Добавил:
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

.pdf
Скачиваний:
53
Добавлен:
02.05.2014
Размер:
6.87 Mб
Скачать

2. Ij_^eh`blv Fbgbkl_jkl\m dbg_fZlh]jZnbb KKKJ b om^h`_kl\_g-

ghfm kh\_lm ijb Fbgbkl_jkl\_ ba\e_qv g_h[oh^bfu_ mjhdb b \u\h^u ba j_r_gby PD <DI [ h dbghnbevf_ ³;hevrZy `bagv´ b hj]Zgbah\Zlv jZ-

[hlm om^h`_kl\_gghc dbg_fZlh]jZnbb lZdbf h[jZahf qlh[u \ij_^v [ueZ bkdexq_gZ \kydZy \hafh`ghklv \uimkdZ ih^h[guo nbevfh\

H iZjlbcghc b kh\_lkdhc i_qZlb K[ ^hd F K –574, 576.

6. Ba \uklmie_gby : : @^Zgh\Z1 gZ kh\_sZgbb ^_yl_e_c kh\_lkdhc fmaudb \ PD <DI [

Yg\Zjv ]

«?keb bkke_^h\Zlv bklhjbx gZr_c jmkkdhc Z aZl_f kh\_lkdhc fmau- db lh ke_^m_l k^_eZlv \u\h^ qlh hgZ \ujhkeZ jZa\b\ZeZkv b ij_\jZlb-

eZkv \ fh]mqmx kbem bf_ggh ihlhfm qlh _c m^Zehkv \klZlv gZ kh[kl\_g gu_ gh]b b gZclb k\hb kh[kl\_ggu_ imlb jZa\blby ^Z\rb_ \hafh`ghklv jZkdjulv [h]Zlkl\Z \gmlj_gg_]h fbjZ gZr_]h gZjh^Z«

Gh\Zlhjkl\h g_ y\ey_lky kZfhp_evx gh\h_ ^he`gh [ulv emqr_ klZjh- ]h bgZq_ hgh g_ bf__l kfukeZ Fg_ dZ`_lky qlh ihke_^h\Zl_eb nhjfZ-

ebklbq_kdh]h gZijZ\e_gby mihlj_[eyxl wlh keh\_qdh ]eZ\guf h[jZahf \ p_eyo ijhiZ]Zg^u iehohc fmaudb <_^v g_evay `_ gZa\Zlv gh\Zlhjkl\hf \kydh_ hjb]bgZevgbqZgb_ \kydh_ djb\eygb_ b \boeygb_ \ fmaud_ ?keb g_ ohlyl ebrv [jhkZlvky ]jhfdbfb keh\_qdZfb lh gm`gh hlq_leb\h ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ hl q_]h klZjh]h g_h[oh^bfh klZjZlvky hlhclb b d q_fm bf_ggh gh\hfm gZ^h ijbclb ?keb wlh g_ ^_eZ_lky lh njZaZ h gh\Zlhjkl \_ fh`_l hagZqZlv lhevdh h^gh j_\babx hkgh\ fmaudb Wlh fh`_l hagZ qZlv ebrv jZaju\ k lZdbfb aZdhgZfb b ghjfZfb fmaudb hl dhlhjuo hl oh^blv g_evay B lh qlh g_evay hl gbo hloh^blv g_ _klv dhgk_j\Zlbaf Z lh qlh hl gbo hloh^yl \h\k_ g_ _klv gh\Zlhjkl\h Gh\Zlhjkl\h hlgx^v g_ \k_]^Z kh\iZ^Z_l k ijh]j_kkhf Fgh]bo fheh^uo fmaudZglh\ k[b\Zxl k lhedm gh\Zlhjkl\hf dZd `mi_ehf ]h\hjy qlh _keb hgb g_ hjb]bgZevgu g_ gh\u agZqbl hgb gZoh^ylky \ ie_gm dhgk_j\Zlb\guo ljZ^bpbc Gh ihkdhevdm gh\Zlhjkl\h g_jZ\ghagZqgh ijh]j_kkm jZkijhkljZg_gb_ ih ^h[guo \a]ey^h\ hagZqZ_l ]em[hdh_ aZ[em`^_gb_ _keb g_ h[fZg

: ³gh\Zlhjkl\h´ nhjfZebklh\ d lhfm `_ \h\k_ b g_ gh\h ihkdhevdm hl wlh]h ³gh\h]h´ hl^Z_l ^mohf kh\j_f_gghc miZ^hqgbq_kdhc [mj`mZaghc fmaudb ?\jhiu b :f_jbdb <hl ]^_ gZ^h ihdZaZlv gZklhysbo wib]hgh\

=eZ\gZy aZ^ZqZ jZa\b\Zlv b kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zlv kh\_lkdmx fmaudm

>jm]Zy aZ^ZqZ khklhbl \ lhf qlh[u hlklZb\Zlv kh\_lkdmx fmaudm hl ijh gbdgh\_gby \ g__ we_f_glh\ [mj`mZagh]h jZkiZ^Z G_ gZ^h aZ[u\Zlv qlh KKKJ y\ey_lky k_cqZk ih^ebgguf ojZgbl_e_f h[s_q_eh\_q_kdhc fmau

