Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

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h dmevlmj_ b ^moh\ghc `bagb kh\_lkdh]h h[s_kl\Z Hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ j_dhf_g^m_lky h[jZlblv gZ fZl_jbZeu k\b^_l_evkl\mxsb_ h[ Zdlb\baZ pbb jZ[hlu \ kn_j_ h[jZah\Zgby ^hd ‹ Ih\ur_gb_ mjh\gy ]jZ fhlghklb b ih^]hlh\dZ ki_pbZebklh\ [ueb aZ^ZqZfb g_ ijhklh h[jZah\Z l_evgufb Z \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb – khpbZevgufb mkeh\b_f ^ey mkdhj_ggh

]h jZa\blby kljZgu D k_j_^bg_ -o ]] \ KKKJ [ueZ \ hkgh\ghf ij_

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lbi bgl_eeb]_glh\ kh\_lkdhc nhjfZpbb Ih fg_gbx X : S_lbgh\Z ³hgb ihl_jyeb q_jlu ba\_qgh ijbkmsb_ jhkkbckdhfm bgl_eeb]_glm bg ^b\b^mZebaf iheblbq_kdmx g_mklhcqb\hklv g_^bkpbiebgbjh\Zgghklv kdehgghklv d km_keh\bx \ ms_j[ ^_em B gZijhlb\ h[j_eb gh\u_ dZq_ kl\Z – b^_heh]bq_kdmx klhcdhklv [hevr_\bklkdmx p_e_mklj_fe_g

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110

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< kn_j_ om^h`_kl\_gghc dmevlmju hij_^_eyxs_c l_g^_gpb_c k gZqZ eZ -o ]] klZeZ ijh\h^bfZy \eZklvx mgbnbdZpby b `_kldZy j_]eZf_g

lZpby Klj_fe_gb_ \\_klb l\hjq_kdb_ ihbkdb \ hij_^_e_ggh_ jmkeh ijb \_eb d ijbgylbx \ ]] f_lh^Z khpbZebklbq_kdh]h j_ZebafZ L_hj_ lbq_kdh_ h[hkgh\Zgb_ ³_^bgkl\_ggh \_jgh]h´ f_lh^Z ^Zgh \ \uklmie_gbb G B ;moZjbgZ gZ i_j\hf kt_a^_ ibkZl_e_c KKKJ ^hd ‹ =em[hdbc

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111

H^gZdh gZ ^_e_ ihklmiblv \ <MA ^ey h]jhfgh]h [hevrbgkl\Z ^_l_c ^moh\_gkl\Z hdZau\Z_lky ihqlb nbdlb\guf Wlh aZ\bkbl hl lh]h qlh \ <MA fh`gh ihklmiblv ijhc^y ^_\ylbe_ldm Z ^_lb ^moh\_gkl\Z ^himkdZ xlky lhevdh \ k_fbe_ldm

Dhg_qgh `_eZxsb_ fh]ml ih^]hlh\eylvky d \mam qZklguf iml_f Gh gZ wlh gm`gu kj_^kl\Z b bgh]^Z gZijbf_j ^ey `b\ms_]h \ ]emrb g_ fZeu_ AZ j_^dbf bkdexq_gb_f ^_lb ^moh\_gkl\Z ebrgbfb kj_^kl\Zfb g_ jZkiheZ]Zxl \ hkh[_gghklb ^_lb ^moh\_gkl\Z k_evkdh]h b gbar_]h^_lb ^vydhgh\ ikZehfsbdh\ B \hl ^\_jb \mah\ dZd [m^lh [u b hldju lu Gh \hclb \ gbo fh]ml lhevdh [h]Zlu_ ba ^_l_c ^moh\_gkl\Z lh]^Z dZd \ ijhe_lZjkdhf ]hkm^Zjkl\_ dZaZehkv [u ^he`gh [ulv dZd jZa gZh[h jhl«

K_j]bc fbljhihebl Gb`_]hjh^kdbc

Hl_q_kl\_ggu_ Zjob\u ‹ K –69.

