ\beb luk jm[- e_c Z ^hlZpby ba [x^`_lZ – 2 luk jm[e_c < ] jZkoh^u l_ZljZ ij_\ukbeb ^hoh^u gZ luk jm[e_c

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_s_ f_gvr_ G_dhlhju_ ki_dlZdeb l_ZljZ \ yg\Zj_ b n_\jZe_ k ] kh[b jZeb \k_]h ih – ajbl_e_c

Iheh`_gb_ l_ZljZ aZljm^gy_lky _s_ b l_f qlh hg fh`_l b]jZlv lhev dh \_q_jgb_ ki_dlZdeb ^ey \ajhkeuo ajbl_e_c lZd dZd ^_lb g_ ihk_sZxl ?\j_ckdbc l_Zlj b mlj_ggb_ ki_dlZdeb g_ ^_eZxl gbdZdbo k[hjh\ ?\j_c kdbc l_Zlj g_ bf__l lZd`_ \hafh`ghkl_c ^ey ]Zkljhe_c \ ^jm]bo ]hjh^Zo

< k\yab k l_f qlh Fhkdh\kdbc ?\j_ckdbc l_Zlj ijbghkbl ]hkm^Zjkl\m nbgZgkh\u_ m[uldb b g_ fh`_l \ ^Zevg_cr_f jZ[hlZlv gZ mkeh\byo kZ fhhdmiZ_fhklb Dhfbl_l ih ^_eZf bkdmkkl\ ijb Kh\_l_ Fbgbkljh\

KKKJ \ghkbl ij_^eh`_gb_ h aZdjulbb _]h k Zij_ey ]

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju K –98.

17. Ba ^hdmf_glZ gZ bfy k_dj_lZjy K\_j^eh\kdh]h

JD <DI [ ] Fhkd\u L_j_oh\Z : =

Zij_ey ]

³Dhfbl_l ih ^_eZf bkdmkkl\ ihjmqbe eZmj_Zlm KlZebgkdhc ij_fbb ^_ckl\bl_evghfm qe_gm :dZ^_fbb Om^h`_kl\ KKKJ om^h`gbdm ?nZgh

203

\m < I 4, gZibkZgb_ dZjlbgu ³<jmq_gb_ ]hjh^m Fhkd\_ hj^_gZ E_gb

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< k\yab k \ur_baeh`_gguf ijhrm <Zk khh[sblv – nZfbebc qe_gh\ ^_e_]Zpbb K\_j^eh\kdh]h jZchgZ dhlhjuo <u kqblZ_l_ g_h[oh^bfuf bah[- jZablv gZ wlhc dZjlbg_ b ^Zlv bf mdZaZgby ihabjh\Zlv om^h`gbdm«´

18. Ibkvfh =eZ\eblZ k_dj_lZjx PD <DI [

= F FZe_gdh\m h[ hqbkld_ [b[ebhl_qgh]h nhg^Z hl _\j_ckdhc ebl_jZlmju

n_\jZey ]

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j_gghklv bo [mj`mZagh-gZpbhgZebklbq_kdhc kbhgbklkdhc b de_jbdZev ghc ebl_jZlmjhc

Kh]eZkgh ^_ckl\mxs_c ³Bgkljmdpbb h ki_pnhg^Zo ijb [b[ebhl_dZo Kh\_lkdh]h KhxaZ´ [b[ebhl_db bf_xsb_ ki_pnhg^u h[yaZgu kbkl_fZ lbq_kdb ijh\_jylv k\hb dgb`gu_ nhg^u b hqbsZlv bo hl iheblbq_kdb \j_^guo ba^Zgbc

