Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

G:MD: B BGL?EEB=?GPBY

29. J_ahexpby dhfbkkbb ba[jZgghc h[sbf kh[jZgb_f :dZ^_fbb gZmd Jhkkbb ^ey jZkkfhlj_gby ij_^eh`_ggh]h kh\_lkdbf ijZ\bl_evkl\hf ijh_dlZ fh[bebaZpbb gZmdb ^ey gm`^ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h kljhbl_evkl\Z

n_\jZey ]

JhkkbckdZy :dZ^_fby gZmd ]eZ\gZy p_ev dhlhjhc kh^_ckl\h\Zlv jZa \blbx gZmqgh]h l\hjq_kl\Z ^Z\gh m`_ aZgylZ jZajZ[hldhx gZmqguo aZ ^Zq l_kgh k\yaZgguo k [eZ]hf Jhkkbb k kZfh]h \j_f_gb __ hkgh\Zgby b ih __ ihjmq_gbx p_euc jy^ ZdZ^_fbdh\ aZgbfZebkv bamq_gb_f Jhkkbb __ ^moh\guo b fZl_jbZevguo kbe :dZ^_fby \k_ [he__ b [he__ jZkrbjyeZ wlm k\hx jZ[hlm kha^Z\Zy \ ki_pbZevguo dhfbkkbyo djmigu_ gZmqgu_ h[t_^bg_gby ki_pbZebklh\ ^ey ieZghf_jgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby l_o beb ^jm ]bo \Z`g_crbo gZmqguo \hijhkh\ ^hklZlhqgh mdZaZlv gZ g_dhlhju_ ZdZ ^_fbq_kdb_ dhfbkkbb IhklhyggZy P_gljZevgZy k_ckfbq_kdZy dhfbkkby

FZ]gblgZy Ehfhghkh\kdbc dhfbl_l Dhfbkkby ih bamq_gbx _kl_kl\_gguo ijhba\h^bl_evguo kbe Jhkkbb Dhfbkkby ^ey khklZ\e_gby ^bZe_dlheh]bq_kdbo dZjl jmkkdh]h yaudZ Dhfbk kby ih ba^Zgbx ³:dZ^_fbq_kdhc ;b[ebhl_db jmkkdbo ibkZl_e_c´

Dhfbkkby ih k[hjgbdm ³JmkkdZy gZmdZ´ Dhfbkkby ih bamq_gbx ie_f_ggh]h khklZ\Z gZk_e_gby Jhkkbb «

:dZ^_fby iheZ]Z_l qlh agZqbl_evgZy qZklv aZ^Zq klZ\blky kZfhx `bagvx b :dZ^_fby \k_]^Z ]hlh\Z ih lj_[h\Zgbx `bagb b ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ijbgylvky aZ ihkbevgmx gZmqgmx b l_hj_lbq_kdmx jZajZ[hldm hl^_evguo aZ^Zq \u^\b]Z_fuo gm`^Zfb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h kljhbl_evkl\Z y\eyykv ijb wlhf hj]Zgbamxsbf b ijb\e_dZxsbf mq_gu_ kbeu kljZgu p_gljhf

K_j]_c Hev^_g[mj] : RZofZlh\ : EZiih->Zgbe_\kdbc F >vydhgh\ < Kl_deh\ G :g^jmkh\ ? DZjkdbc

E_gbg b :dZ^_fby gZmd K[ ^hdmf_glh\ F K –28.

30. Ba ^g_\gbdZ X < =hlv_1 ³Fhb aZf_ldb´

1917–1918 ]]

8–16 bxey ]

<ugmlu ^mrZ b k_j^p_ jZa[blu \k_ b^_Zeu ;m^ms_]h Jhkkbb g_l fu [_a gZklhys_]h b [_a [m^ms_]h @blv hklZ_lky lhevdh ^ey lh]h qlh[u

50

dhjfblv b ojZgblv k_fvx – [hevr_ g_l gbq_]h HdhgqZl_evgh_ iZ^_gb_

Jhkkbb dZd \_ebdhc b _^bghc ^_j`Z\u \ke_^kl\b_ ijbqbg g_ \g_rgbo Z \gmlj_ggbo g_ ijyfh hl \jZ]h\ Z hl k\hbo kh[kl\_gguo g_^hklZldh\ b ihjhdh\ b hl iheghc Zljhnbb qm\kl\Z hl_q_kl\Z jh^bgu h[s_c kheb ^Zjghklb – wibah^ bf_xsbc fZeh ZgZeh]bc \h \k_fbjghc bklhjbb I_

j_`b\Zy _]h d \_ebqZcr_fm ]hjx klu^m b mgb`_gbx y h[jZah\Zgguc q_eh\_d bf_\rbc g_kqZklv_ ba[jZlv k\h_c mq_ghc ki_pbZevghklvx bklh jbx jh^ghc kljZgu qm\kl\mx k_[y h[yaZgguf aZibku\Zlv k\hb \i_qZl e_gby b kha^Zlv wlbf hq_gv g_kh\_jr_gguc hq_gv km[t_dlb\guc gh \k_ `_ bklhjbq_kdbc bklhqgbd dhlhjuc fh`_l [ulv dhfm-gb[m^v ijb]h