2. Ba ihklZgh\e_gby PBD b KGD KKKJ ³H \k_h[s_f h[yaZl_evghf gZqZevghf h[mq_gbb´

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Ih kjZ\g_gbx k ^hj_\hexpbhgguf \j_f_g_f gZqZevguf h[mq_gb_f ho\Zq_g ]hjZa^h [he__ rbjhdbc djm] ^_l_c rdhevgh]h \hajZklZ

H^gZdh ih^]hlh\dZ b ijh\_^_gb_ \k_h[s_]h gZqZevgh]h h[mq_gby reb ^h kbo ihj g_m^h\e_l\hjbl_evguf l_fihf Kh\_lkdb_ hj]Zgu \ qZklgh klb gZjh^gu_ dhfbkkZjbZlu ijhk\_s_gby b f_klgu_ bkihegbl_evgu_ dhfbl_lu Z lZd`_ ijhn_kkbhgZevgu_ b h[s_kl\_ggu_ hj]ZgbaZpbb m^_ eyeb wlhfm ^_em kh\_jr_ggh g_^hklZlhqgh_ \gbfZgb_

P_gljZevguc Bkihegbl_evguc Dhfbl_l b Kh\_l GZjh^guo DhfbkkZ jh\ KhxaZ KKJ h[jZsZxl \gbfZgb_ \k_o p_gljZevguo b f_klguo hj]Z gh\ \eZklb gZ lh qlh \k_h[s__ gZqZevgh_ h[mq_gb_ y\ey_lky \Z`g_cr_c iheblbq_kdhc aZ^Zq_c [eb`Zcr_]h \j_f_gb <f_kl_ k l_f P_gljZevguc Bkihegbl_evguc Dhfbl_l b Kh\_l GZjh^guo DhfbkkZjh\ KhxaZ KKJ ih^q_jdb\Zxl qlh ^_ckl\bl_evguo mki_oh\ \ wlhf ^_e_ fh`gh ^hklb] gmlv lhevdh ijb mkeh\bb Zdlb\g_cr_]h mqZklby rbjhdbo fZkk ljm^ysbo ky b h[s_kl\_gguo hj]ZgbaZpbc

112

Ijbau\Zy ijhn_kkbhgZevgu_ dhfkhfhevkdb_ dhhi_jZlb\gu_ b ^jm ]b_ h[s_kl\_ggu_ hj]ZgbaZpbb Z lZd`_ \k_o jZ[hqbo ljm^ysboky dj_ klvyg hkh[_ggh dheohagbdh\ b kh\_lkdmx bgl_eeb]_gpbx ijhy\blv gZb [hevrmx kZfh^_yl_evghklv b wg_j]bx b ^h[blvky j_rbl_evghc ih[_^u gZ njhgl_ \k_h[s_]h gZqZevgh]h h[mq_gby P_gljZevguc Bkihegbl_ev guc Dhfbl_l b Kh\_l GZjh^guo DhfbkkZjh\ KhxaZ KKJ ihklZgh\eyxl

1. <\_klb k ]h^Z ih\k_f_klgh \ Khxa_ KKJ \k_h[s__ h[yaZ

l_evgh_ h[mq_gb_ ^_l_c fZevqbdh\ b ^_\hq_d \ \hajZkl_ b e_l \ h[t_f_ g_ f_g__ q_luj_oe_lg_]h dmjkZ gZqZevghc rdheu < khhl\_lkl\bb k wlbf ijbgylv hk_gvx ]h^Z \ ljm^h\mx rdhem \k_o ^_l_c wlbo \ha jZklh\ dhlhju_ ^h gZklhys_]h \j_f_gb g_ h[mqZxlky \ rdhe_

MklZgh\blv k ]h^Z h[yaZl_evgh_ ijhoh`^_gb_ \k_]h dmjkZ rdhe klmi_gb i_j\uo q_luj_o ]jmii ljm^h\hc rdheu ^ey \k_o ^_l_c h[mqZxsboky \ wlbo rdheZo g_aZ\bkbfh hl \hajZklZ