H^gZdh \ [b[ebhl_d_ bf < B E_gbgZ ba jZa^_eZ _\j_ckdhc ebl_jZ

lmju ^Z`_ g_ batylu dgb]b \jZ]h\ gZjh^Z \dexq_ggu_ \ Z\lhjkdbc kib khd ebp \k_ ijhba\_^_gby dhlhjuo aZij_s_gu d hldjulhfm ihevah\Z gbx LZd gZijbf_j jZ[hlgbdb ijh\_jy\rb_ jZa^_e _\j_ckdhc ebl_jZ lmju kfh]eb ihemqblv \ h[uqghf ihjy^d_ q_j_a h[sbc hldjuluc qb lZevguc aZe ³Ihebl]jZfhlm´ K Bg]meh\Z dgb]b \jZ]h\ gZjh^Z K >b-

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H aZkhj_gghklb _\j_ckdh]h jZa^_eZ [b[ebhl_db kbhgbklkdhc ebl_jZ lmjhc k\b^_l_evkl\m_l gZebqb_ \ g_f ijhba\_^_gbc hkgh\hiheh`gbdZ kbhgbafZ L =_jp_ey MkurdbgZ – ³Mki_ob _\j_ckdhc dhehgbaZpbb \ IZ

e_klbg_´ : B^_evkhgZ – ³Kbhgbaf l_hj_lbq_kdh_ h[hkgh\Zgb_´ k[hj gbdZ – ³GZrb aZ^Zqb \ IZe_klbg_´ b l i

< [hevrhf dhebq_kl\_ bf__lky ebl_jZlmjZ j_eb]bhagh-de_jbdZevgh]h gZijZ\e_gby dZd gZijbf_j ³;md_l jha´ – dgb]Z gjZ\hmq_gbc dhlhju_ h[yaZg agZlv dZ`^uc _\j_c ³>j_\h `bagb´ – h[jy^u _\j_ckdhc j_eb]bb

204

b fgh]b_ ^jm]b_ Z lZd`_ dgb]b [mj`mZagh-gZpbhgZebklbq_kdh]h kh^_j

`Zgby kj_^b dhlhjuo ijhba\_^_gby ih^\baZxs_]hky gug_ \ :f_jbd_ Zdlb\gh]h \jZ]Z Kh\_lkdh]h KhxaZ Y E_sbgkdh]h

MdZaZggu_ nZdlu ^Zxl hkgh\Zgb_ iheZ]Zlv qlh klhev `_ g_[eZ]hih emqgh h[klhbl ^_eh k nhg^Zfb _\j_ckdhc ebl_jZlmju b \ ^jm]bo j_kim[ ebdZgkdbo h[eZklguo b f_klguo [b[ebhl_dZo

< k\yab k baeh`_gguf =eZ\ebl ijhkbl PD <DI [ h[yaZlv dhfbl_lu ih ^_eZf dmevlijhk\_lmqj_`^_gbc khxaguo j_kim[ebd ijbgylv kjhqgu_ f_ju d ijh\_jd_ b hqbs_gbx [b[ebhl_qguo dgb`guo nhg^h\ _\j_ckdhc ebl_jZlmju

<\b^m hkh[hc ZdlmZevghklb wlh]h f_jhijbylby qj_a\uqZcgh \Z`gh qlh[u PD DI [ khxaguo j_kim[ebd djZcdhfu b h[dhfu <DI [ \ayeb ih^ k\hc hkh[uc dhgljhev \kx jZ[hlm ih ijh\_jd_ b hqbs_gbx nhg^h\ _\j_ckdhc ebl_jZlmju gZ f_klZo

Ijhrm <Zrbo mdZaZgbc Miheghfhq_gguc Kh\_lZ Fbgbkljh\ KKKJ

ih hojZg_ \h_gguo b ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo lZcg \ i_qZlb D Hf_evq_gdh

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju« K –518.