^blky \ [m^ms_f Y ^_eZx wlh \hij_db \k_f k\hbf ij_`gbf fukeyf gZ wlhl kq_l y bf_ggh g_ ohl_e ibkZlv gb aZibkhd gb aZf_lhd gb ^g_\gbdZ b[h \k_]^Z ^mfZe qlh wlhc ^jygb ^hklZlhqgh ibkZgh b [_a f_gy

bxey ! <k_ \j_fy g_hl\yagZy fukev ihq_fm kf_l_g kh[ulbyfb p\_l jmkkdhc ^_eh\hc bgl_eeb]_gpbb gZijbf_j a_fkdb_ ^_yl_eb ^_evpu a_fkdh]h b ]hjh^kdh]h khxah\ ba dhlhjuo dhg_qgh \ureb [u gZbemq rb_ ^_yl_eb gZ i_j\h_ \j_fy jmkkdhc k\h[h^u" Y ^mfZx qlh wlh ke_^kl \b_ JZabgkdh]h beb Im]Zq_\kdh]h oZjZdl_jZ dhlhjuc ijbgbfZ_l \kydh_ jmkkdh_ iheblbq_kdh_ ^\b`_gb_ JZajmrbl_evgu_ ehamg]b dhlhjufb nZgZlbdb b ijh\hdZlhju ihe\_dZ ih^gbfZeb gZjh^ ijhlb\ ij_klmigh]h b ]emih]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z g_ fh]eb ^Zlv bguo j_amevlZlh\ dh]^Z klh fbe ebhgh\ \a[_r_gguo kh[Zd kb^_\rbo gZ p_ib [ueb kims_gu <k_ ex^b dmevlmjgh [he__ \ukhdb_ q_f gZjh^gZy l_fghlZ b k[blu_ kh\_jr_ggh k lhedm ihembgl_eeb]_glu g_aZ\bkbfh _klv m gbo ^_gv]Z beb `_ hgb lZdb_ `_ ljm^h\u_ [_^gydb dZd jmkkdh]h gZjh^Z [ueb h[ty\e_gu \jZ]Z

fb gZjh^Z – [mj`myfb d gbf lZdh_ `_ hlghr_gb_ dZd ij_`^_ d [ZjZf <

hl^_evguo kemqZyo wlh ^hoh^beh \_kghc ^h \u]hgdb \jZq_c a_fkdbo kem`Zsbo l _ ij_keh\mlh]h lj_lv_]h we_f_glZ wlh [ueh \ Ijb\he`v_

]^_ ^mo JZabgZ b ihgug_ \blZ_l

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51

k_gly[jy hdly[jy ! K_]h^gy y gZqZe e_dpbb gZ dmjkZo Zm ^blhjby \ – q_eh\_d gZ -f qZk_ [hevr_ ij_bfms_kl\_ggh klZju_

kemrZl_evgbpu \gbfZl_evgh_ hlghr_gb_ – m gbo _s_ _klv gZb\gZy \_jZ

\lh qlh \ Jhkkbb fh`gh mqblvky

k_gly[jy hdly[jy Gh\uc ^_dj_l h \ukr_c rdhe_ <k_ mq_[ gu_ aZgylby ^he`gu gZqbgZlvky k -lb ^gy qlh[u ^Zlv \hafh`ghklv aZ

gbfZlvky ljm^ysbfky dZd wlh kh\f_klblv k aZgylbyfb eZ[hjZlhjgufb b debgbq_kdbfb wlh ihbklbg_ g_ihklb`bfh h[tykgy_lky \k_ qbklhc ^_fZ ]h]b_c b lhevdh J_Z]bjmxl gZ ^_dj_lu h^gb kf_ohf ^jm]b_ [_agZ^_` guf jZ\gh^mrb_f GZ aZiZ^_ gh\u_ mki_ob hl\_l <bevkhgZ lj_[m_l m\h ^Z ]_jfZgkdbo \hckd k aZgyluo l_jjblhjbc ij_`^_ q_f ]h\hjblv h fbj_

<hijhku bklhjbb ‹ K ‹ K ‹ K

31. Ba ihklZgh\e_gby KGD JKNKJ h ijb\e_q_gbb :dZ^_fbb gZmd d j_r_gbx gZjh^ghohayckl\_gguo aZ^Zq

Zij_ey ]

Kh\_l GZjh^guo DhfbkkZjh\ \ aZk_^Zgbb hl Zij_ey k ] aZkemrZ\

^hdeZ^ gZjh^gh]h dhfbkkZjZ ih ijhk\_s_gbx h ij_^eh`_gbb :dZ^_fbb gZmd mq_guo mkem] Kh\_lkdhc \eZklb ih bkke_^h\Zgbx _kl_kl\_gguo [h ]Zlkl\ kljZgu ihklZgh\be ihclb gZ\klj_qm wlhfm ij_^eh`_gbx ijbg

pbibZevgh ijbagZlv g_h[oh^bfhklv nbgZgkbjh\Zgby khhl\_lkl\_gguo jZ[hl :dZ^_fbb b mdZaZlv _c dZd hkh[_ggh \Z`gmx b g_hleh`gmx aZ^Zqm jZaj_r_gb_ ijh[e_f ijZ\bevgh]h jZkij_^_e_gby \ kljZg_ ijhfure_ggh klb b gZb[he__ jZpbhgZevgh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ __ ohayckl\_gguo kbe