190

dZevghc dmevlmju lZd `_ dZd hg \h \k_o ^jm]bo hlghr_gbyo y\ey_lky hi ehlhf q_eh\_q_kdhc pb\bebaZpbb b dmevlmju ijhlb\ [mj`mZagh]h jZkiZ^Z b jZaeh`_gby dmevlmju GZ^h mqblu\Zlv qlh qm`^u_ [mj`mZagu_ \ebygby ba-aZ ]jZgbpu [m^ml i_j_debdZlvky k i_j_`bldZfb dZiblZebafZ \ khagZgbb

g_dhlhjuo ij_^klZ\bl_e_c kh\_lkdhc bgl_eeb]_gpbb \ujZ`Zxsbfbky \ g_k_jv_aguo b ^bdbo klj_fe_gbyo ijhf_gylv khdjh\bsgbpm kh\_lkdhc fmaudZevghc dmevlmju gZ `Zedb_ ehofhlvy kh\j_f_ggh]h [mj`mZagh]h bkdmkkl\Z Ihwlhfm g_ lhevdh fmaudZevgh_ gh b iheblbq_kdh_ moh kh\_l kdbo dhfihablhjh\ ^he`gh [ulv hq_gv qmldbf <ZrZ k\yav k gZjh^hf ^he`gZ [ulv dZd gbdh]^Z l_kghc FmaudZevguc ³kemo gZ djblbdm´ ^he`_g [ulv hq_gv jZa\bl <u ^he`gu ke_^blv aZ ijhp_kkZfb dhlhju_ ijhbkoh^yl \ bkdmkkl\_ gZ AZiZ^_ Gh \ZrZ aZ^ZqZ aZdexqZ_lky g_ lhevdh \ lhf qlh[u g_ ^himkdZlv ijhgbdgh\_gby [mj`mZaguo \ebygbc \ kh\_lkdmx fmaudm AZ^ZqZ aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh[u ml\_j^blv ij_\hkoh^kl\h kh\_lkdhc fm audb kha^Zlv fh]mqmx kh\_lkdmx fmaudm \dexqZxsmx \ k_[y \k_ emqr__ ba ijhreh]h jZa\blby fmaudb dhlhjZy hlh[jZ`ZeZ [u k_]h^gyrgbc ^_gv kh\_lkdh]h h[s_kl\Z b fh]eZ [u _s_ \ur_ ih^gylv dmevlmjm gZr_]h gZ-

jh^Z \ _]h dhffmgbklbq_kdmx khagZl_evghklv«

< ihbkdZo k\h_]h imlb Jhkkby f_`^m ?\jhihc b :ab_c F K 232–234.

7. : : @^Zgh\ h[ hi_j_³<_ebdZy ^jm`[Z´ < FmjZ^_eb

N_\jZev ]

< ih]hg_ aZ eh`ghc ³hjb]bgZevghklvx´ fmaudb dhfihablhj FmjZ^_ eb ij_g_[j_] emqrbfb ljZ^bpbyfb b hiulhf deZkkbq_kdhc hi_ju \hh[ s_ jmkkdhc deZkkbq_kdhc hi_ju \ hkh[_gghklb hlebqZxs_cky \gmlj_g g_c kh^_j`Zl_evghklvx [h]Zlkl\hf f_eh^bc b rbjhlhc ^bZiZahgZ gZ jh^ghklvx baysghc djZkb\hc ykghc fmaudZevghc nhjfhc k^_eZ\r_c jmkkdmx hi_jm emqr_c hi_jhc \ fbj_ ex[bfuf b ^hklmiguf rbjhdbf kehyf gZjh^Z `Zgjhf fmaudb

Hl^_evgu_ mki_ob g_dhlhjuo kh\_lkdbo dhfihablhjh\ \ h[eZklb kha ^Zgby gh\uo i_k_g gZr_^rbo ijbagZgb_ b rbjhdh_ jZkijhkljZg_gb_ \ gZjh^_ \ h[eZklb kha^Zgby fmaudb ^ey dbgh b l ^ g_ f_gyxl h[s_c dZj

lbgu iheh`_gby Hkh[_ggh iehoh h[klhbl ^_eh \ h[eZklb kbfnhgbq_kdh ]h b hi_jgh]h l\hjq_kl\Z J_qv b^_l h dhfihablhjZo ijb^_j`b\Zxsboky nhjfZebklbq_kdh]h ZglbgZjh^gh]h gZijZ\e_gby Wlh gZijZ\e_gb_ gZreh k\h_ gZb[he__ ihegh_ \ujZ`_gb_ \ ijhba\_^_gbyo lZdbo dhfihablhjh\ dZd ll > RhklZdh\bq K Ijhdhnv_\ : OZqZlmjyg < R_[Zebg = Ih-

ih\ G Fykdh\kdbc b ^j \ l\hjq_kl\_ dhlhjuo hkh[_ggh gZ]ey^gh ij_^

191

klZ\e_gu nhjfZebklbq_kdb_ ba\jZs_gby Zglb^_fhdjZlbq_kdb_ l_g^_g pbb \ fmaud_ qm`^u_ kh\_lkdhfm gZjh^m b _]h om^h`_kl\_gguf \dmkZf OZjZdl_jgufb ijbagZdZfb lZdhc fmaudb y\eyxlky hljbpZgb_ hkgh\guo ijbgpbih\ deZkkbq_kdhc fmaudb ijhih\_^v ZlhgZevghklb ^bkkhgZgkZ b ^bk]Zjfhgbb y\eyxsboky ydh[u \ujZ`_gb_f ³ijh]j_kkZ´ b ³gh\Zlhjkl \Z´ \ jZa\blbb fmaudZevghc nhjfu hldZa hl lZdbo \Z`g_crbo hkgh\ fmaudZevgh]h ijhba\_^_gby dZdhc y\ey_lky f_eh^by m\e_q_gb_ kmf[mj gufb g_\jhiZlbq_kdbfb khq_lZgbyfb ij_\jZsZxsbfb fmaudm \ dZdh nhgbx \ oZhlbq_kdh_ gZ]jhfh`^_gb_ a\mdh\ WlZ fmaudZ kbevgh hl^Z_l ^mohf kh\j_f_gghc fh^_jgbklkdhc [mj`mZaghc fmaudb ?\jhiu b :f_ jbdb hlh[jZ`Zxs_c fZjZaf [mj`mZaghc dmevlmju ihegh_ hljbpZgb_ fmaudZevgh]h bkdmkkl\Z _]h lmibd