19. KijZ\dZ h dgb]_³:ev[_jl Wcgrl_cg – nbehkhn-mq_guc´ba^Zgghc \ KR: \ ] b y\eyxs_cky lhfhf³;b[ebhl_db kh\j_f_gguo nbehkhnh\´5

]

Dgb]Z y\ey_lky k[hjgbdhf klZl_c jZaguo Z\lhjh\ h[ : Wcgrl_cg_ ]eZ\guf h[jZahf dZd h nbehkhn_

Dgb]Z aZdjulZ gZ ke_^mxsbo hkgh\Zgbyo

1. < ij_^bkeh\bb j_^Zdlhj j_dhf_g^m_l bamqZlv ljm^u kh\j_f_gguo j_Zdpbhgguo nbehkhnh\ >`hgZ >vxb = KZglZygZ = FmiZ ;_jljZgZ

JZkk_eZ b ^j <h fgh]bo f_klZo k\h_]h ij_^bkeh\by j_^Zdlhj gZau\Z_l \_ebdbfb fukebl_eyfb lZdbo fjZdh[_kh\ dZd ;_jljZg JZkk_e > >vxb b l ^ klj 9–IX).

2. GZ klj Z\lhj klZlvb ml\_j`^Z_l qlh E_gbg [hyeky ijhgbdgh

\_gby l_hjbb Wcgrl_cgZ \ kj_^m jmkkdbo mq_guo ;eZ]h^Zjy wlhfm \ ]h ^u Fh\_lkdh]h j_`bfZ \ Jhkkbb l_hjbb Wcgrl_cgZ ydh[u qZklh \klj_qZ eb g_^jm`_ex[guc ijb_f

3. < ]eZ\_ ³KhpbZevgZy nbehkhnby Wcgrl_cgZ´ Z\lhj baeZ]Z_l fukeb

Wcgrl_cgZ Wcgrl_cg kqblZ_l qlh gZr fbj klhbl i_j_^ djbabkhf qlh q_eh\_q_kl\m m]jh`Z_l dZlZkljhnZ ?^bgkl\_ggh_ kiZk_gb_ – \ hj]ZgbaZ

205

pbb bgl_ee_dlmZevguo b ^moh\guo kbe fbjZ \ h^gm fhjZevgmx kbem g_ qlh \jh^_ ³kh\_klb q_eh\_q_kl\Z´ FhjZev ij_\ur_ \k_]h – dj_^h Wcg

rl_cgZ Gbdh]^Z g_ ^_eZc lh]h qlh ijhlb\ kh\_klb _keb ^Z`_ ]hkm^Zjkl \h lj_[m_l wlh]h

?^bgkl\_gguc \uoh^ ba[_`Zlv dZlZkljhnu ih fg_gbx Wcgrl_cgZ –

wlh hj]ZgbaZpby ³Fbjh\h]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z´ lZd gZau\Z_fhc k\_jogZpbh gZevghc kbeu dZd aZsblu ijhlb\ Z]j_kkbb

Wcgrl_cg \_jbl \ kbhgbaf b ijbau\Z_l ijbgylv ³Zdlb\gh_ mqZklb_ \ wdhghfbq_kdhf b dmevlmjghf kljhbl_evkl\_ gZr_c ³jh^ghc kljZgu´ l _

BajZbey IjhiZ]Zg^Z fbjh\h]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z wlh]h Z]j_kkb\gh]h l_q_ gby gZijZ\e_ggh]h gZ ihjZ[hs_gb_ gZjh^h\ Zf_jbdZgkdbf fhghiheb klbq_kdbf dZiblZehf ijbibku\Zgb_ KR: ³dZd \_ebdhc gZpbb´ hkh[hc jheb ih mfbjhl\hj_gbx q_eh\_q_kl\Z b kiZk_gbx _]h hl dZlZkljhnu ijbibku\Zgb_ KKKJ lZdhc `_ \bgu \ kha^Zgbb gZijy`_ggh]h fbjh\h]h iheh`_gby ohly b \ f_gvr_c kl_i_gb q_f KR: – y\eyxlky ^hklZlhq

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju« K 526.