Oj_klhfZlby ih hl_q_kl\_gghc bklhjbb« K

32. >hdmf_glu h[ hj]ZgbaZpbb b ^_yl_evghklb BgklblmlZ bkke_^h\Zgby Kb[bjb

1919– ]]

Ba ^hdeZ^ghc aZibkdb ^bj_dlhjZ Kj_^g_kb[bjkdh]h hl^_e_gby Bgklb lmlZ bkke_^h\Zgby Kb[bjb < ; RhklZdh\bqZ \ Fbgbkl_jkl\h ijhk\_s_ gby Jhkkbckdh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z

‹ 838

bxgy ]

< hdly[j_-ghy[j_ ]h^Z BjdmlkdZy fZ]gblgh-f_l_hjheh]bq_kdZy h[k_j\Zlhjby hj]Zgbah\ZeZ \ Bjdmlkd_ I_j\uc H[s_kb[bjkdbc f_l_hjh

52

eh]bq_kdbc kt_a^ gZ dhlhjhf f_`^m ijhqbf \hagbd \hijhk h g_h[oh ^bfhklb kha^Zgby hkh[h]h bgklblmlZ \k_p_eh ihk\ys_ggh]h \k_klhjhg g_fm bkke_^h\Zgbx Kb[bjb

GZ kt_a^_ [ueh ba[jZgh [xjh \ khklZ\_ ij_^k_^Zl_ey bjdmlkdhc ]h jh^kdhc ^mfu ij_^k_^Zl_ey <hklhqgh-Kb[bjkdh]h hl^_eZ Jmkkdh]h ]_h

]jZnbq_kdh]h h[s_kl\Z ^bj_dlhjZ Bjdmlkdhc fZ]gblgh-f_l_hjheh]bq_-

kdhc h[k_j\Zlhjbb b lj_o ebp ih gZagZq_gbx kt_a^Z aZ^Zq_c wlh]h [xjh [ueh hj]Zgbah\Zlv \ Bjdmlkd_ Bgklblml bkke_^h\Zgby Kb[bjb

< kbem jZaebqguo h[klhyl_evkl\ [xjh ijbrehkv gZqZlv jZ[hlm lhev dh \ bxg_ ]h^Z.

Bkihegbl_evghfm bjdmlkdhfm [xjh m^Zehkv ijb\e_qv d mqZklbx \ jZ[hlZo jy^ ijZ\bl_evkl\_gguo b h[s_kl\_gguo hj]ZgbaZpbc kh[jZlv g_dhlhju_ kj_^kl\Z < k_gly[j_ ]h^Z bjdmlkdh_ [xjh \hreh \ i_j_ ]h\hju k ]hkih^bghf fbgbkljhf gZjh^gh]h ijhk\_s_gby < < KZih`-

gbdh\uf dhlhjuc ih^^_j`Ze gZqbgZgby [xjh ijbagZe g_h[oh^bfhklv mkljhckl\Z hkh[h]h kt_a^Z ^ey \ujZ[hldb ijh_dlZ bgklblmlZ < < KZ-

ih`gbdh\ kqblZy qlh wlhl kt_a^ ^he`_g [ulv ijb Fbgbkl_jkl\_ gZjh^ gh]h ijhk\_s_gby ihklZ\be g_h[oh^bfuf mkeh\b_f khau\ kt_a^Z \ Lhf kd_ dhlhjuc ih _]h fg_gbx y\ey_lky kj_^hlhqb_f \ gZklhys__ \j_fy gZmqguo kbe Kb[bjb

Kt_a^ kha\Zgguc ih ihklZgh\e_gbx Kh\_lZ Fbgbkljh\ \ ]h^m \

yg\Zj_ \ ] Lhfkd_ g_ h[fZgme h`b^Zgbc bjdmlkdh]h [xjh b ijbr_e d aZdexq_gbx qlh ^ey [he__ p_e_khh[jZaghc ^_yl_evghklb BgklblmlZ bk ke_^h\Zgby Kb[bjb g_ ke_^m_l khkj_^hlhqb\Zlv \k_ hl^_eu bgklblmlZ \ h^ghf f_kl_

Ihke_ ^_lZevgh]h b \k_klhjhgg_]h h[km`^_gby kt_a^ j_rbe qlh p_g ljZevguc bgklblml b [hevrbgkl\h _]h hl^_eh\ ^he`gu [ulv hj]Zgbah\Z gu \ Lhfkd_ f_klhij_[u\Zgb_f ]_h^_abq_kdh]h hl^_eZ gZf_q_g Hfkd ]_hnbabq_kdh]h – Bjdmlkd

Djhf_ lh]h ij_^mkfZljb\Zehkv mqj_`^_gb_ ^\mo hl^_e_gbc Kj_^g_ kb[bjkdh]h – \ Bjdmlkd_ b >Zevg_\hklhqgh]h – \ ;eZ]h\_s_gkd_ b <eZ

^b\hklhd_

P_euc jy^ _kl_kl\_gguo wdhghfbq_kdbo b bklhjbq_kdbo mkeh\bc \eZklgh ^bdlh\Zeb g_h[oh^bfhklv ba\_klghc ^_p_gljZebaZpbb