2. <\_klb k ]h^Z h[yaZl_evgh_ h[mq_gb_ ^_l_c fZevqbdh\ b

^_\hq_d \ \hajZkl_ hl ^h e_l g_ ijhr_^rbo i_j\uo q_luj_o ]jmii ljm^h\hc rdheu >ey gbo hj]Zgbamxlky mkdhj_ggu_ ki_pbZevgu_ ^\mo ]h^bqgu_ b h^gh]h^bqgu_ rdheu dmjku b ]jmiiu ijb rdheZo \ aZ\b kbfhklb hl bo ih^]hlh\db

3. <\_klb k ]h^Z \k_h[s__ h[yaZl_evgh_ gZqZevgh_ h[mq_gb_ ^_l_c fZevqbdh\ b ^_\hq_d \ h[t_f_ rdheu-k_fbe_ldb \ ijhfure_g guo ]hjh^Zo nZ[jbqgh-aZ\h^kdbo jZchgZo b jZ[hqbo ihk_edZo mklZgh

\b\ h[yaZl_evgh_ ijhoh`^_gb_ \k_]h dmjkZ k_fbe_lg_c rdheu ^ey \k_o ^_l_c hdZgqb\Zxsbo rdhem , klmi_gb i_j\u_ q_luj_ ]jmiiu ljm^h\hc rdheu gZqbgZy k hdhgqb\rbo \ ]h^m

MklZgh\blv \ l_o `_ f_klghklyo k ]h^Z h[yaZl_evgh_ ijhoh` ^_gb_ \k_]h dmjkZ rdheu-k_fbe_ldb ^ey \k_o ^_l_c h[mqZxsboky \ wlbo

rdheZo < wlbo f_klghklyo ^he`gh [ulv h[jZs_gh hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ gZ jZa\_jlu\Zgb_ k_lb nZ[jbqgh-aZ\h^kdbo rdhe-k_fbe_lhd

K[hjgbd ^hdmf_glh\ ih bklhjbb KKKJ ^ey k_fbgZjkdbo b ijZdlbq_kdbo aZgy lbc: WihoZ khpbZebafZ <ui – ]] F K –235.

3. Ba ihklZgh\e_gby PBD KKKJ³H[ mq_[guo ijh]jZffZo b j_`bf_ \ \ukr_c rdhe_ b l_ogbdmfZo´

k_gly[jy ]

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113

KKJ hl k_gly[jy ] b yg\Zjy ] ih^]hlh\dZ dZ^jh\ ki_pbZ ebklh\ ih^gylZ gZ mjh\_gv lj_[h\Zgbc jZklms_]h khpbZebklbq_kdh]h ohayckl\Z KhxaZ KKJ AgZqbl_evgh \ujhkeZ k_lv \lmah\ \mah\ b l_ogb dmfh\ hj]Zgbah\Zgu mq_[gu_ aZ\_^_gby gh\h]h lbiZ rbjhdh jZa\_jgmlh h[mq_gb_ [_a hlju\Z hl ijhba\h^kl\Z b jZkrbj_g dhglbg]_gl klm^_glh\ LZd ih gZjh^guf dhfbkkZjbZlZf ly`_ehc e_]dhc b e_kghc ijhfure_g ghklb GDA_fm b GDIK qbkeh \lmah\ ih hlghr_gbx d ] \ujhkeh \ jZa b ^hreh ^h Z qbkeh l_ogbdmfh\ – ^h 600.