20. ³F_ju ih l\hjq_kdhc i_j_kljhcd_ <_jlbgkdh]h´Ba ibk_f ljm^ysboky \ ]Za_lm ³DmevlmjZ b `bagv´6

]

< ]Za_lm ³DmevlmjZ b `bagv´ ihklmiZxl ibkvfZ ih ih\h^m djZcg_ gbadh]h b^_cgh]h mjh\gy \uklmie_gbc <_jlbgkdh]h KemrZl_eb \ujZ `Zxl hldjulh_ \hafms_gb_ nZdlhf [_kij_iylkl\_ggh]h a\mqZgby gZ wkl jZ^guo kp_gZo miZ^hqgh-^_dZ^_glkdbo wjhlbq_kdbo i_k_ghd \ _]h bk

iheg_gbb « kqblZeb [u p_e_khhh[jZaguf ij_^eh`blv Dhfbl_lm ih ^_ eZf bkdmkkl\ lZdlbqgh ijh\_klb g_h[oh^bfu_ f_ju ih l\hjq_kdhc i_j_ kljhcd_ <_jlbgkdh]h k l_f qlh[u bkihevah\Zlv _]h lZeZgl b ihimeyj ghklv \ \hkiblZl_evguo b ijhiZ]Zg^bklkdbo p_eyo bkdmkkl\Z«

… ?]h jhfZgku ij_l_g^mxsb_ gZ hjb]bgZevghklv ihreu b gbadb ih

k\h_fm om^h`_kl\_gghfm ^hklhbgkl\m« <ky wlZ gbadhijh[gZy ebl_jZ lmjsbgZ \ky wlZ iZgbob^gZy ³ihwaby´ hq_gv gZihfbgZ_l [_au^_cgmx ihremx ihwabx :ofZlh\hc b Ahs_gdh«

G_ ]h\hjy h lhf qlh m i_\pZ y\gh g_l ]hehkZ \ q_f _]h hq_\b^gh ih \ha jZklm \bgblv g_ ijboh^blky ke_^m_l hklZgh\blvky gZ j_i_jlmZj_ <_jlbgkdh ]h « g_ [ueh gb h^ghc kh\j_f_gghc kh\_lkdhc i_kgb Z \_^v gZrb dhfihab lhju kha^Zeb [hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h ih^ebggh gZjh^guo aZf_qZl_evguo i_

206

k_g jZkdju\Zxsbo ^moh\gh_ [h]Zlkl\h kh\_lkdbo ex^_c i_k_g ]_jhbq_kdbo b ebjbq_kdbo i_k_g `bag_ml\_j`^Zxsbo [h^juo i_k_g dhlhju_ ³kljhblv b `blv´ ihfh]Zxl H^jyoe_\rbc wkl_l ijhklblmbjm_l bkdmkkl\h Hgh – Zg

lbgZjh^gh GZ _]h dhgp_jl_ y E N Lbfhn__\ [_k_^h\Ze k xghr_kl\hf \hl g_dhlhju_ hl\_lu ³KgZqZeZ ijhlb\gh dZd-lh Z ihlhf ijb\udZ_rv b gbq_ ]h kemrZlv fh`gh´ ³DZdh_-lh kljZggh_ g_h[uqgh_ \i_qZle_gb_ hl _]h \_ s_c Z \k_ `_ bgl_j_kgh´ ³G_ agZx g_ \ fh_f \dmk_´

Bklhqgbd ‹ K –64.