=jhfZ^gZy l_jjblhjby h[kem`b\Zlv dhlhjmx ijba\Zg [m^msbc bg klblml jZaghie_f_ggh_ gZk_e_gb_ jZaghjh^gu_ _kl_kl\_ggh-bklhjbq_-

kdb_ b debfZlbq_kdb_ mkeh\by kh\_jr_ggh jZaebqgu_ bgl_j_ku k_evkdh ohayckl\_ggh]h AZiZ^Z b ]hjghijhfure_ggh]h <hklhdZ jZaebqgZy gZ dhg_p kl_i_gv h[ke_^h\Zgghklb – \k_ wlh [ueh mql_gh kt_a^hf b ijb\_eh

kt_a^ d aZdexq_gbx qlh lZdZy h[rbjgZy ih iehsZ^b b jZaghjh^gZy ih mkeh\byf l_jjblhjby g_ fh`_l ijZ\bevgh h[kem`b\Zlvky h^gbf p_gljhf

53

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G_h`b^Zggu_ ^ey kljhbl_e_c kxjijbau \ \b^_ \_qghc f_jaehlu aZ ljm^g_gby b g_\hafh`ghklb ihevah\Zlvky ijZdlbdmxsbfbky \ ^jm]bo f_klghklyo lbiZfb \h^hkgZ[`_gby dZijbagu_ e_lgb_ jZaeb\u j_d AZ [ZcdZevy – \k_ wlh ijb\_eh d jZafu\m b jZajmr_gbx [hevrbo mqZkldh\

gZkui_c b fgh]bo khhjm`_gbc ^hjh]b b \ua\Zeh \ dhg_qghf j_amevlZl_ djmigu_ m[uldb ^ey ]hkm^Zjkl\Z

H^gbf keh\hf ^he]he_lgyy ijZdlbdZ ^Z\gh m`_ ihdZaZeZ qlh \kydb_ jZ[hlu ih bamq_gbx djZy hj]Zgbam_fu_ b \_^msb_ky ba hl^Ze_ggh]h p_gljZ ^Ze_dh g_ hijZ\^u\Zxl l_o j_amevlZlh\ gZ dhlhju_ fh`gh jZk kqblu\Zlv

B \hl ^\Z hl^_e_gby bgklblmlZ bkke_^h\Zgby Kb[bjb – Kj_^g_kb[bj kdh_ b >Zevg_\hklhqgh_ – ^he`gu [ueb ih fg_gbx kt_a^Z y\eylvky f_

klgufb p_gljZfb dhlhju_ gZoh^ykv \ ihklhygghf dhglZdl_ k p_gljZev guf bgklblmlhf h[kem`b\Zeb [u bgl_j_ku djZy Ijb hl^_e_gbyo ^he` gu [ueb [ulv hj]Zgbah\Zgu h[eZklgu_ [b[ebhl_db fma_b b kijZ\hqgu_ [xjh Hl^_e_gby `_ gZf_qZxl b \ujZ[Zlu\Zxl ieZg bkke_^h\Zgbc k\h _]h jZchgZ hgb `_ ke_^yl aZ \uiheg_gb_f bkke_^h\Zl_evkdbo jZ[hl gZ f_q_gguo bgklblmlhf \ bo jZchg_

Kt_a^ hij_^_e_ggh klZe gZ lhqdm aj_gby qlh ieh^hl\hjghklv jZ[hl bgklblmlZ \ hq_gv [hevrhc kl_i_gb [m^_l aZ\bk_lv hl lh]h h[klhyl_evkl \Z gZkdhevdh l_kgh [m^_l k\yaZg jmdh\h^ysbc khklZ\ kh k\hbf bamqZ_ fuf jZchghf

Ij_^iheh`_gu ih kf_l_ Zkkb]gh\Zgby

ih hl^_em ]_hnbabdb mkljhckl\h \j_f_gghc \ZjbZpbhgghc

Hl^_e [Zevg_heh]bb h[ke_^h\Zgb_ :elZy \ p_eyo hlukdZgby f_klghkl_c ^ey ]hjgh-debfZlbq_kdhc klZgpbb b khegp_e_q_gby j

54

H[ke_^h\Zgb_ ]jmiiu ha_j \ Q_ey[bgkdhf m_a^_ ]^_ l_i_jv

Hl^_e ahheh]bb h[ke_^h\Zgb_ nZmgu b ³fhjZ´ ju[ gZ H[b j

BamqZ_lky :elZc \ p_eyo gZclb ih^oh^ysb_ f_klZ ^ey dmjhjlh\ h[ ke_^m_lky jy^ ha_j Q_ey[bgkdh]h m_a^Z b aZ[u\Z_lky deZkkbq_kdZy kljZgZ fbg_jZevguo bklhqgbdh\ – AZ[ZcdZev_ ]^_ gZkqblu\Z_lky hdheh fb

g_jZevguo bklhqgbdh\ kZfh]h jZaghh[jZagh]h khklZ\Z BamqZxlky ju[ gu_ [h]Zlkl\Z H[b b `^ml hq_j_^b ?gbk_c E_gZ :fmj DZfqZldZ b ih [_j_`v_ Lboh]h hd_ZgZ – dhehkku f_`^mgZjh^gh]h agZq_gby ih dhebq_

kl\m ^hklZ\ey_fuo ju[guo [h]Zlkl\ ih kjZ\g_gbx k H[vx

H^gbf keh\hf \ky kf_lZ gZklhevdh ijhgbdgmlZ f_klgufb lhfkdbfb bgl_j_kZfb qlh hklZevghc ³g_agZqbl_evghc´ qZklb Kb[bjb hklZ_lky lhevdh fZogmlv gZ \k_ jmdhc B wlh \ i_j\uc ]h^ kms_kl\h\Zgby bgklblm lZ dh]^Z _s_ k\_`b j_r_gby b ihklZgh\e_gby kt_a^Z dh]^Z bgklblml ^he`_g ^h ba\_klghc kl_i_gb \u^_j`Zlv wdaZf_g ^hdZaZlv k\hx \Z` ghklv ^ey \k_c Kb[bjb ijb\e_qv kbfiZlbb \k_o kb[bjydh\