Qbkeh mqZsboky \h \lmaZo b \maZo ih kjZ\g_gbx k ] \ujhkeh [he__ q_f \ ljb jZaZ \ l_ogbdmfZo – \ q_luj_ k ebrgbf jZaZ H[s__ qbkeh mqZ sboky \ \maZo \lmaZo b l_ogbdmfZo khklZ\ey_l \ ] [he__

M\_ebqbehkv qbkeh ki_pbZebklh\ \ gZjh^ghf ohayckl\_ KhxaZ KKJ \ 1929 ] \ Khxa_ [ueh ki_pbZebklh\ k aZdhgq_gguf \ukrbf h[jZ

ah\Zgb_f b k aZdhgq_gguf kj_^gbf h[jZah\Zgb_f \ ] – 216 ki_pbZebklh\ F aZdhgq_gguf \ukrbf h[jZah\Zgb_f b k aZdhgq_gguf kj_^gbf h[jZah\Zgb_f

Dhj_gguf h[jZahf baf_gbeky khpbZevguc khklZ\ h[mqZxsboky \ \ukrbo rdheZo b l_ogbdmfZo ih bg^mkljbZevguf \lmaZf jZ[hq__ y^jh khklZ\ey_l hdheh ^hklb]Zy ih jy^m \lmah\ –90 %.

I_j_^ZqZ \mah\ \lmah\ b l_ogbdmfh\ ohayckl\_gguf gZjh^guf dh fbkkZjbZlZf kh^_ckl\h\ZeZ mklZgh\e_gbx dhgdj_lgh]h jmdh\h^kl\Z ih^ ]hlh\dhc dZ^jh\ ijb[eb`_gbx mq_[ghc jZ[hlu d ijhba\h^kl\m b mklZ gh\e_gbx __ ijyfhc k\yab k ijZdlbq_kdbfb aZ^ZqZfb jZaebqguo hljZk e_c gZjh^gh]h ohayckl\Z

Wlb mki_ob k\b^_l_evkl\mxl h lhf qlh \ Khxa_ KKJ Fha^ZgZ ijhqgZy [ZaZ ^ey jZa\blby \ ^Zevg_cr_f ih^]hlh\db ijhe_lZjkdbo ki_pbZebklh\ \ khhl\_lkl\bb k aZ^ZqZfb l_ogbq_kdhc j_dhgkljmdpbb \k_]h gZjh^gh]h ohayckl\Z \h \lhjmx iylbe_ldm

GZjy^m k wlbfb mki_oZfb ih ih^]hlh\d_ gh\uo ijhe_lZjkdbo dZ^jh\ ki_pbZebklh\ \ ijZdlbd_ ijh\_^_gby \ `bagv j_r_gbc iZjlbb b ijZ\b l_evkl\Z gZjh^gufb dhfbkkZjbZlZfb b kZfbfb \lmaZfb b l_ogbdmfZfb [ueb ^hims_gu ba\jZs_gby dhlhju_ \ujZabebkv ]eZ\guf h[jZahf \ h^gh[hdhf \gbfZgbb d dhebq_kl\_gghfm jhklm k_lb b mqZsboky ijb g_ ^hklZlhqghf \gbfZgbb d \hijhkZf dZq_kl\Z mq_[ghc ih^]hlh\db Z lZd`_ \ qj_af_jghf ^jh[e_gbb ki_pbZevghkl_c \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h g_dhlhju_ \lmau b \mau aZqZklmx \uimkdZeb ki_pbZebklh\ klhysbo gZ mjh\g_ d\Z ebnbdZpbb l_ogbdZ Z g_ bg`_g_jZ

< ih^]hlh\d_ kj_^g_]h l_ogbq_kdh]h i_jkhgZeZ \ l_ogbdmfZo g_ kfhljy gZ bo bkdexqbl_evgh [hevrhc jhkl b jy^ k_jv_ag_crbo ^hklb `_gbc _klv djmigu_ g_^hklZldb GZjdhfZlu b ohayckl\_ggu_ hj]Zgb

