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ba^Zg lh ijhc^_l e_l – ihdZ \gh\v wlb ^Zggu_ fh]ml \hclb \ gZmdm
Y _]h ihgbfZx Hg kqblZ_l qlh bklhjby jmkkdhc bdhgu _s_ \ h[sbo q_jlZo g_ gZibkZgZ Fgh]h ibrml gh gZklhys_]h gZmqgh]h ijhgbdgh\_
gby g_l Hg ohq_l ba^Zlv __ lZd qlh[u qlh-gb[m^v ihemqblv dZd ]hghjZj
IU <_e \ wlhf kfuke_ i_j_]h\hju k njZgpmaZfb [he]ZjZfb a^_kv \ IjZ]_ Gh \ k\yab k \Zexlhc b ly`_euf iheh`_gb_f wlZ kmffZ g_
fh`_l [ulv gZc^_gZ Y kqblZx qlh _]h jZ[hlZ ^he`gZ [ulv ba^ZgZ – wlh
ijhy\e_gb_ jmkkdh]h l\hjq_kl\Z lh qlh k_cqZk gZb[he__ \Z`gh Q_f [hevr_ k_cqZk khab^Zl_evgh]h l\hjq_kl\Z l_f kbevg__ jmkkdZy dmevlmj gZy jZ[hlZ l_f kdhj__ fu \uc^_f ba g_\hafh`guo \Zj\Zjkdbo mkeh\bc
gZr_c `bagb
D>hg^Zdh\@ hlghkblky dh \k_f l_i_j_rgbf ij_m\_ebq_gbyf agZq_gby jmkkdhc bdhghibkb \ bklhjbb h[s_q_eh\_q_kdhc dmevlmju hq_gv djblb q_kdb H^gZdh ba jZa]h\hjZ \uykgbehkv qlh hg kqblZ_l wlh ^hklb`_gb_
jZ\guf ^hklb`_gbyf \ h[eZklb jmkkdhc ebl_jZlmju beb fmaudb – gh bo fbjh\h_ agZq_gb_ hg g_ \iheg_ ijbagZ_l KqblZ_l m\e_q_gb_ Lhekluf >hklh_\kdbf – im[ebpbklbq_kdbf Imrdbg g_ihgyl_g b k_cqZk AZiZ^m
Wlhl jZa]h\hj fu g_ ijh^he`Zeb H^gZdh hg ^mfZ_l qlh lZdh]h l\hjq_kl \Z dZdh_ fu \b^bf \ jmkkdhc bdhghibkb g_ [ueh gb m h^gh]h keZ\ygkdh
]h gZjh^Z >jm]b_ keZ\ygkdb_ gZjh^u – q_ob iheydb – gZoh^bebkv ih^ \ebygb_f ^jm]h]h \_ebdh]h p_gljZ wlh]h ^\b`_gby – NjZgpbb ]^_ \ XV \ [ue jZkp\_l wlhc l\hjq_kdhc jZ[hlu < Jhkkbb bdhghibkgZy jZ[hlZ
[ueZ aZ^mr_gZ Fhkd\hc Ihke_^g__ klhe_lb_ ;9,,–;9,,, [ueb kljZ^Z gby L\hjq_kdZy jZ[hlZ _s_ \ gZqZe_ ;9,, \>_dZ@ reZ >ey f_gy ykgh klZ eh \i_j\u_ lh h]jhfgh_ agZq_gb_ dZdh_ bf_eh wlh bkdmkkl\h \ `bagb:
\_^v ^hf [ue i_j_iheg_g bdhgZfb b j_ijh^mdpbc g_ [ueh
4.XII. [1]922(6)
IjZ]Z
Ex[hiul_g k_cqZk jZkp\_l l\hjq_kdhc hjb]bgZevghc b kZfhklhy l_evghc l\hjq_kdhc fukeb ;m^ml bklhjbdb k\yau\Zlv wlh k j_\hexpb