21. >hdeZ^gZy aZibkdZ k_dj_lZjy Djufkdh]h h[dhfZ iZjlbb I B Lblh\Z k_dj_lZjx PD <DI [ F : Kmkeh\m h ^hf_-fma__ F <hehrbgZ

G_ iha^g__ bxgy ]

< ihk_ed_ IeZg_jgh_ KlZjh-Djufkdh]h jZchgZ Djufkdhc h[eZklb kms_kl\m_l ^hf-fma_c ihwlZ F <hehrbgZ

Bklhjby _]h \hagbdgh\_gby lZdh\Z < ] \ ihk>_ed_@ IeZg_jgh_

[u\ >rbc@ Dhdl_[_ev mf_j ihwl b om^h`gbd FZdkbfbebZg :e_dkZg^jh \bq Dbjb_gdh ebl_jZlmjguc ik_\^hgbf <hehrbg Ihke_ _]h kf_jlb hklZeky ^\mowlZ`guc ^hf ba \hkvfb dhfgZl b [b[ebhl_dZ gZkqblu\Zx sZy hdheh luk dgb] OjZgbl_evgbp_c ^hfZ-fma_y y\ey_lky `_gZ ih

wlZ – F K <hehrbgZ dhlhjZy qbkeblky \ wlhc ^he`ghklb \ rlZl_ ^hfZ

hl^uoZ b l\hjq_kl\Z Eblnhg^Z KhxaZ kh\_lkdbo ibkZl_e_c gZoh^ys_]h ky \ ihk >_ed_@ IeZg_jgh_

HnbpbZevgh]h jZaj_r_gby gZ kms_kl\h\Zgb_ ^hfZ-fma_y g_l b F K <hehrbgZ lZdbf h[jZahf y\ey_lky ojZgbl_evgbp_c k\h_]h kh[kl

\_ggh]h ^hfZ Ijbq_f hgZ \kyq_kdb bkihevam_l ^hf ihwlZ ^ey b^_ZebaZ pbb ebqghklb ihke_^g_]h klZjZykv ij_m\_ebqblv _]h agZq_gb_ ^ey jmk kdhc dmevlmju b ebl_jZlmju \ qZklghklb

F_`^m l_f dZd ba\_klgh F : <hehrbg gb k\h_c l\hjq_kdhc gb

h[s_kl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklvx g_ aZkem`be lh]h \ukhdh]h ihqblZgby dh lhjh_ dmevlb\bjm_lky \ ^hf_-fma__ F : <hehrbg [ue m[_`^_gguf

dhkfhiheblhf \jZ`^_[gh hlghkbeky d <_ebdhc Hdly[jvkdhc khpbZeb klbq_kdhc j_\hexpbb g_gZ\b^_e Kh\_lkdmx \eZklv G_ kemqZcgh \h \j_ fy g_f_pdh-nZrbklkdhc hddmiZpbb DjufZ `_gZ <hehrbgZ hklZ_lky \

ihk >_ed_@ IeZg_jgh_ Z __ ^hf hojZgy_lky nZrbklkdbf dhfZg^h\Zgb_f Klbob <hehrbgZ ³Fhkd\Z´ ³<eZ^bfbjkdZy [h]hfZl_jv´ – im[ebdmxlky \

_`_f_kyqghf ebl_jZlmjgh-iheblbq_kdhf `mjgZe_ ‹ aZ ] ba^Z \Z\r_fky ]ble_jh\pZfb

207

>_yl_evghklv ^hfZ-fma_y ihwlZ F <hehrbgZ gZghkbl [hevrhc b^_heh

]bq_kdbc \j_^ < k\yab k wlbf Djufkdbc h[dhf <DI [ ijhkbl <Zk ^Zlv mdZaZgb_ Khxam kh\_lkdbo ibkZl_e_c h ebd\b^Zpbb wlh]h mqj_`^_gby

22. >hdeZ^gZy aZibkdZ k_dj_lZjy IjZ\e_gby KhxaZ ibkZl_e_c KKKJ : < Khnjhgh\Z aZf_klbl_ex aZ\_^mxs_]h hl^_ehf ijhiZ]Zg^u b Z]blZpbb PD <DI [ < K Djm`dh\m h ^hf_-fma__

F <hehrbgZ

Fhkd\Z

bxey ]

GZ aZijhk h iheh`_gbb k ³fma__f F <hehrbgZ \ Dhdl_[_e_´ khh[sZ _f qlh ihwl-kbf\hebkl F <hehrbg mf_jrbc \ ]h^m aZ\_sZe k\hc