114

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F_`^m l_f \g_^j_gb_ gh\hc \ukr_c l_ogbdb \ kh\_lkdmx ijhfur e_gghklv ljZgkihjl k_evkdh_ ohayckl\h b jhkl gZjh^ghohayckl\_gguo aZ^Zq ij_^ty\eyxl ih\ur_ggu_ lj_[h\Zgby d l_hj_lbq_kdhfm mjh\gx kh\_lkdbo ki_pbZebklh\ dZd bg`_g_jh\ b l_ogbdh\ madhc ki_pbZevghklb k [he__ dhjhldbf kjhdhf h[mq_gby lZd b hkh[_ggh hkgh\ghc qZklb ki_ pbZebklh\ hl dhlhjuo lj_[mxlky \k_ [he__ \ukhdZy d\ZebnbdZpby h\eZ ^_gb_ ]em[hdbfb agZgbyfb gZmqguo hkgh\ kh\j_f_gghc l_ogbdb agZgb_ kbkl_fu kh\_lkdh]h ohayckl\Z b _]h ieZgbjh\Zgby b ijZdlbq_kdh_ agZ dhfkl\h k ihklZgh\dhc ki_pbZebabjh\Zgguo ijhba\h^kl\ \ mkeh\byo i_ j_^h\hc l_ogbdb

P_gljZevguc Bkihegbl_evguc Dhfbl_l KhxaZ KKJ kqblZ_l qlh \ fZkkh\hc ih^]hlh\d_ dZ^jh\ ki_pbZebklh\ \ gZklhys__ \j_fy hkgh\ghc aZ^Zq_c y\ey_lky aZdj_ie_gb_ ^hklb]gmluo mki_oh\ b ^Zevg_crZy [hjv[Z aZ ih\ur_gb_ l_hj_lbq_kdh]h h[jZah\Zgby \ \maZo \lmaZo b l_ogbdmfZo ijb \k_f_jghf ^Zevg_cr_f mdj_ie_gbb bo k\yab k ijhba\h^kl\hf ih^ gylbb dZq_kl\Z mq_[u b ^_ckl\bl_evghf ihhsj_gbb bgbpbZlb\u b wg_j ]bb dZ`^h]h mqZs_]hky \ _]h mq_[ghc jZ[hl_

Bkoh^y ba wlh]h P_gljZevguc Bkihegbl_evguc Dhfbl_l KhxaZ KKJ ihklZgh\ey_l

, H ijh]jZffZo b mq_[guo ieZgZo

< p_eyo ih\ur_gby h[s_l_hj_lbq_kdhc b ki_pbZevghc ih^]hlh\db \ \ukr_c rdhe_ b l_ogbdmfZo ijh\_klb ke_^mxsb_ f_jhijbylby

1. I_j_kfhlj_lv d yg\Zjy ] mq_[gu_ ieZgu b ijh]jZffu k l_f

qlh[u gZ \k_ h[s_gZmqgu_ fZl_fZlbdZ nbabdZ obfby [bheh]by h[s_ l_ogbq_kdb_ b ki_pbZevgu_ ij_^f_lu ih \maZf b \lmaZf [ueh hl\_^_gh g_ f_g__ –85 b ih l_ogbdmfZf – g_ f_g__ mq_[gh]h \j_f_gb [_a

ijhba\h^kl\_gghc ijZdlbdb

...3. <\_klb gZ klZjrbo dmjkZo \ukrbo mq_[guo aZ\_^_gbc djhf_ h[

s_h[yaZl_evguo ih mq_[ghfm ieZgm ^bkpbiebg ^bkpbiebgu nZdmevlZ lb\gu_ g_h[yaZl_evgu_ bf_xsb_ hlghr_gb_ d ^Zgghc ki_pbZevghklb k l_f qlh[u h[_ki_qblv gZb[he__ mki_\Zxsbf klm^_glZf \hafh`ghklv m]em[eylv k\hb agZgby

...6. KqblZlv qlh kbkl_fZ h[mq_gby [_a hlju\Z hl ijhba\h^kl\Z ^he`

gZ ih^]hlh\eylv ih ij_bfms_kl\m ki_pbZebklh\ k j_adh \ujZ`_gghc ki_pbZebaZpb_c Ki_pbZebklu k [he__ nmg^Zf_glZevghc ih^]hlh\dhc fh]ml ]hlh\blvky [_a hlju\Z hl ijhba\h^kl\Z ebrv gZ djmig_crbo ij_^

115

ijbylbyo – dhf[bgZlZo h[eZ^Zxsbo fhsghc l_ogbq_kdhc \hhjm`_ggh klvx b gZ^e_`Zsbfb bg`_g_jgh-l_ogbq_kdbfb b gZmqgufb dZ^jZfb