_c ]_heh]by – DZjibgkdbc nbabdZ – Bhnn_ > @ b EZaZj_\ > @ [bheh]by – ;Zo > @ Dhevph\ > @ IZ\eh\ > @ DjZ\dh\ > @ Zkljhghfby – Ijygbrgbdh\ > @ <Z\beh\ > @ i>heblbq_kdZy@ wd>hghfby@ – Kljm\_ nbehk>hnby@ xjb^>bq_kdZy@ – Gh\]hjh^p_\ > @«b l>Zd@ ^>Ze__@ Fg_ dZ`_lky qlh b
fhy jZ[hlZ \hc^_l \ wlhl pbde AZl_f N_jkfZg > @ FZjj > @ ih-
\b^bfhfm kh\k_f h]jhfgh_ l_q_gb_ fukeb b l>Zd@ ^>Ze__@ F>h`_l@ [>ulv@ klhbl wlh \uykgblv Wlh kiZk_gb_ Jhkkbb ijb nbabq>_kdhf@ \u
jh`^_gbb"
65
16.VIII. [1]924(7)
Jhkdh\
DZd-lh \ jZa]h\hj_ k Gbd>heZ_f@ I_lj>h\bq_f@ Lhee_f > @ fg_ klZeh ykgh qlh b kj_^b [_ehc fheh^_`b g_ \b^_\r_c klZjh]h j_`bfZ ijhbk oh^bl _]h b^_ZebaZpby Bf dZ`_lky qlh \h ]eZ\_ \eZklb klhyeb ex^b,
fhjZevgh b mfkl\_ggh ]heh\hc \ur_ hdjm`Zxs_]h, – g_kjZ\gbfu_ k kh
\_lkdbfb \eZklbl_eyfb
B i_j_^h fghx ijhf_evdgme =hkm^>Zjkl\_gguc@ Kh\_l > @ ]^_ y fh] gZ[ex^Zlv hl[hj ³emqrbo´ ex^_c \eZklb
<gh\v \kihfgbehkv lh \i_qZle_gb_ dhlhjh_ [ueh m f_gy lZd kbevgh \ gZqZe_ fh_]h ij_[u\Zgby lZf y ihiZe \ ^mjgh_ h[s_kl\h ih kjZ\g_gbx k l_f \ dhlhjhf h[uqgh y jZgvr_ \jZsZeky Mgb\_jkbl_l mq_gZy b a_f kdZy kj_^Z djm] k_fvb b [jZlkl\Z Wlh \k_ [ueh b mfkl\_ggh b gjZ\kl \_ggh g_kjZ\g_ggh \ur_ kj_^u =hkm^>Zjkl\_ggh]h@ Kh\_lZ b qm\kl\h
^mjgh]h h[s_kl\Z [ueh yjdh
<g_rghklv [ueZ [e_klysZy Qm^guc FZjbbgkdbc ^\hj_p > @ qm\kl\h klZjuo ljZ^bpbc \h \k_f kljh_ h[boh^_ \iehlv ^h ^\hj_pdbo jZagh kb\rbo [mehqdb dhn_ qZc gZ dhlhju_ gZ[jZku\Zebkv dZd a\_jb \u[hj
gu_ b gZagZq_ggu_ qe_gu =hkm^>Zjkl\_ggh]h@ Kh\_lZ
G_khfg_ggh kj_^b gbo [ueb ex^b k bf_gZfb b k [hevrbf \gmlj_ggbf kh^_j`Zgb_f, lZdb_ dZd <bll_ > @ Dhgb > @, Dh\Ze_\kdbc > @ LZ]Zgp_\ > @
b ^j>m]b_@ Gh g_ hgb aZ^Z\Zeb lhg G_ [ueh l_o ljZ^bpbc m kZgh\gbdh\ a^_kv kh[jZ\rboky dZdb_ [ueb \ lZdhc djZkb\hc nhjf_ m ^\hj_pdbo < h[s_f gbqlh`gZy b k_jZy `Z^gZy b f_edh obsgZy lheiZ kj_^b djZkb\h]h
^_dhjmfZ B wlh hlkmlkl\b_ kh^_j`Zgby kdZaZehkv \ ]jhaguc qZk.