IhibjZy emqrb_ ljZ^bpbb jmkkdhc b aZiZ^ghc deZkkbq_kdhc fmaudb hl\_j]Zy wlb ljZ^bpbb dZd ydh[u ³mklZj_\rb_´ ³klZjhfh^gu_´ ³dhg k_j\Zlb\gu_´ \ukhdhf_jgh lj_lbjmy dhfihablhjh\ dhlhju_ iulZxlky ^h[jhkh\_klgh hk\Zb\Zlv b jZa\b\Zlv ijb_fu deZkkbq_kdhc fmaudb dZd klhjhggbdh\ ³ijbfblb\gh]h ljZ^bpbhgZebafZ´ b ³wib]hgkl\Z´ fgh]b_ kh\_lkdb_ dhfihablhju \ ih]hg_ aZ eh`gh ihgyluf gh\Zlhjkl\hf hlh j\Zebkv \ k\h_c fmaud_ hl aZijhkh\ b om^h`_kl\_ggh]h \dmkZ kh\_lkdh]h gZjh^Z aZfdgmebkv \ madhf djm]m ki_pbZebklh\ b fmaudZevguo ]mjfZ gh\ kgbabeb \ukhdmx h[s_kl\_ggmx jhev fmaudb b kmabeb __ agZq_gb_ h]jZgbqb\ _]h m^h\e_l\hj_gb_f ba\jZs_gguo \dmkh\ wkl_lkl\mxsbo bg^b\b^mZebklh\

< ihbkdZo k\h_]h imlb« K –235.

8. KijZ\dZ Dhfbl_lZ ih ^_eZf bkdmkkl\ ijb Kh\_l_ Fbgbkljh\ KKKJ

fZjlZ ]

Ihke_ ihklZgh\e_gby PD <DI [ hl n_\jZey ]h^Z ³H[ hi_j_ ©<_ebdZy ^jm`[Zª < FmjZ^_eb´ Dhfbl_l ih ^_eZf bkdmkkl\ ejb Kh\_l_ Fbgbkljh\ KKKJ i_j_kfhlj_e j_i_jlmZj dhgp_jlguo hj]ZgbaZpbc b kgye k bkiheg_gby jy^ ijhba\_^_gbc nhjfZebklbq_kdh]h gZijZ\e_gby < qbke_ aZij_s_gguo d bkiheg_gbx b kgyluo k j_i_jlmZjZ gZoh^ylky ke_ ^mxsb_ ijhba\_^_gby > > RhklZdh\bqZ

Kbfnhgby ‹ 6

Kbfnhgby ‹

Kbfnhgby ‹

Dhgp_jl ^ey nhjl_ibZgh k hjd_kljhf Hdl_l

KhgZlZ ‹ ^ey nhjl_ibZgh

192

JhfZgku gZ klbob Zg]ebckdbo ihwlh\ ³:nhjbafu´ pbde iv_k ^ey nhjl_ibZgh

Ijhba\_^_gby wlb [ueb kgylu ijbdZahf =eZ\gh]h mijZ\e_gby ih dhg ljhex aZ aj_ebsZfb b j_i_jlmZjhf hl I- ]

>jm]b_ khqbg_gby > > RhklZdh\bqZ dZd lh kljmgguo d\Zjl_lZ b kbfnhgby ljbh g_ aZij_s_gu Z _]h emqrb_ ijhba\_^_gby nhjl_

ibZgguc d\bgl_l -y -y -y kbfnhgbb fmaudZ d dbghnbevfZf b i_k gb bkihegyxlky \ dhgp_jlZo

 

fZjlZ ]

AZf_klbl_ev Ij_^k_^Zl_ey

 

Dhfbl_lZ ih ^_eZf bkdmkkl\

 

ijb Kh\_l_ Fbgbkljh\ KKKJ

G ;_kiZeh\

<_klgbd Zjob\Z Ij_ab^_glZ JN ‹ K –159.

9. Ba SHaRexpbb k_kkbb <:KOGBE iR ^RdeD^\ DdD^HfbdD 7 > EuFHgdR2 R iReR`Hgbb \ [bReR]bqHFdRc gD\dH

D\]\FlD ]

ADFe\rD\ b R[F\^b\ ^RdeD^ iSHab^HglD %FHFRxagRc DdD^Hfbb FHevFdR[RaycFl\Hggu[ gD\d bf % B EHgbgD DdD^HfbdD 7 > EuFHgdR

³2 iReR`Hgbb \ [bReR]bqHFdRc gD\dH´ FHFFby DdD^efbb iRegRFlvx

R^R[SyHl ^RdeD^ \ dRlRSRf ^Dg iSD\bevguc DgDeba kh\SHfHggR]R iReR`Hgby \ [bReR]bqHFdRc gD\dH

% [bReR]bqHFdRc gD\dH RiSH^HebebFv ^\D ^bDfHlSDevgR iSRlb\RiR- eR`gu[ gDiSD\eHgby R^gR gDiSD\eHgbH iSR]SHFFb\gRH fDlHSbDebFlbqH-

FdRH fbq\SbgFdRH gDa\DggRH iR bfHgb H]R RFgR\DlHey \u^DxsH]RFy FR\HlFdR]R HFlHFl\RbFiulDlHey \HebdR]R iSHR[SDaR\DlHey iSbSR^u B B. 0bq\SbgD ^S\]RH gDiSD\eHgbH SHDdpbRggR-b^HDebFlbqHFdR_ \Hc-

FfDgbFlFdRH fHg^HeH\FdR-fRS]DgR\FdRH RFgR\DlHeyfb dRlRSR]h y\ey- xlFy SHDdpbRgguH [bReR]b %HcFfDg 0Hg^Hev 0RS]Dg

0bq\SbgFdRH gDiSD\eHgbH bF[R^bl ba lR]R qlR gR\uH F\RcFl\Z SDFlHgbc b `b\Rlgu[ iSbR[SHlHgguH bfb iR^ \ebygbHf \FeR\bc `bagb fR]\l iHSH^D\DlvFy iR gDFeH^Fl\\ 0bq\SbgFdRH \qHgbH \RRS\`DHl iSDd-

lbdR\ gD\qgR-R[RFgR\Dggufb fHlR^Dfb ieDgRfHSgR]R bafHgHgby iSbSR-

^u SDFlHgbc b `b\Rlgu[ \e\qrHgby F\sHFl\\xsb[ b \u\H^Hgby gR\u[ FRSlR\ FHevFdR[RaycFl\Hggu[ d\evl\S b iRSR^ `b\Rlgu[