>bj_dlhj Kj_^g_kb[bjkdh]h hl^_e_gby BgklblmlZ bkke_^h\Zgby Kb[bjb

< ; RhklZdh\bq

Bklhjbq_kdbc Zjob\ ‹ K –163

33. AZibkdZ :dZ^_fbb gZmd \ KGD h[ hdZaZgbb fZl_jbZevghc b hj]ZgbaZpbhgghc ihfhsb gZmqguf mqj_`^_gbyf

ghy[jy ]

JhkkbckdZy :dZ^_fby gZmd m[_`^_ggZy \ bkdexqbl_evghf agZq_gbb gZmdb ^ey ieh^hl\hjgh]h kljhbl_evkl\Z gZjh^ghc b ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc `bagb kqblZ_l k\hbf ^he]hf ^h\_klb ^h k\_^_gby Kh\_lZ GZjh^guo Dh fbkkZjh\ h lhf djblbq_kdhf iheh`_gbb \ dhlhjhf gZoh^ylky jmkkdZy gZmdZ b jmkkdb_ mq_gu_ HgZ kqblZ_l k\hbf ^he]hf mdZaZlv gZ f_ju dZ db_ ^he`gu [ulv [_ahleZ]Zl_evgh ijbgylu ^Z[u g_ ]b[eZ jmkkdZy gZmdZ b g_ ]b[eb gZijZkgh jmkkdb_ mq_gu_ mdZaZlv gZ lh qlh gZmdZ b mq_gu_ lj_[mxl ^ey gZ^e_`Zs_]h k\h_]h bkihevah\Zgby bg^b\b^mZebaZpbb b bg^b\b^mZevgh]h Z g_ f_oZgbq_kdh]h p_gljZebamxs_]h \k_ ih^oh^u b[h gZmqgZy jZ[hlZ g_ fh`_l b g_ ^he`gZ [ulv kljhbfZ ih lbiZf aZ\h ^kdhc beb nZ[jbqghc jZ[hlu ih^h[gZy jZ[hlZ \ gZmd_ fZehp_ggZ b g_ gm`gZ GZmdZ m`_ kha^ZeZ b ijh^he`Z_l kha^Z\Zlv k\hb lbiu hj]ZgbaZ pbc b hj]Zgbam_lky \ fZkrlZ[_ ij_`^_ \k_]h bgl_jgZpbhgZevghf

55

<hl l_ h[sb_ f_ju dhlhju_ ^he`gu [ulv [_ahleZ]Zl_evgh ijbgylu: 1. G_h[oh^bfh g_f_^e_ggh ijbgylv f_ju d \hkklZgh\e_gbx gZmqgh]h

h[s_gby f_`^m Jhkkb_c b AZiZ^hf Z iml_f kbkl_fZlbq_kdbo Z g_ kem qZcguo dZd gug_ dhfZg^bjh\hd jmkkdbo mq_guo aZ ]jZgbpm [ \hkklZ gh\e_gb_f ^hklZ\db gZmqguo dgb] b fZl_jbZeh\ ba-aZ ]jZgbpu \ Jhkkbx

b ba Jhkkbb aZ ]jZgbpm ;_a wlbo f_j jZ[hlZ jmkkdbo mq_guo \ agZqbl_ev ghc f_j_ l_jy_l k\hc kfuke b[h hgb ijb k\hbo bkke_^h\Zgbyo g_ agZxl qlh m`_ k^_eZgh aZ ]jZgbp_c b ihlhfm g_ fh]ml kha^Zlv g_h[oh^bfmx \h \kydhc jZamfghc b ieZghf_jghc jZ[hl_ k\yav f_`^m bkke_^h\Zgb_f jZa guo ki_pbZebklh\ Z wlZ k\yav ijb bkdexqbl_evghc b iheghc bgl_jgZ pbhgZevghklb gZmdb bf__l ^ey g__ j_rZxs__ agZq_gb_ <f_kl_ k l_f jmkkdb_ mq_gu_ ebr_gu \hafh`ghklb ih^\_j]gmlv rbjhdhc b g_h[oh^b fhc gZmqghc djblbd_ ki_pbZebklh\ b k\hb jZ[hlu