...8. Ijb ^Zevg_cr_f jZa\_jlu\Zgbb \mah\ b \lmah\ hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_

h[jZlblv gZ g_^hims_gb_ baebrg_]h iZjZee_ebafZ b kha^Zgby dZjebdh \uo \lmah\ b \mah\ b gZ jZa\_jlu\Zgb_ \lmah\ b \mah\ \ jZchgZo djmigh]h kljhbl_evkl\Z b \ gZpbhgZevguo j_kim[ebdZo Ih^l\_j^blv qlh hj]Zgb aZpby gh\uo \ukrbo mq_[guo aZ\_^_gbc ^himkdZ_lky ebrv k jZaj_r_gby ijZ\bl_evkl\Z KhxaZ KKJ

III. H f_lh^Zo ij_ih^Z\Zgby

P_gljZevguc Bkihegbl_evguc Dhfbl_l KhxaZ KKJ dhgklZlbjm_l qlh \ j_amevlZl_ g_ijZ\bevgh]h ijbf_g_gby lZd gZau\Z_fh]h [jb]Z^gh-

eZ[hjZlhjgh]h f_lh^Z dZd \k_h[s_]h b h[yaZl_evgh]h ijb ijhjZ[hld_ \k_o mq_[guo ^bkpbiebg \ ijZdlbd_ jZ[hlu mq_[guo aZ\_^_gbc \uy\beky p_euc jy^ djmig_crbo g_^hklZldh\ dZd-lh kgb`_gb_ bg^b\b^mZevghc

hl\_lkl\_gghklb klm^_glh\ aZ k\hx jZ[hlm h[_aebqdZ \ mq_[ghc jZ[hl_ jZ\g_gb_ gZ keZ[uo b hlklZxsbo b mklZgh\e_gb_ \ jy^_ kemqZ_\ ihjy^dZ ijb dhlhjhf g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh_ h[s_gb_ mqZs_]hky k ijhn_kkmjhc aZf_ gyehkv mq_[gufb aZgylbyfb klm^_glZ k fZehd\Zebnbpbjh\Zgguf jmdh \h^kl\hf beb [jb]Z^bjhf

P_gljZevguc Bkihegbl_evguc Dhfbl_l KhxaZ KKJ

IJBF?Q:GB?

Gh\u_ mq_[gu_ ieZgu b ijh]jZffu ^he`gu [ueb h[_ki_qblv l_k g_crmx k\yav l_hj_lbq_kdbo dmjkh\ k wdki_jbf_glZevgufb jZ[hlZfb b g_ij_ju\ghc ijhba\h^kl\_gghc ijZdlbdhc dhlhjZy klZgh\beZkv h[yaZ l_evguf we_f_glhf mq_[ghc jZ[hlu \mah\ b l_ogbdmfh\ Iml_f h[t_^b g_gby jZa^jh[e_gguo ^bkpbiebg ijh\h^beZkv ebd\b^Zpby fgh]hij_^ f_lghklb PBD KKKJ ijbagZ_l g_p_e_khh[jZaguf ijbf_g_gb_ [jb]Z^gh-

eZ[hjZlhjgh]h f_lh^Z \ _]h kh\j_f_gghc nZdlbq_kdb keh`b\r_cky nhj f_ b h[yau\Z_l \k_ mq_[gu_ aZ\_^_gby d hij_^_e_gbx f_lh^h\ h[mq_gby ih^oh^blv dhgdj_lgh k mq_lhf hkh[_gghkl_c mq_[gh]h fZl_jbZeZ b dZ` ^hc ^bkpbiebgu k mq_lhf d\ZebnbdZpbb ij_ih^Z\Zl_ey mjh\gy ih^]h lh\db mqZsboky gZebqby mq_[gh]h h[hjm^h\Zgby eZ[hjZlhjbc b ij JZa \b\Zy kZfhklhyl_evgmx bg^b\b^mZevgmx jZ[hlm klm^_glh\ g_h[oh^bfh \f_kl_ k l_f \k_f_jgh ihhsjylv dhee_dlb\gmx mq_[gmx jZ[hlm klm^_g lh\

K[hjgbd ^hdmf_glh\ ih bklhjbb KKKJ« <ui –1932…. 253–257.