! 0Hg^HeH\FdR-fRS]DgR\FdRH gDiSD\eHgbH \ [bReR]bb iSR^Re`DHl b^HDebFlbqHFdRH fHlDnbabqHFdRH \qHgbH %HcFfDgD R gHaD\bFbfRFlb

193

iSbSR^u RS]DgbafD Rl \gHrgHc FSH^u R lDd gDau\DHfRf [HFFfHSlgRf

³\HsHFl\H gDFeH^Fl\HggRFlb´ 0Hg^HeH\FdR-fRS]DgR\FdRH gDiSD\eHgbH RlRS\DgR Rl `bagb b \ F\Rb[ bFFeH^R\Dgby[ iSDdlbqHFdb [HFieR^gR

&HFFby RlfHqDHl qlR ^R Fb[ iRS gD\qgR-bFFeH^R\DlHevFdDy SD[RlD \

jy^H [bReR]bqHFdb[ bgFlbl\lR\ b iSHiR^D\DgbH ]HgHlbdb FHeHdpbb kHfHgR\R^Fl\D R[sHc [bReR]bb b ^DS\bgbafD \ \\aD[ RFgR\u\DxlFy gD iSR]SDffD[ b ieDgD[ iSRiblDggu[ b^Hyfb fHg^HebafD-fRS]DgbafD qHf

gDgRFblFy F\sHFl\Hgguc \sHS[ ^He\ b^HReR]bqHFdR]R \RFiblDgby gDrb[ dD^SR\ % F\yab F wlbf R[sHH FR[SDgbH FqblDHl gHR[[R^bfuf dRSHgg\x iHSHFlSRcd\ gD\qgR-bFFeH^R\DlHevFdRc SD[Rlu \ R[eDFlb [bReR]bb b

iHSHFfRlS iSR]jDff \qH[gu[ aD\H^Hgbc iR SDa^HeDf [bReR]bqHFdb[ gD\d WlD iHSHFlSRcdD ^Re`gD FiRFR[Fl\R\Dlv \RRS\`Hgbx SD[RlgbdR\ b \qD-

sb[Fy fbq\SbgFdbf \qHgbHf WlR gHR[[R^bfRH \FeR\bH \FiH[D SD[Rlu

FiHpbDebFlR\ \ iSRba\R^Fl\H b \ bFFeH^R\Dgbb Ddl\Devgu[ iSR[eHf [bReR]bqHFdRc gD\db 2^gR\SHfHggR F iHSHFfRlSRf iSR]SDff ^Re`ga

[ulv RS]DgbaR\DgD SD[RlD iR FRa^Dgbx \uFRdRdDqHFl\Hggu[ \qH[gbdR\ iR \ui\Fd\ dgb] iRF\ysHggu[ iRi\eySbaDpbb fbq\SbgFdR]R \qHgby

Oj_klhfZlby ih hl_q_kl\_gghc bklhjbb F K 444–445.

10. Ba ibFvfD kR\HlFdb[ \qHgu[ ³ibFvfR lSH[FRl´ \ ISHab^b\f P. .I&& R FRFlRygbb [bReR]bqHFdRc gD\db \ &&&3

0Dc RdPy[St ]

+HdRlRSuH ba gDF iR^ibFD\rbH ^DggRH ibFvfR \`H R[SDsDebFv

\ P. .I&& b \uFdDau\Deb F\Rx lRqd\ aSHgby gD FR\SHfHggRH FRFlRygbH [bReR]bb \ &&&3 +Drb dSblbqHFdbH \uFdDau\Dgby \FlSHqDeb iReR`b-

lHevgRH RlgRrHgbH \ P. b R lRf qlR [\^\l iSbgylu iSDdlbqHFdbH rD]b d bFiSD\eHgbx FRa^D\rH]RFy iReR`Hgby gDF ba\HsDeb qHSHa fHFlguH iDSlbcguH RS]DgbaDpbb

2^gDdR ly`HeuH iRFeH^Fl\by fRgRiRevgR]R iReR`Hgby \ gD\dH T. > EuFHgdR ^R Fb[ iRS gH ebd\b^bSR\Dgu \ SHa\evlDlH qH]R FR\HlFdDy

[bReR]by b FHevFdR[RaycFl\HggDy gD\dD \ pHeRf agDqblHevgR RlFlDxl Rl

\SR\gy SDa\blby fbSR\Rc gD\db !

2 iR^ebggRc SReb dRlRS\x Fu]SDe \ `bagb FR\HlFdR]R gDSR^D Eu- FHgdR g\`gR F\^blv iSH`^H \FH]R iR iSDdlbqHFdbf SHa\evlDlDf 0a- lHSbDevguH iRlHSb dRlRSuH iRgHFeD gDrD FlSDgD \ SHa\evlDlH ^HylHev- gRFlb EuFHgdR gH iR^^DxlFy bFqbFeHgbx lDd Rgb \Hebdb 2[ wlRf ]R-

\RSbeRFv gHR^gRdSDlgR \ P. .I&& b FRR[sDeRFv gD SDaebqgu[ FR\H- sDgby[ b aDFH^Dgby[ ISb\H^Hf lRevdR gHdRlRSuH iSbfHSu +D iSR-