^hf \ Dhdl_[_e_ Khxam ibkZl_e_c b lZf [ue hj]Zgbah\Zg ^hf hl^uoZ ibkZl_e_c Ljb dhfgZlu \ wlhf ^hf_ hklZebkv aZ \^h\hc F <hehrbgZ

F K <hehrbghc < wlbo dhfgZlZo khojZgbebkv [b[ebhl_dZ \ dhebq_kl\_ k\ur_ lhfh\ b ebqguc Zjob\ F <hehrbgZ ij_^klZ\eyxsb_ kh[ kl\_gghklv F K <hehrbghc jZkkfZljb\Zxs_c wlb dhfgZlu k khojZ gb\rbfky \ gbo bfms_kl\hf dZd ³fma_c F <hehrbgZ´ ohly ³fma_c´ wlhl gbd_f g_ jZaj_rZeky b g_ j_]bkljbjh\Zeky

K_dj_lZjbZl KhxaZ kh\_lkdbo ibkZl_e_c KKKJ fZjlZ ]h^Z ijbgye j_r_gb_ ³kqblZlv g_h[oh^bfuf aZdjulv fma_c bf FZdkbfb- ebZgZ <hehrbgZ \ Dhdl_[_e_´

n_\jZey ]h^Z K_dj_lZjbZl KKI KKKJ ijbgye ihklZgh\e_gb_ ³ih^l\_j^blv j_r_gb_ K_dj_lZjbZlZ h ebd\b^Zpbb fma_y´

< k_gly[j_ ]h^Z Ebl_jZlmjguc nhg^ KKKJ ih mdZaZgbx ij_^k_ ^Zl_ey IjZ\e_gby Ebl_jZlmjgh]h nhg^Z l OjZiq_gdh F ; \ p_eyo fZ

l_jbZevgh]h h[_ki_q_gby \^h\u F <hehrbgZ \ha[m^be oh^ZlZckl\h i_

j_^ =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc rlZlghc dhfbkkb_c h[ ml\_j`^_gbb \ Dhdl_[_e_ ^he`ghklb ³ojZgbl_ey fma_y´ k hdeZ^hf jm[e_c \ f_kyp Wlh oh^Z lZckl\h [ueh ml\_j`^_gh OjZgbl_e_f fma_y [ueZ gZagZq_gZ F K <h-

ehrbgZ

F K <hehrbgZ ijbgbfZeZ \ k\hbo dhfgZlZo wdkdmjkbb hl^uoZxsbo

\ kZgZlhjbyo b ^hfZo hl^uoZ \ Dhdl_[_e_ b bf_gh\ZeZ wlb dhfgZlu ³fm a__f´< k\yab k wlbf K_dj_lZjbZl KKI KKKJ \ ^_dZ[j_ ]h^Z ijbgye j_r_gb_ ³kqblZlv g_p_e_khh[jZaguf kms_kl\h\Zgb_ f_fhjbZevgh]h fm a_y <hehrbgZ´

208

<\b^m ihklmib\rbo khh[s_gbc h lhf qlh F K <hehrbgZ ijh- ^he`Z_l ijbgbfZlv wdkdmjkbb K_dj_lZjbZl KKI KKKJ bxey ]h^Z

ih^l\_j^be j_r_gb_ h lhf qlh gbdZdh]h fma_y gZ l_jjblhjbb ^hfZ hl ^uoZ \ Dhdl_[_e_ g_ jZaj_rZehkv b g_ fh`_l [ulv jZaj_r_gh b h^gh\j_ f_ggh ihklZgh\be ebd\b^bjh\Zlv \ rlZl_ ^hfZ hl^uoZ \ Dhdl_[_e_ ^he`ghklv ³ojZgbl_ey fma_y´

K_dj_lZjv IjZ\e_gby KhxaZ kh\_lkdbo ibkZl_e_c KKKJ : Khnjhgh\.