116

4. Jhkl qbkeZ jZ[hlZxsbo ki_pbZebklh\ \h \k_o hljZkeyo gZjh^gh]h ohayckl\Z [_a mq_lZ jZ[hlgbdh\ ijhnh[jZ iheblijhk\_lZ qZklb lhj]h\h]h b mijZ\e_gq_kdh]h ZiiZjZlZ

K[hjgbd ^hdmf_glh\ ih bklhjbb KKKJ« K

5. KhpbZevguc khklZ\ gh\uo ki_pbZebklh\ d dhgpm iylbe_ldb

K[hjgbd ^hdmf_glh\ ih bklhjbb KKKJ« K –248.

117

6. K_lv mq_[guo aZ\_^_gbc ih ih^]hlh\d_ dZ^jh\

K[hjgbd ^hdmf_glh\ ih bklhjbb KKKJ« K

7. 2 ]RF\^DSFl\Hggu[ \gb\HSFblHlD[

Ba R[tyFgblHevgRc aDibFdb Hl^HeD rdRe P. %.I [ \ KHdSHlDSbDl PHglSDevgR]R DRfblHlD iDSlbb d iSRHdl\ iRFlDgR\eHgby &+. &&&3

fDSlD ]

! &lDSuH \gb\HSFblHlu gHieR[R R[HFiHqb\Deb [\S`\DagRH ]RF\-

^DSFl\R \uFRdRd\DebnbpbSR\Dggufb gD\qgufb SD[RlgbdDfb b iSHiR^D-

\DlHeyfb \ R[eDFlb bFlRSbb S\FFdR]R yaudD b eblHSDl\Su xSb^bqHFdb[ b wdRgRfbqHFdb[ gD\d

+DSdRfiSRF 3&N&3 ebd\b^bSR\De ]\fDgblDSguH nDd\evlHlu \ S\F- Fdb[ \gb\HSFblHlD[ qHf FR\HSrbe dS\igHcr\x iReblbqHFd\x Rrb[d\

MgbqlR`HgbH bFlRSbdR-nbeReR]bqHFdb[ nDd\evlHlR\ iSb\HeR d ebd

\b^Dpbb iR^]RlR\db \uFRdRd\DebnbpbSR\Dggu[ \gb\HSFblHlFdb[ dD^SR\ iR iSHiR^D\Dgbx S\FFdR]R yaudD D lDd`H d ebd\b^Dpbb \ \gb\HSFblHlD[ SD[Rlu iR eHdFbdH nRgHlbdH fRSnReR]bb FbglDdFbF\ S\FFdR]R yaudD b iR S\FFdRc eblHSDl\SH \ qDFlgRFlb iR nRevdeRS\ 0u ^R Fb[ iRS gH bfHHf gb gD\qgu[ gb \qH[gu[ d\SFR\ bFlRSbb fbSR\Rc eblHSDl\Su M gDF ^R Fb[ iRS gHl n\g^DfHglDevgR]R \qH[gbdD iR bFlRSbb FR\HlFdRc eblHSDl\Su 7Hf FDfuf +DSdRfiSRF FR^HcFl\R\De SDa\blbx \iSRsHg-

qHFl\D b ba\SDsHgbc \ iSHiR^D\Dgbb S\FFdR]R yaudD gDFa`^Hgbx [Ha- ]SDfRlgRFlb \ gDrb[ rdReD[ b \\aD[ iRRsSHgbx iFH\^RgD\qgR]R ³eH\D- qHFl\D´ \ R[eDFlb ba\qHgby yaudD b ba^Dgbx lDdb[ \qH[gbdR\ dDd ]SDf- fDlbdD RDibSR %FH wlR gHevay d\DebnbpbSR\Dlt bgDqH dDd iSHFl\ieH- gbH iSRlb\ S\FFdR]R gDSR^D