2. >ey lh]h qlh[u \hkklZgh\e_gb_ kghr_gbc k AZiZ^hf klZeh \iheg_

p_e_khh[jZaguf Z ]eZ\guf h[jZahf ^ey lh]h qlh[u \hh[s_ klZeZ \ha fh`ghc ihe_agZy gZmqgZy jZ[hlZ g_h[oh^bfh g_f_^e_ggh i_qZlZgb_ ljm^h\ gZmqgh]h oZjZdl_jZ lukyqb ebklh\ dhlhjuo e_`Zl \ jmdhibkb Iheh`_gb_ jmkkdbo mq_guo aZgyluo bkke_^h\Zgbyfb b aZdhgqb\rbo wlb jZ[hlu klZeh g_\ughkbfuf ]h^Zfb e_`Zl jmdhibkb hdhgq_gguo ljm^h\ b g_evay bo ijh^he`Zlv gZklhysbf h[jZahf hkh[_ggh agZy qlh \k_ jZ\gh gZibkZggh_ g_ [m^_l gZi_qZlZgh Djhf_ lh]h \klj_qZxlky b l_i_jv d kqZklvx, ihdZ _s_ ebrv hl^_evgu_ kemqZb dh]^Z ebpZfb gZmqgh g_dhf

i_l_glgufb gh \eZklv bfmsbfb gZeZ]Z_lky aZij_l gZ ba^Zgby lh]h beb ^jm]h]h gZmqgh]h ljm^Z k aZy\e_gb_f qlh hgh g_ gm`gh beb g_ \Z`gh LZdh]h jh^Z aZij_lu y\eyxlky y\gh g_^himklbfufb b[h ebrv kZfb mq_ gu_ mqj_`^_gby fh]ml j_rZlv \hijhku h agZq_gbb gZmqguo ljm^h\ !

3. G_h[oh^bfu kjhqgu_ f_ju d mklZgh\e_gbx kdhevdh-gb[m^v ghj-

fZevghc `bagb eZ[hjZlhjbc [b[ebhl_d b fma__\ ij_^hklZ\e_gb_f bf k\_ lZ b lhieb\Z b a^_kv dhebq_kl\h lj_[m_fh]h fZl_jbZeZ g_ gZklhevdh \_eb dh qlh[u g_ [ueh \hafh`ghklb kijZ\blvky k jZajmohc _keb lhevdh ijb agZlv \Z`ghklv b g_hleh`ghklv wlh]h ^_eZ < gZklhys__ \j_fy g_ lhevdh kljZrgh iZeZ ijhba\h^bl_evghklv gZmqguo mqj_`^_gbc aZ g_^hklZldhf l_ieZ b k\_lZ gh b jZajmrZxlky b ihjlylky ijb[hju b ij_^f_lu hkh[_ggh ]m[bl_e_g oheh^ ijb dhlhjhf klZgh\blky ihqlb g_\hafh`ghc mfkl\_ggZy jZ[hlZ lj_[mxsZy mkb^qb\hklb b ihqlb g_ ^himkdZxsZy fhpbhgZ

4. < l_kghc k\yab k g_h[oh^bfhklvx \hkklZgh\blv kdhevdh-gb[m^v

ghjfZevgu_ mkeh\by `bagb mqj_`^_gby klhbl g_h[oh^bfhklv ijbgylv lZdb_ `_ f_ju ih hlghr_gbx d gZmqguf b \hh[s_ \k_f jZ[hlgbdZf mq_ guo mqj_`^_gbc

Lj_[h\Zgby ij_^ty\ey_fu_ d jZ[hlgbdZf mfkl\_ggh]h ljm^Z fgh]h [hevr_ b fgh]h keh`g__ q_f l_ dZdb_ ij_^ty\eyxlky d jZ[hlgbdm ljm^Z nbabq_kdh]h ]^_ m`_ mkbe_gby h^gh]h iblZgby ^hklZlhqgh qlh[u ih\u

56

kblv ijhba\h^bl_evghklv F_`^m l_f iheh`_gb_ jZ[hlgbdh\ mfkl\_ggh ]h ljm^Z \ gZklhys__ \j_fy \ Jhkkbb hkh[_ggh ljm^gh b ih hlghr_gbx d m`_ mdZaZgguf mkeh\byf jZ[hlu \ mqj_`^_gbyo b ih hlghr_gbx d jZ [hl_ gZ ^hfm >ey jZ[hlgbdZ mfkl\_ggh]h ljm^Z ijb _]h l\hjq_kdhc jZ [hl_ kh\_jr_ggh hkh[h_ agZq_gb_ bf__l khklhygb_ _]h ^moZ g_h[oh^b fhklv khkj_^hlhqblv fukeb b ^mfZlv bgl_gkb\gh lj_[m_l ih\_ebl_evgh gZebqghklb ba\_klguo mkeh\bc mgbqlh`Zxsbo hl\e_q_gb_ fukeb hl l\hjq_kdh]h fure_gby F_`^m l_f \ky keh`ghklv f_ehqguo hkh[_ggh-

kl_c ^hfZrg_]h h[boh^Z eh`blky gZ mq_gh]h dhlhjuc ^he`_g b ^mfZlv b l\hjblv b ibeblv b dhehlv b ghkblv ^jh\Z oh^blv aZ \h^hc \uklZb \Zlv \ hq_j_^yo gZeZ`b\Zlv jZae_aZxsmxky b ijhfhdZxsmx h[m\v b l ^ b l ^ jZ[hlZlv \ oheh^_ aZqZklmx gZ^_\Zy l_ieu_ i_jqZldb qlh[u

fh`gh [ueh ibkZlv eh\blv qZku k\_lZ b qZklh k ]hj_qvx \ kZfhf jZa]Zj_ ieh^hl\hjgh]h l\hjq_kl\Z [jhkZlv jZ[hlm lZd dZd ihlmoZ_l h]hgv DZj lbgZ ihbklbg_ m`Zkguo mkeh\bc \ dhlhjuo gug_ ^he`gu jZ[hlZlv jmk kdb_ mq_gu_ gZklhevdh \k_f ba\_klgZ ^Z b ]jhfZ^gZy kf_jlghklv b aZ [he_\Z_fhklv \ bo kj_^_ gZklhevdh \_ebdb qlh ]h\hjblv ih^jh[g__ h[ wlhc klhjhg_ ^_eZ baebrg_