Bo bgl_j_kh\ZeZ ijhimkd keh\Z" b bo ihfukeu \k_ [ueb gZijZ\ e_gu ]eZ\guf h[jZahf \ wlm klhjhgm Hkh[_ggh kj_^b fbgbkljh\ b qe_
gh\ =hk Kh\_lZ ih gZagZq_gbx«
K_cqZk gbq_]h g_ agZxsZy fheh^_`v b^_Zebabjm_l fbgbkljh\ lhqgh lZd `_ dZd fgh]b_ q_klgu_ ex^b dZd K K Hev^_g[mj] bkdZ`Zxl bklb gm \ k\h_c nZglZklbq_kdhc j_Z[beblZpbb GbdheZy ,, ` B wlb fbgbklju ihke_^gbo e_l – ^Z b jZgvr_: =hj_fudbg@, dg>yav@ G =hebpug >@ Ijhlh
ihih\@ S_]eh\blh\@ DZdhc m`Zkguc ih^[hj
;ueh ykgh qlh \hdjm] pZjy – imklh_ f_klh b aZ g_kdhevdh f_kyp_\ ^h
wlh]h m f_gy [ue jZa]h\hj k G LZ]Zgp_\uf@ ]j>Znhf@ I K R_j_f_lv_- \uf@ \ agZqbl_evghc f_j_ wlh ihgbfZ\rbf Gh gbdlh g_ h`b^Ze ijhbk r_^r_]h <ijhq_f y ihfgx jZa]h\hj k\hc k : B =mqdh\uf > @ \_j
gm\rbfky ba Zjfbb \ ] b gZjbkh\Z\rbf fg_ m`ZkZxsmx dZjlbgm dZlZkljhnu [ebadhc d kh\_jrb\r_fmky \hafh`ghc \ fhf_gl \ha\jZs_
gby khe^Zl ^hfhc
66
;_amfb_ fgh]bo – ^mfZlv qlh klZjh_ fh`_l \_jg_lky Gbqlh`gh b k_
jh [hevrbgkl\h l_i_j_rgbo \eZklbl_e_c Jhkkbb gh hgb \kx^m hibjZxlky gZ fbjh\u_ iheblbq_kdb_ kbeu k\yaZggu_ k khpbZebafhf b jZ[hqbfb hj
]ZgbaZpbyfb – m gbo _klv \hey b wg_j]by jZ[hlu fhjZevgZy [_kijbgpbi ghklv b `_klhdhklv WlZ `_klhdhklv [ueZ b m ij_`gbo Gh jZagbpZ jZ[hq_ ]h b [_ehjmqdb [ZjbgZ ;Zjbg ihbs_l iZeZqZ Z gZclb g_ \k_]^Z kmf__l –
bgl_eeb]_gl-khpbZebkl kZf jZa bgZq_ g_evay klZg_l iZeZqhf dZd klZeb bfb fgh]b_ ba b^_cguo ex^_c ihkl_i_ggh fhjZevgh himklb\rbkv« L_j jhj _klv b^_ZebaZpby ³iZeZqZ´ dZd b ³_`h\u_ jmdZ\bpu´
IJBF?Q:GBY
1)B^_y kha^Zgby BgklblmlZ bkke_^h\Zgby Kb[bjb \hagbdeZ hk_gvx
] \ oh^_ jZ[hlu -]h H[s_kb[bjkdh]h f_l_hjheh]bq_kdh]h kt_a^Z \
Bjdmlkd_ GZ kt_a^_ [ueh ba[jZgh bkihegbl_evgh_ [xjh ih hj]ZgbaZpbb bgklblmlZ Hgh gZqZeh jZ[hlm ihke_ k\_j`_gby [hevr_\bdh\ \ bxg_
1918 ] D mqZklbx \ jZ[hl_ ih kha^Zgbx bgklblmlZ m^Zehkv ijb\e_qv jy^
ijZ\bl_evkl\_gguo mqj_`^_gbc b h[s_kl\_gguo hj]ZgbaZpbc