194

ly`Hgbb Sy^D eHl FHeHdpbRgHSu iR^ ^bdlR\d\ EuFHgdR [ueb \ug\`^Hgu \fHFlR gDFlRysHc SD[Rlu iR \u\H^Hgbx gR\u[ FRSlR\ aDgbfDlvFy Riu-

lDfb iR ³\H]HlDlb\gRc ]b[Sb^baDpbb´ b ³iHSH^HedH iSbSR^u´ SDFlHgbc ISb iRfRsb wlb[ fHlR^R\ [ueR R[HsDgR FRa^Dlv \ dSDlqDcrbc FSRd gR\uH [RaycFl\HggR pHgguH FRSlD gDiSbfHS fHlR^Rf iHSH^Hedb FRa^Dlv aD lSb ]R^D Rabf\x irHgbp\ ^ey &b[bSb 2^gDdR dSblHSbc iSDdlbdb gHRiSR\HS`bfR iRdDaDe eR`gRFlv wlb[ lHRSHlbqHFdb[ iSH^iRFueRd aD 15– eHl fHlR^Dfb ³\H]HlDlb\gRc ]D[Sb^baDpbb b iHSH^Hedb´ gbqH]R

pHggR]R gH [ueR FRa^DgR

+H fHgHH RlSbpDlHevg\x SRev Fu]SDe 7 > EuFHgdR \ R[eDFlb aDsbl

gR]R eHFRSDa\H^Hgby IR^FqblDgR eb dDdbH \[uldb iRgHFeD gDrD FlSDgD \ SHa\evlDlH fDFFR\R]R iSbfHgHgby iSRiD]Dg^bS\HfR]R b FHcqDF eu-

FHgdR\pDfb FiRFR[D ]gHa^R\R]R iRFH\D \ aDF\reb\u[ SDcRgD[" +Hevay lDd`H aD[ulv R[ \SRgH \ua\DggRf iRiuldRc 7 > EuFHgdR \gH^Sblv gD

MdSDbgH ySR\\x irHgbp\

0gR]ReHlgyy ^Hyl_evgRFlv 7 > EuFHgdR \ SReb S\dR\R^blHey FHev-

FdR[RaycFl\HggRc gD\db gDrHc FlSDgu bfHeD b ^S\]bH \HFvfD FHSvHaguH RlSbpDlHevguH iRFeH^Fl\by ^ey gDSR^gR]R [RaycFl\D Bf \ agDqblHevgRc fHSH ^HaRS]DgbaR\DgD \Fy FHevFdR[RaycFl\HggDy gD\dD aDi\lDgD FbFlHfD FHfHgR\R^Fl\D b RiulgR]R ^HeD gD\qguH RFgR\u D]SRgRfbb aDfHgHgu rbSRdR SH]eDfHglbS\Hfufb gR gH\uiRegyHfufb R[HsDgbyfb iSbqHf dD`^RH gR\RH iSH^eR`HgbH iR F\sHFl\\ y\eyHlFy FiRFR[Rf aDfDFdbSR-

\Dlv iSR\De iSH^u^\sH]R b ba[H`Dlv Rl\HlFl\HggRFlb aD gH]R iHSH^ ]RF\-

^DSFl\Rf

ISDdlbqHFdbH iSH^eR`Hgby 7 > EuFHgdR lHFgHcrbf R[SDaRf F\yaD- gu F H]R lHRSHlbqHFdbfb \a]ey^Dfb A^HFv gH fHFlR ^ey gD\qgR]R b fHlR- ^ReR]bqHFdR]R DgDebaD \FHc FbFlHfu \RaaSHgbc 7 > EuFHgdR bfHg\H- fRc bf ³fbq\SbgFdRc [bReR]bHc´ b ³FR\HlFdbf l\RSqHFdbf ^DS\bgba- fRf´ 2FlDgR\bfFy ebrv gD ^\\[ \RiSRFD[ %aDfHg kh\SHfHggR]R ^DS\b- gbafD 7 > EuFHgdR \uFl\ibe FR FSH^gH\HdR\Rc iRaRSysHc FR\HlFd\x gD\d\ lHRSbHc ³iRSR`^Hgby´ \b^R\ 2g b H]R FiR^\b`gbdb % C. >fbl-

SbH\ b ^S\]bH ^R]R\RSbebFv ^R lDdb[ \l\HS`^Hgbc qlR iR^FRegHqgbd iSH\SDsDHlFy \ aDSDab[\ FRFgD \ Hev SR`v \ dRFlHS b l ^ EuFHgdR

i\[ebqgR \l\HS`^De \ qDFlgRFlb \ eHdpbb Fl\^HglDf 0=M \HFgRc 1955 ]R^D qlR iSb iblDgbb SDaebqgu[ \b^R\ ilbp fR[gDlufb ]\FHgb-

pDfb wlb ilbpu RldeD^u\Dxl ycpD d\d\rdb \ ieDgu \qSH`^Hgbc \dex-

qDebFv lDdbH DgHd^RlbqHFdbH lHfu dDd ba\qHgbH iSH\SDsHgby RS]DgR\ deHsHc \ RS]Dgu f\[ BgFlbl\l ]HgHlbdb $+ &&&3 b l ^«

³%HcFfDgbaf fHg^Hebaf fRS]Dgbaf´ i\]DeR iSb^\fDggRH T. > EuFHgdR b H]R FlRSRggbdDfb RgR FRa^DgR bfb ^ey lR]R qlR[u iR^ iSH^eR]Rf [RSv[u F b^HDebafRf deHcfblv F\Rb[ iSRlb\gbdR\ \ ex[u[

195

R[eDFly[ [bReR]bb b iRSRqblv ^RFlb`Hgby Sy^D [bReR]bqHFdb[ ^bFpbiebg ]HgHlbdb pblReR]bb [bRpHgReR]bb wdReRbb b ^S ! IR^ nDdlbqHFdbf aDiSHlRf RdDaDeDFv wdFiHSbfHglDevgDy wf[SbReR]by ba nbabReR]bb SDFlHgbc \ulSD\eyeRFv \qHgbH R nblR]RSfRgD[ \ agDqblHev gRc FlHiHgb SDaSD[RlDggRH \ gDF \ FlSDgH gR bFiRevaR\DggRH gD iSDdlbdH aD S\[H`Rf ISHdSDlbeRFv bFFeH^R\DgbH b RagDdRfeHgbH F bgRFlSDggufb SD[RlDfb iR ba\qHgbx ]S\ii dSR\b \ qHeR\HdD [bR[bfby ebrbeDFv FR\SHfHggu[ ]HgHlbqHFdb[ fHlR^R\ bFFeH^R\Dgby b l ^ 2lFlD\DgbH