GZmqgu_ mqj_`^_gby h[_ki_qb\Zy ^h g_dhlhjhc kl_i_gb iZcdhf mq_guo jZ[hlgbdh\ gbq_f g_ h[_ki_qb\Zxl k\hbo ih^kh[guo jZ-

[hlgbdh\ hlq_]h ihemqZ_lky ihl_jy wlbo jZ[hlgbdh\ ba-aZ kf_jlb ih [he_agb ba-aZ moh^Z \ mqj_`^_gby ³iZcdh\u_´ <k_ ihiuldb ^h[blvky

ghjfZevghc ihklZgh\db wlhc klhjhgu ^_eZ g_ ijb\_eb ihdZ gb d dZdbf j_amevlZlZf b[h f_ju ihke_^g_]h \j_f_gb gZijbf_j mjZ\g_gb_ dZjlh q_d : b ; gbdZdh]h j_Zevgh]h memqr_gby ijbg_klb g_ fh]ml

5 . G_h[oh^bfh dZd-gb[m^v j_]mebjh\Zlv hieZlm ljm^Z dhlhjZy [_k

dhg_qgufb nhjfZevghklyfb kha^Zxsbfb g_\hafh`gu_ hkeh`g_gby kh\_jr_ggh [_kihe_aghx ih kms_kl\m jZ[hlhx ihklZ\e_gZ g_ghjfZevgh >hklZlhqgh mdZaZlv gZ ijyfu_ aZ^_j`db \ l_q_gb_ g_^_ev mieZlu kh^_j `Zgby \ gZmqguo mqj_`^_gbyo I_ljh]jZ^Z ih\e_drb_ aZ kh[hc [md \Zevgh ]heh^Zgb_ fgh]bo kem`Zsbo <k_f ba\_klgu lZd`_ l_ keh`gu_ dhf[bgZpbb d dhlhjuf ijboh^blky ijb[_]Zlv qlh[u dZd-gb[m^v hieZ

lblv jZ[hlm oZjZdl_jZ k^_evgh]h b k\_jomjhqgh]h ;eZ]h^Zjy wlhfm g_l \hafh`ghklb khdjZlblv kh\f_klbl_evkl\h gZ dhlhjh_ kijZ\_^eb\h `Z emxlky gZmqgu_ khljm^gbdb _keb _s_ \hafh`gh ^Z`_ k ms_j[hf ^ey a^hjh\vy b hlqZklb ^ey kZfhc jZ[hlu b^lb gZ kh\f_klbl_evkl\h qlh[u g_ ]m[blv gm`guo mqj_`^_gbc ihl_jy\rbo jZ[hlgbdh\ aZ kf_jlvx beb hlt_a^hf lh kh\_jr_ggh g_p_e_khh[jZaguf ij_^klZ\ey_lky kh\f_klb l_evkl\h ba-aZ g_ghjfZevghc hieZlu ljm^Z G_ lj_[m_l hkh[uo ^hdZaZ

l_evkl\ \k_f ba\_klguc nZdl qlh gbdh]^Z mfkl\_gguc ljm^ g_ hieZqb \Zeky lZd gbadh dZd \ gZklhys__ \j_fy L_ `_ [_kdhg_qgu_ hlgbfZx sb_ ^hjh]h_ \j_fy nhjfZevghklb ijboh^blky bkiulu\Zlv \k_f mq_guf

57

mqj_`^_gbyf ijb ijbh[j_l_gbb fZl_jbZeh\ dgb] ^Z`_ ijhkluo ibkv f_gguo ijbgZ^e_`ghkl_c g_ ]h\hjy h lhf qlh gm`^u mq_guo mqj_`^_ gbc m^h\e_l\hjyxlky ijb wlhf \ \_kvfZ keZ[hc kl_i_gb

6 . G_h[oh^bfu kjhqgu_ f_ju qlh[u kiZklb b ihklZ\blv gZ gZ-

klhysbc imlv fheh^h_ ihdhe_gb_ ih^jZklZxsbo mq_guo dhlhjh_ ^he` gh kdhjh ijbgylv gZ k\hb ie_qb \k_ [j_fy jZ[hlu \ufbjZxs_]h klZjr_ ]h ihdhe_gby ?keb bkdexqbl_evgh ly`db mdZaZggu_ \ i_j\uo iylb imgdlZo mkeh\by ^ey mq_guo m`_ aj_euo lh ^ey fheh^h]h ihdhe_gby hgb kh\_jr_ggh ]b[_evgu b[h k h^ghc klhjhgu f_rZxl _fm ijbh[j_klb l_ ijhqgu_ agZgby b kljh]b_ ijb_fu jZ[hlu dhlhju_ lj_[mxlky hl mq_gh ]h Z k ^jm]hc – aZklZ\eyxl _]h aZqZklmx ijbklmiZlv d jZ[hl_ g_ih^]h

lh\e_gguf b lZdbf h[jZahf ]b[gmlv GZ wlm ljZ]bq_kdmx km^v[m fheh ^h]h mq_gh]h ihdhe_gby ^he`gh [ulv h[jZs_gh hkh[_ggh_ \gbfZgb_ b[h mq_gu_ g_ jh`^Zxlky Z h[jZamxlky ijblhf ^he]bfb ]h^Zfb mihj ghc b kbkl_fZlbq_kdhc jZ[hlu