< yg\Zj_ ] khklhyeky kt_a^ mqj_^bl_e_c BgklblmlZ bkke_^h\Z gby Kb[bjb gZ dhlhjhf ijbkmlkl\h\Zeb ij_^klZ\bl_eb \k_o aZbgl_j_kh \Zgguo \_^hfkl\ Ih^]hlh\bl_evgmx jZ[hlm ih kha^Zgbx bgklblmlZ \ay eh gZ k_[y H[s_kl\h ³Bgklblml bkke_^h\Zgby Kb[bjb´ mklZ\ dhlhjh]h [ue aZj_]bkljbjh\Zg n_\jZey < Kh\_l H[s_kl\Z \hreb mq_gu_ gZ f_q_ggu_ kt_a^hf \ dZq_kl\_ qe_gh\ Kh\_lZ [m^ms_]h bgklblmlZ ?]h
ij_^k_^Zl_e_f klZe ijhn_kkhj < < KZih`gbdh\ \u^Zxsbcky jmkkdbc [hlZgbd mq_gbd D : Lbfbjya_\Z Kh\_l ijh\_e aZk_^Zgby gZ dhlh
juo [ueb jZkkfhlj_gu \hijhkh\
;eZ]h^Zjy wglmabZafm b ljm^hex[bx mq_guo H[s_kl\m m^Zehkv k^_ eZlv ^hklZlhqgh fgh]h Ijh\h^bebkv jZ[hlu ih a_fghfm fZ]g_lbafm b bkke_^h\Zgbx nZmgu nehju b debfZlZ Kb[bjb >ey gm`^ [m^ms_]h bg klblmlZ [ue kha^Zg fma_c gZqZehkv dhfie_dlh\Zgb_ [b[ebhl_db H[s_
kl\h ijbklmibeh d nhjfbjh\Zgbx klZlbklbdh-wdhghfbq_kdh]h Zjob\Z Kb[bjb E_lhf ] k ]jmiihc kemrZl_evgbp Lhfkdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ [ueb ijh\_^_gu djZldhkjhqgu_ dmjku ih Zjob\h\_^_gbx
Bgklblml kha^Z\Zeky \ lh \j_fy dh]^Z iheh`_gb_ dheqZdh\kdh]h j_ `bfZ [ueh dZlZkljhnbq_kdbf DjZkgZy :jfby ]jhfbeZ \ Kb[bjb [_eu_ \hckdZ < lZdhc kblmZpbb bgklblml g_ kfh] \ iheghc f_j_ jZa\_jgmlv k\hx ^_yl_evghklv ohly b ijh\_e hij_^_e_ggmx jZ[hlm K ijboh^hf kh \_lkdhc \eZklb ^_yl_evghklv bgklblmlZ aZf_jeZ ;hevr_\bklkdh_ jmdh\h ^kl\h Kb[bjb jZkkfZljb\Zeh bgklblml dZd mqj_`^_gb_ ]^_ khkj_^hlhqb \ZeZkv bgl_eeb]_gpby \jZ`^_[gh gZkljh_ggZy d kh\_lkdhc \eZklb Ih
67
klZgh\e_gb_f Kb[j_\dhfZ e_lhf ] bgklblml [ue aZdjul H^gZdh ijZdlbq_kdb bgklblml ^_ckl\h\Ze ^h dhgpZ ] dh]^Z \_jgmebkv wdk
i_^bpbb hj]Zgbah\Zggu_ \_kghc b e_lhf
2)1. GZmqgZy dhfbkkby GZmqgh-l_ogbq_kdh]h hl^_eZ GLH <KGO
mqj_`^_gZ ^_dj_lhf Kh\gZjdhfZ hl Z\]mklZ ^ey mklZgh\e_gby dhglZdlZ f_`^m gZmqgufb mqj_`^_gbyfb b <ukrbf Kh\_lhf GZjh^gh]h
Ohayckl\Z <KGO Dhfbkkby khklhyeZ ba ^\mo hl^_e_gbc – Fhkdh\kdhc
k ghy[jy b I_ljh]jZ^kdhc k n_\jZey gZmqguo dhfbkkbc GZ aZk_^Zgbb Fhkdh\kdhc gZmqghc dhfbkkbb < B <_jgZ^kdbc \uklmibe k
^hdeZ^hf ³=_hobfby __ agZq_gb_ b aZ^Zqb __ ij_ih^Z\Zgby´
<_jgZ^kdZy \ aZfm`_kl\_ Lheev GbgZ <eZ^bfbjh\gZ –