FR\HlFdRc [bReR]bb \R \FH[ wlb[ SDa^HeD[ HFeb gHfH^eHggR gH iSbgylv fHSu d H]R iSHR^ReHgbx gHba[H`gR iSb\H^Hl d RlFlD\Dgbx \ SDa\blbb gDSR^gR]R [RaycFl\D b fH^bpbgu

&SH^b \FH[ HFlHFl\Hggu[ gD\d [bReR]by \ gDrHc FlSDgH RdDaDeDFv \ RFR[Rf iReR`Hgbb ISD\^D fu agDHf qlR [ueb iRiuldb FRa^Dlv iR^R[-

gRH iReR`HgbH b \ ^S\]b[ R[eDFly[ HFlHFl\RagDgby 7DdR\u gDiSbfHS fgR]ReHlgbH FlDSDgby gHdRlRSu[ gDrb[ nbeRFRnR\ b nbabdR\ dRlRSuH iSbdSu\DyFv ^bDeHdlbqHFdRc nSDaHReR]bHc iulDebFv ³RlfHgblv´ lHRSbx RlgRFblHevgRFlb b d\DglR\\x lHRSbx l H lH R[eDFlb nbabdb dRlRSuH

^Deb gDb[Revrbc \u[R^ \ iSDdlbd\ D bfHggR fbSgRH bFiRevaR\DgbH DlRfgRc wgHS]bb b F ^S\]Rc FlRSRgu DlRfgR-\R^RSR^gRH RS\`bH +R

FR\HlFdDy nbabdD gH iRreD iR wlRf\ eR`gRf\ i\lb b [eD]R^DSy iSD- \bevgRf\ \u[RS\ gDiSD\eHgby SD[Rlu R[HFiHqbeD FRpbDebFlbqHFdRc 3R- ^bgH \H^\sHH fHFlR \ iRagDgbb b bFiRevaR\Dgbb wgHS]HlbqHFdb[ [R- ]DlFl\ aDdexqHggu[ \ DlRfgRf y^SH % [bReR]bb `H \ SHa\evlDlH ^Hy- lHevgRFlb 7 > EuFHgdR \ gDF gH RdDaDeRFv ]b[Sb^gRc d\d\S\au ^R[R^u

Rl \gH^SHgby dRlRSRc iR ^Dgguf DfHSbdDgpH\ iRegRFlvx Rd\ibeb \FH b[ aDlSDlu gD ba]RlR\eHgbH DlRfgu[ [Rf[

.Ddbf `H R[SDaRf FR\HlFdDy [bReR]by b FHevFdR[RaycFl\HggDy gD\dD [ueb iSb\H^Hgu \ lDdRH FRFlRygbH"

+DqbgDy F FHSH^bgu -[ ]R^R\ ^HeDebFv iRiuldb gD\yaDlv D^fbgb-

FlSDlb\gufb fHlR^Dfb \qHguf \a]ey^u EuFHgdR +D D\]\FlR\FdRc

FHFFbb %$&;+BE ] fRgRiRevgRH iReR`HgbH 7 > EuFHgdR [ueR

RdRgqDlHevgR \l\HS`^HgR 7RevdR SH`bfRf FRa^Dgguf \ [bReR]bb iRFeH D\]\FlR\FdRc FHFFbb fR`gR R[tyFgblv SDFiSRFlSDgHgbH dRlRSRH iRe\-

qbeD ³SH\RexpbRggDy lHRSby´ = M. ;RrvygD b dDgRgbaDpbx \a]ey^R\ O. ; EHiHrbgFdRc +D R[tH^bgHggRc FHFFbb [bReR]bqHFdR]R Rl^HeHgby

$+ &&&3 b $0+ &&&3 \ ]h^m iSb R[F\`^Hgbb ³gR\Rc deHlRqgRc lHRSbb´ 2 ; EHiHrbgFdRc b iSRFfRlSH HH ³nDdlbqHFdR]R fDlHSbDeD´ gH

gDreRFv gb R^gR]R \qHgR]R dRlRSuc SHrbeFy [u \uFl\iDlv iShlb\ HH y\gR eR`gu[ iRFlSRHgbc

IDSlby b iSD\blHevFl\R \^Heyxl bFdexqblHevgRH \gbfDgbH ebd \b^Dpbb fRgRiRebafD Rl^Hevgu[ \qHgu[ SDa\HSlu\Dgbx gD\qgRc dSblb-

196

db ebd\b^Dpbb aDagDcFl\D b iSHgH[SH`Hgby d ^RFlb`Hgbyf fbSR\Rc gD\db \b^y \R \FHf wlRf aDeR] \FiH[D FR\HlFdRc gD\db 2^gDdR \ [bReR]bb ^R Fb[ iRS dRSHggR]R \e\qrHgby gHl 2FgR\gDy iSbqbgD wlR]R aDdexqDHlFy \ FRFlRygbb gDrb[ [bReR]bqHFdb[ dD^SR\ % SHa\evlDlH ]RFiR^Fl\D DSDdqHH\sbgu fgR]bH qHFlguH \qHguH iSRlHFlR\D\rbH iSRlb\ iR^R[gR]R SH`bfD [ueb RlFlSDgHgu Rl S\dR\R^Fl\D bgFlbl\lD-

fb dDnH^SDfb SH^Ddpbyfb %$Dhf b l ^ b gD S\dR\R^ysbH iRFlu iSbreb ex^b [HFiSbgpbiguH qDFlR gH\H`HFl\HgguH beb iSRFlR gH-

qHFlguH dRlRSuH HFlHFl\HggR \FyqHFdb FRiSRlb\eyxlFy Ra^RSR\eHgbx R[FlDgR\db \ [bReR]bb !