Hl_q_kl\_ggu_ Zjob\u ‹ K –96.

23. Ba jZ[hlu B < KlZebgZ³Wdhghfbq_kdb_ ijh[e_fu khpbZebafZ \ KKKJ´7

N_\jZev – Zij_ev ]

<...> G_evay jZkkfZljb\Zlv lh\Zjgh_ ijhba\h^kl\h dZd g_qlh kZfh^h\

e_xs__ g_aZ\bkbfh_ hl hdjm`Zxsbo wdhghfbq_kdbo mkeh\bc Lh\Zjgh_ ijhba\h^kl\h klZjr_ dZiblZebklbq_kdh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z Hgh kms_kl\h \Zeh ijb jZ[h\eZ^_evq_kdhf kljh_ b h[kem`b\Zeh _]h h^gZdh g_ ijb\_eh d dZiblZebafm Hgh kms_kl\h\Zeh ijb n_h^Zebaf_ b h[kem`b\Zeh _]h h^gZdh g_kfhljy gZ lh qlh hgh ih^]hlh\beh g_dhlhju_ mkeh\by ^ey dZ iblZebklbq_kdh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z g_ ijb\_eh d dZiblZebafm KijZrb\Z_l ky ihq_fm g_ fh`_l lh\Zjgh_ ijhba\h^kl\h h[kem`b\Zlv lZd`_ gZ ba \_klguc i_jbh^ gZr_ khpbZebklbq_kdh_ h[s_kl\h g_ ijb\h^y d dZiblZ ebafm _keb bf_lv \ \b^m qlh lh\Zjgh_ ijhba\h^kl\h g_ bf__l m gZk lZdh ]h g_h]jZgbq_ggh]h b \k_h[t_fexs_]h jZkijhkljZg_gby dZd ijb dZiblZ ebklbq_kdbo mkeh\byo qlh hgh m gZk ihklZ\e_gh \ kljh]b_ jZfdb [eZ]h ^Zjy lZdbf j_rZxsbf wdhghfbq_kdbf mkeh\byf dZd h[s_kl\_ggZy kh[ kl\_gghklv gZ kj_^kl\Z ijhba\h^kl\Z ebd\b^Zpby kbkl_fu gZ_fgh]h ljm ^Z ebd\b^Zpby kbkl_fu wdkiemZlZpbb

=h\hjyl qlh ihke_ lh]h dZd mklZgh\behkv \ gZr_c kljZg_ ]hkih^kl\h h[s_kl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb gZ kj_^kl\Z ijhba\h^kl\Z Z kbkl_fZ gZ_f gh]h ljm^Z b wdkiemZlZpbb ebd\b^bjh\ZgZ kms_kl\h\Zgb_ lh\Zjgh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z ihl_jyeh kfuke qlh ke_^h\Zeh [u \\b^m wlh]h mkljZgblv lh\Zjgh_ ijhba\h^kl\h

Wlh lZd`_ g_\_jgh < gZklhys__ \j_fy m gZk kms_kl\mxl ^\_ hkgh\ gu_ nhjfu khpbZebklbq_kdh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy – h[s_gZ

jh^gZy b dheohagZy dhlhjmx g_evay gZa\Zlv h[s_gZjh^ghc < ]hkm^Zj kl\_gguo ij_^ijbylbyo kj_^kl\Z ijhba\h^kl\Z b ijh^mdpby ijhba\h^kl \Z khklZ\eyxl \k_gZjh^gmx kh[kl\_gghklv < dheohaguo `_ ij_^ijbylb yo ohly kj_^kl\Z ijhba\h^kl\Z a_fey fZrbgu b ijbgZ^e_`Zl ]hkm^Zj kl\m h^gZdh ijh^mdpby ijhba\h^kl\Z khklZ\ey_l kh[kl\_gghklv hl^_ev

209