1986) – ^hqv < B <_jgZ^kdh]h ihke_ hdhgqZgby ]bfgZabb \ I_ljh]jZ^_
\ ihklmibeZ gZ <ukrb_ `_gkdb_ dmjku gh j_\hexpbhggu_ kh[ulby
g_ iha\hebeb _c aZ\_jrblv h[jZah\Zgb_ M_oZeZ \f_kl_ k jh^bl_ey fb \ fZ_ ba Kh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb b [hevr_ gZ jh^bgm g_ \_jgmeZkv
3)Mki_gkdbc N_^hj B\Zgh\bq –1928) – bklhjbd ki_pbZ-
ebkl ih ijh[e_fZf <baZglbb b keZ\ygh\_^_gbx ZdZ^_fbd I_l_j[mj]kdhc ZdZ^_fbb gZmd Hkgh\Zl_ev b ^bj_dlhj Jmkkdh]h Zjo_heh]bq_kdh]h
bgklblmlZ \ DhgklZglbghihe_ – K `be \ h^ghc d\Zjlbj_ k <_jgZ^kdbf \ ³>hf_ ZdZ^_fbdh\´
2. Bf__lky \ \b^m ij_ab^_gl Jhkkbckdhc ZdZ^_fbb gZmd ZdZ^_fbd : I DZjibgkdbc
4) <[ebab m_a^gh]h p_gljZ :e_dkZg^jh\kdZ gZ Dhevkdhf i-\_ k 1899 ] jZ[hlZeZ bkke_^h\Zl_evkdZy [bhklZgpby
2. GZjh^gu_ ^hfZ ij_^klZ\eyeb kh[hc dmevlmjgh-ijhk\_lbl_evgu_ mqj_`^_gby \ a^Zgbyo ki_pbZevgh ihkljh_gguo gZ kj_^kl\Z I_l_j[m] kdh]h a_fkl\Z ]hjh^kdhc mijZ\u b qZklguo ebp \ ] – hd
<hafh`gh \ l_dkl_ bf__lky \ \b^m djmig_crbc b gZb[he__ ba\_klguc GZjh^guc ^hf bfi_jZlhjZ GbdheZy ,, ihkljh_gguc \ ]
3. <h^h\hah\ <Zkbebc <Zkbev_\bq –1933) – im[ebpbkl bklhjbd wdhghfbkl K ] `be \ wfb]jZpbb \ IjZ]_ ;ebadbc agZdhfuc < B <_jgZ^kdh]h kh klm^_gq_kdbo e_l
4.Dhfbkkby ih bamq_gbx _kl_kl\_gguo ijhba\h^bl_evguo kbe JhkkbbD?IK [ueZ hj]Zgbah\ZgZ < B <_jgZ^kdbf – __ [_kkf_gguf ij_^k_^Z l_e_f \ hdly[j_ ]
5.Dmavfbg GbdheZc GbdheZ_\bq –1939) – [hevr_\bd k ] Hdhgqbe I_l_j[mj]kdbc mgb\_jkbl_l ih hl^_e_gbx qbklhc fZl_fZlbdb K bxey ] mqZkl\h\Ze \ ih^]hlh\d_ [hevr_\bdZfb \hhjm`_ggh]h
\hkklZgby \ ijb]hjh^guo ]ZjgbahgZo I_ljh]jZ^Z < ^Zevg_cr_f lhevdh gZ \h_gghc jZ[hl_ @_jl\Z klZebgkdh]h l_jjhjZ jZa\_jgmlh]h \ –
1939 ]]
68
6. DZjibgkdbc :e_dkZg^j I_ljh\bq –1936) – ]_heh] h^bg
ba hkgh\hiheh`gbdh\ jmkkdhc ]_heh]bq_kdhc rdheu khklZ\bl_ev k\h^ guo ]_heh]bq_kdbo dZjl ?\jhi_ckdhc Jhkkbb MjZeZ Z\lhj deZkkbq_kdbo jZ[hl ih kljZlb]jZnbb l_dlhgbdb iZe_hglheh]bb i_ljh]jZnbb b ihe_a guf bkdhiZ_fuf jy^Z j_]bhgh\ Jhkkbb Ba[jZgguc gZ wlhl ihkl \ fZ_
1917 ].