&bFlHfD iSbF\`^Hgby &lDebgFdb[ iSHfbc \ –1952 ]] \u[RSu \ AH CCC3 iR [bReR]bb \l\HS`^HgbH ^RdlRSFdb[ b dDg^b^DlFdb[ ^bFFHS-

lDpbc FlRysb[ gD gbadRf \SR\gH gR iR^qbgHggu[ ]RFiR^Fl\\xsHc ^R]fH SDFFlDgR\dD gD\qgu[ dD^SR\ iR iSbagDd\ ³iSH^DggRFlb´ 7 > Eu-

FHgdR iSb\Heb d ]e\[RdRf\ fRSDevgRf\ \iD^d\ fgR]b[ ^HylHeHc FR\Hl-

FdRc gD\db b \ FbevgRc FlHiHgb SDa\SDlbeb gD\qg\x fReR^H`v b FRa^Deb lDd\x ly`He\x R[FlDgR\d\ ^ey ebd\b^Dpbb dRlRSRc gHR[[R^bfu FHSvHa-

guH \Fbeby

ISD\^D yg\Zjy

11. IhklZgh\e_gb_ Hj][xjh PD <DI [ ³H `mjgZe_©AgZfyª´

^_dZ[jy ]

1. PD <DI [ hlf_qZ_l qlh j_^Zdpby `mjgZeZ ³AgZfy´ g_ kijZ\ey_lky

k \haeh`_ggufb gZ g__ aZ^ZqZfb b \ k\h_c jZ[hl_ ^himklbeZ jy^ k_jv_a guo hrb[hd

J_^Zdpby g_ ba\e_deZ gZ^e_`Zsbo mjhdh\ ba ihklZgh\e_gby PD <DI [ h `mjgZeZo ³A\_a^Z´ b ³E_gbg]jZ^´ < l_q_gb_ ]h^Z `mjgZe ³AgZfy´ kgbabe b^_cgh-om^h`_kl\_ggh_ dZq_kl\h im[ebdm_fuo fZl_jbZ

eh\ < `mjgZe_ gZi_qZlZg jy^ b^_cgh-ihjhqguo b g_iheghp_gguo \ om ^h`_kl\_gghf hlghr_gbb ijhba\_^_gbc

Djmighc hrb[dhc `mjgZeZ y\ey_lky him[ebdh\Zgb_ ih\_klb G F_ev-

gbdh\Z F_evfZgZ ³J_^Zdpby´ \ dhlhjhc jZ[hlgbdb gZr_c njhglh\hc i_qZlb bah[jZ`_gu eb[h lmibpZfb b q\Zgeb\ufb kZfh^mjZfb eb[h k_ j_gvdbfb g_ijbf_lgufb ex^vfb kh\_jr_ggh jZ\gh^mrgufb d k\h_fm ^_em <f_kl_ k l_f \ ih\_klb \ha\_ebq_g h[jZa \h_ggh]h ij_klmigbdZ Bah [jZab\ ihg_k_ggh_ bf kijZ\_^eb\h_ gZdZaZgb_ dZd g_aZkem`_ggmx dZjm Z\lhj hdjm`Z_l _]h hj_hehf ]_jhbafZ

197

< ih\_klb W DZaZd_\bqZ ³>\h_ \ kl_ib´ ih^jh[gh jZkibku\Zxlky i_

j_`b\Zgby fZeh^mrgh]h q_eh\_dZ ijb]h\hj_ggh]h \h_gguf ljb[mgZehf d jZkklj_em aZ gZjmr_gb_ \hbgkdh]h ^he]Z :\lhjhf fhjZevgh hijZ\^u\Z_l ky ly]qZcr__ ij_klmie_gb_ ljmkZ ijb\_^r__ d ]b[_eb \hbgkdhc qZklb JZkkdZau X Ygh\kdh]h ³K_j^p_ \jZqZ´ ³Ke_ih_ kqZklv_´ ebr_gu `ba-

g_ggh]h ijZ\^hih^h[by ihkljh_gu gZ \ufmq_gguo ikboheh]bq_kdbo ^h- fukeZo aZbfkl\h\Zgguo ba h[jZaph\ miZ^hqghc [mj`mZaghc ebl_jZlmju

J_^Zdpby g_ gZijZ\eyeZ \gbfZgb_ ihwlh\ gZ [h_\u_ l_fu kh\j_f_g-

ghklb Ij_^klZ\eyy ljb[mgm ^ey klboh\ ijhgbdgmluo qm\kl\Zfb lhkdb b kdhj[b j_^Zdpby l_f kZfuf kihkh[kl\h\ZeZ moh^m g_dhlhjuo ihwlh\ \ madbc fbjhd k\hbo bg^b\b^mZebklbq_kdbo i_j_`b\Zgbc

Him[ebdh\Zgb_ mdZaZgguo ijhba\_^_gbc k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h g_ijZ\bev ghc ebgbb ijh\h^b\r_cky \ ihke_^g__ \j_fy j_^dhee_]b_c `mjgZeZ ³AgZ fy´ J_^Zdpby hlklmibeZ hl ijbgpbiZ [hevr_\bklkdhc iZjlbcghklb ebl_ jZlmju aZ[ueZ qlh ebl_jZlmjZ y\ey_lky fh]mqbf kj_^kl\hf b^_cgh]h \hk iblZgby kh\_lkdh]h gZjh^Z ij_g_[j_]eZ `bag_gghc ijZ\^hc b ij_^hklZ\b eZ kljZgbpu `mjgZeZ ijhba\_^_gbyf Z\lhju dhlhjuo bah[jZ`Zy ex^_c hlklZeuo b g_iheghp_gguo ij_\haghkbeb bo b ij_\jZsZeb \ ]_jh_\

PD <DI [ hkh[h hlf_qZ_l g_m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh_ khklhygb_ \ `mjgZ e_ ebl_jZlmjgh-djblbq_kdh]h hl^_eZ Im[ebdm_fu_ \ `mjgZe_ djblbq_

kdb_ klZlvb hlebqZxlky gbadbf mjh\g_f b g_j_^dh k\hbfb hrb[hqgufb hp_gdZfb ebl_jZlmjguo ijhba\_^_gbc ^_ahjb_glbjmxl ibkZl_e_c k[b \Zxl bo gZ g_ijZ\bevguc imlv < klZlv_ < Dhkl_eygpZ h jhfZg_