Ebd\b^Dpby \ \gb\HSFblHlD[ iR^]RlR\db \uFRdRd\DebnbpbSR\Dggu[ bFlRSbdR\ b SDaSD[Rldb gD\qgu[ iSR[eHf \ R[eDFlb bFlRSbb iSb\HeD d

118

Fgb`Hgbx \SR\gy iSHiR^D\Dgby bFlRSbb d iRqlb iRegRf\ RlF\lFl\bx dD^SR\ bFlRSbdR\ b FR^HcFl\R\DeD ba\SDsHgbyf F[Hfu S\FFdR]R bFlRSbqHFdR]R iSRpHFFD IRlSH[R\DeRFv gHiRFSH^Fl\HggRH

\fHrDlHevFl\R l &lDebgD qlR[u \ ] bFlRSbqHFdbH nDd\evlHlu \ Sy^H \gb\HSFblHlR\ [ueb \RFFlDgR\eHgu

! % gDFlRysHf F\RHf \b^H gDrb URF\^DSFl\HgguH \gb\HSFblHlu gH lRevdR gH y\eyxlFy iR^ebggufb FRpbDebFlbqHFdbfb RqD]Dfb gD\db gHSH^dR Rgb FlRyl agDqblHevgR gb`H R[uqgu[ bgFlbl\lR\ b aDiD^gR-

H\SRiHcFdb[ b DfHSbdDgFdb[ \gb\HSFblHlR\ Mgb\HSFblHlu gDrb iSH`^H \FH]R gbqHf gH \u^HeyxlFy \ FbFlHfH R[uqgRc \uFrHc rdReu FlSR]R FiHpbDebabSR\DggRc b \H^RfFl\HggRc 2gb iSH^FlD\eyxl FR[Rc fH[Dgb-

qHFdRH R[tH^bgHgbH – gHSH^dR ^R\RevgR Fe\qDcgRH – HFlHFl\HggR-gD\q- gu[ nDd\evlHlR\ \R \FHf F[R^gu[ FR FiHpbDevgufb \\aDfb g_ gD[h^y- sbfbFy \ FbFlHfH +DSdRfiSRFR\

! 0DlHSbDevgDy [DaD ]RF\^DSFl\Hggu[ \gb\HSFblHlR\ gD[R^blFy \

FR\HSrHggR gH\^R\eHl\RSblHevgRf FRFlRygbb &lDSHcrbH \gb\HSFblH- lu – 0RFdR\Fdbc EHgbgUSD^Fdbc .DaDgFdbc – R[eD^Dy dS\igufb gD\q- gufb FbeDfb gH fR]\l iRegRFlvx SDa\HSg\lv F\Rb[ \RafR`gRFlHc l d

Rgb gH bfHxl ^ey wlR]R gHR[[R^bfRc fDlHSbDevgRc [Dau MqH[guH a^Dgby lSH[\xl FSRqgR]R dDiblDevgR]R SHfRglD

! >R Fb[ iRS \RiSRF R[ \gb\HSFblHlD[ b \gb\HSFblHlFdRf R[SD- aR\Dgbb gH FlRye \R \FHf R[tHfH gb iHSH^ PHglSDevguf .RfblHlRf iDS- lbb gb iHSH^ &R\gDSdRfRf &RxaD &HcqDF gDFl\iDHl iRegDy \RafR`- gRFlv D iRlRf\ b gHR[[R^bfRFlv iR^gylv \gb\HSFblHlu gD \SR\Hgv ^Hc- Fl\blHevgR gD\qgR-\qH[gR]R \qSH`^Hgby b F^HeDlv b[ \H^\sbf a\HgRf gDrHc \uFrHc rdReu !

Oj_klhfZlby ih hl_q_kl\_gghc bklhjbb – F K –760.

8. JZa\blb_ h[s_]h b ki_pbZevgh]h h[jZah\Zgby

gZ gZqZeh mq_[gh]h ]h^Z

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