5) 1. Dhg^Zdh\ Gbdh^bf IZ\eh\bq –1925) – ki_pbZebkl ih bklh jbb \baZglbckdh]h b ^j_\g_jmkkdh]h bkdmkkl\Z <uimkdgbd Fhkdh\kdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ K – \ wfb]jZpbb k ij_ih^Z\Ze \ DZjeh
\hf mgb\_jkbl_l_ \ IjZ]_
6) 1. Bhnn_ :[jZf N_^hjh\bq –1960) – nbabd <uimkdgbd I_
l_j[mj]kdh]h l_ogheh]bq_kdh]h bgklblmlZ ^h ] [ue gZ klZ`b jh\d_ \ =_jfZgbb \ eZ[hjZlhjbb < J_gl]_gZ Ihke_ Hdly[jvkdhc j_\hex pbb kjZam gZqZe ehyevgh_ khljm^gbq_kl\h k Kh\_lkdhc \eZklvx < ] \u_a`Ze \ aZ]jZgbqgu_ dhfZg^bjh\db \ qZklghklb \klj_qZeky \ IZjb`_ k < B <_jgZ^kdbf : N Bhnn_ kha^Ze rdhem kh\_lkdbo nbabdh\
2. EZaZj_\ I_lj I_ljh\bq –1942) – nbabd h^bg ba hkgh\Zl_e_c [bhnbabdb Ihemqbe f_^bpbgkdh_ h[jZah\Zgb_ \ Fhkdh\kdhf mgb\_jkbl_ l_ < – ]] \h \j_fy aZ]jZgbqghc dhfZg^bjh\db \ ?\jhim b
KR: ijh^he`be h[s_gb_ k < B <_jgZ^kdbf Zdlb\gh kdehgye _]h d \ha \jZs_gbx \ KKKJ K qblZe dmjku ]_hnbabdb \ \maZo K\_j^eh\kdZ b
Fhkd\u < B <_jgZ^kdbc \k_]^Z ih^^_j`b\Ze k I I EZaZj_\uf l_ieu_ ^jm`_kdb_ hlghr_gby
3.;Zo :e_dk_c GbdheZ_\bq –1946) – [bhobfbd < – 1878 ]] mqbeky \ Db_\kdhf mgb\_jkbl_l_ aZl_f [ue bkdexq_g aZ mqZklb_
\j_\hexpbhgghf ^\b`_gbb < –1917 ]] `be \ wfb]jZpbb Ih \ha \jZs_gbb \ Jhkkbx \ ] hj]Zgbah\Ze P_gljZevgmx obfbq_kdmx eZ [hjZlhjbx aZl_f – Nbabdh-obfbq_kdbc bgklblml bf E Y DZjih\Z Djmiguf \deZ^hf \ gZmdm klZeb jZ[hlu : G ;ZoZ \ h[eZklb wgabfheh ]bb mq_gb_ h n_jf_glZo
4.Dhevph\ GbdheZc DhgklZglbgh\bq –1940) – [bheh] hkgh
\hiheh`gbd wdki_jbf_glZevghc [bheh]bb \ Jhkkbb < ] \u^\bgme ]bihl_am ³gZke_^kl\_gguo fhe_dme´ ij_^\hkoblb\rmx fgh]b_ iheh`_ gby kh\j_f_gghc fhe_dmeyjghc [bheh]bb ]_g_lbdb
5. IZ\eh\ B\Zg I_ljh\bq (1849–1936) – nbabheh] kha^Zl_ev mq_ gby h \ukr_c g_j\ghc ^_yl_evghklb Ijhn_kkhj k ] <h_ggh-f_^b- pbgkdhc ZdZ^_fbb ^bj_dlhj BgklblmlZ nbabheh]bb :G KKKJ k ]
Gh[_e_\kdbc eZmj_Zl ;ue [ebadh agZdhf k k_fv_c < B <_j- gZ^kdh]h
69