< IZgh\hc ³Djm`beboZ´ \ukf_b\Z_lky ijZ\bevgh_ b _kl_kl\_ggh_ `_eZ

gb_ kh\_lkdbo qblZl_e_c \b^_lv ]_jhyfb gZr_c ebl_jZlmju iheghp_g guo ^moh\gh a^hjh\uo ex^_c ebl_jZlmjguo ]_jh_\ ebr_gguo dZdbo-

eb[h q_jl b^_cghc g_iheghp_gghklb Z\lhj ij_ajbl_evgh bf_gm_l ³]eZ^ dh \umlx`_ggufb´ < klZlv_ ; JmgbgZ h jhfZg_ = Dhgh\Zeh\hc ³Mgb

\_jkbl_l´ b^_heh]bq_kdZy \u^_j`Zgghklv ]_jh_\ jhfZgZ ij_^klZ\bl_e_c i_j_^h\hc kh\_lkdhc gZmdb jZkp_gb\Z_lky dZd ijbagZd bo mfkl\_gghc h]jZgbq_gghklb

J_^Zdpby hibjZ_lky gZ madmx ]jmiim djblbdh\ b g_ klZ\bl gZ kljZgb pZo `mjgZeZ gZkmsgu_ \hijhku h[s_kl\_gghc b ebl_jZlmjghc `bagb kljZgu @mjgZe keZ[h kihkh[kl\h\Ze jZah[eZq_gbx [mj`mZagh]h dhkfh iheblbafZ g_ \_e Zdlb\ghc [hjv[u k nhjfZebafhf b gZlmjZebafhf \ ebl_jZlmj_

Hrb[db `mjgZeZ ³AgZfy´ y\eyxlky lZd`_ ke_^kl\b_f keZ[h]h jmdh\h^kl\Z j_^Zdpb_c kh klhjhgu k_dj_lZjbZlZ KhxaZ kh\_lkdbo ibkZl_e_c KKKJ

PD <DI [ ihklZgh\ey_l

1. IjbagZlv jZ[hlm j_^dhee_]bb `mjgZeZ ³AgZfy´ \ ] g_m^h\e_l- \hjbl_evghc

198

2.Ijbgylv ij_^eh`_gby Ij_ab^bmfZ IjZ\e_gby KhxaZ kh\_lkdbo ib kZl_e_c

Z h[ hk\h[h`^_gbb l <brg_\kdh]h < < hl h[yaZgghkl_c ]eZ\gh]h j_^ZdlhjZ `mjgZeZ ³AgZfy´

[ h[ ml\_j`^_gbb ]eZ\guf j_^Zdlhjhf `mjgZeZ ³AgZfy´ l Dh`_\gb- dh\Z < F

\ h[ ml\_j`^_gbb j_^dhee_]bb `mjgZeZ ³AgZfy´ \ khklZ\_ l l Dh `_\gbdh\Z < F ]eZ\guc j_^Zdlhj FZjlugh\Z B : aZf ]eZ\gh]h j_- ^ZdlhjZ K_fmrdbgZ L A j_^Zdlhj ih hl^_em ijhau Khnjhgh\Z : <j_^Zdlhj ih hl^_em ihwabb Kdhjbgh E B j_^Zdlhj ih hl^_em djblbdb b [b[ebh]jZnbb E_hglv_\Z ; E j_^Zdlhj ih hl^_em im[ebpbklbdb :g^j__\Z < : j_^Zdlhj ih \h_gghfm hl^_em IZ\e_gdh I : Lboh- gh\Z G K

3.H[yaZlv j_^dhee_]bx `mjgZeZ ³AgZfy´ b k_dj_lZjbZl KhxaZ kh\_l

kdbo ibkZl_e_c KKKJ mkljZgblv hlf_q_ggu_ \ gZklhys_f ihklZgh\e_gbb g_^hklZldb b hrb[db `mjgZeZ ³AgZfy´

4. KqblZlv \Z`g_cr_c aZ^Zq_c j_^dhee_]bb `mjgZeZ ³AgZfy´ h[t_^b

g_gb_ \hdjm] `mjgZeZ \b^guo kh\_lkdbo ibkZl_e_c ebl_jZlmjguo djb lbdh\ b im[ebpbklh\ kihkh[guo \uijZ\blv ebgbx `mjgZeZ ih^gylv _]h b^_cguc b om^h`_kl\_gguc mjh\_gv Zdlb\gh hlklZb\Zlv \ l\hjq_kdhc jZ[hl_ ijbgpbiu [hevr_\bklkdhc iZjlbcghklb

GZ kljZgbpZo `mjgZeZ ^he`gu im[ebdh\Zlvky ijhba\_^_gby ijZ\^b \h b yjdh hlh[jZ`Zxsb_ `bagv \ __ j_\hexpbhgghf jZa\blbb jZkdju \Zxsb_ gh\u_ \ukhdb_ dZq_kl\Z kh\_lkdbo ex^_c kljhbl_e_c dhffm

gbafZ Jmdh\h^kl\mykv f_lh^hf khpbZebklbq_kdh]h j_ZebafZ kh\_lkdb_ ebl_jZlhju ^he`gu kf_e__ \lhj]Zlvky \ `bagv ]hjyqh ih^^_j`b\Zlv \k_ gh\h_ dhffmgbklbq_kdh_ b kf_eh [bq_\Zlv i_j_`bldb f_rZxsb_ kh\_l kdbf ex^yf b^lb \i_j_^

K_dj_lZjv PD = FZe_gdh\

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju: >hdmf_glu b dhff_glZjbb F

K –97.

12.Ba j_^Zdpbhgghc klZlvb ]Za_lu³IjZ\^Z´ ³H[ h^ghc ZglbiZljbhlbq_kdhc ]jmii_ l_ZljZevguo djblbdh\´

yg\Zjy ]

< l_ZljZevghc djblbd_ keh`beZkv ZglbiZjlbcgZy ]jmiiZ ihke_^u r_c [mj`mZagh]h wkl_lkl\Z Wlb djblbdb mljZlbeb k\hx hl\_lkl\_g ghklv i_j_^ gZjh^hf y\eyxlky ghkbl_eyfb ]em[hdh hl\jZlbl_evgh]h ^ey

199