Ih k\h_fm p_gljZevghfm iheh`_gbx \ jmkkdhc gZmd_ JhkkbckdZy ZdZ^_fby gZmd bf__l \hafh`ghklv \b^_lv \kx kh\hdmighklv jZ[hlu jmk kdbo mq_guo b m[_^blvky \ g_h[oh^bfhklb ijbgylby mdZaZgguo \ur_ kjhqguo f_j JhkkbckdZy ZdZ^_fby gZmd khqeZ g_h[oh^bfuf ih^gylv k\hc ]hehk qlh[u kdZaZlv ijZ\bl_evkl\m – jmkkdZy gZmdZ b jmkkdb_ mq_

gu_ \ hiZkghklb

?keb iheh`_gb_ g_ baf_gblky lh ykgh qlh ih]b[Zlv [m^ml lhevdh mq_gu_ g_ gZmdZ dhlhjZy [_kkf_jlgZ b \k_]^Z gZc^_l imlb qlh[u ijh ^he`Zlv k\h_ ih[_^gh_ r_kl\b_ d agZgbx Ykgh qlh _keb h^gb ba jmk kdbo mq_guo ih]b[gml \ Jhkkbb `_jl\hx g_ghjfZevguo mkeh\bc lh ^jm ]b_ ihke_^mxl ijbf_jm khl_g k\hbo lh\Zjbs_c jZ[hlZxsbo b l_i_jv ieh^hl\hjgh gZ fbjh\mx gZmdm aZ ij_^_eZfb Jhkkbb Gh lZdhc \uoh^ \jy^ eb fh`_l [ulv d_f-eb[h ijbagZg ghjfZevguf b `_eZl_evguf

Ij_ab^_gl : DZjibgkdbc

<bp_-ij_ab^_gl < Kl_deh\

G_ij_f_gguc k_dj_lZjv K_j]_c Het^_g[mj]

Ij_^k_^Zl_evkl\mxsbc \ Hl^_e_gbb jmkkdh]h yaudZ b keh\_kghklb < Bkljbg :dZ^_fbd-k_dj_lZjv Hl^_e_gby nbabdh-fZl_fZlbq_kdbo gZmd : N_jkfZg

Oj_klhfZlby ih hl_q_kl\_gghc bklhjbb K 718–722.

34.Ba ^g_\gbdh\ < B <_jgZ^kdh]h – ]]

,,, mljh

Fhkd\Z

Hq_gv ly`_eh_ djm]hf khklhygb_ – qm\kl\h [_a\uoh^ghklb Hkh[_ggh ly`_eh hlkmlkl\b_ k\h[h^u \hafh`ghklb kghr_gby k aZ]jZgbp_c qm\kl

58

\h g_h[_ki_q_gghklb b m]jhaZ ]heh^Z Gbdlh g_ \_jbl \ ijhqghklv mklZ gh\b\r_]hky ihjy^dZ @^ml djZoZ

<q_jZ \ GZmqghc Dhf>bkkbb@ fhc ^hdeZ^ h ]_hobfbb ]e>Z\guf@ h[j>Zahf@ ij_gby ih ih\h^m fh_]h \u\h^Z -]h ^gy h `b\hf \_s>_kl\_@

<hajZ`_gby ijhlb\ l_jfbgZ G_l kZfhklhyl_evghc ijb^mfZgghklb – ijh lhieZafZ `b\Z \ mfZo – _s_ \ klZjhf bo ihgbfZgbb

<q_jZ ijhq_e [jhrxjdm GZlZrb RZoh\kdhc – e_l >fblj>h\kdhc@ dhhi_jZpbb – k_d\_kljh\Zeb b G>ZlZrZ@ kb^bl \ lxjvf_ Gh lZf gbq_]h

g_l ij_klmigh]h Wlh k\h[h^Z i_qZlb ^Z`_ –1914 ]] ^ha\heyeZ LZ

`_ kZfZy [hyagv ]h\hjblv nZdlbq_kdmx ijZ\^m b \ ZgZjobq_kdbo ba^Zgb yo gZij>bf_j@ wahih\kdbc yaud h dhf f mgbaf_ \ klZlvyo ZgZjobklh\

ihf_s_gguo \ k\h_c ]Za_l_ ba^Zgghc \ iZfylv I : DjhihldbgZ

GZ fh_f ^hdeZ^_ h ]_hobfbb fgh]h klZjuo mq_gbdh\ b lh\Zjbs_c ;ueh b ijbylgh b ly`_eh bo \b^_lv M \k_o ly`_eh_ gZkljh_gb_ b \ lh `_ \j_fy \kx^m \b^brv f_ehqb ijbkihkh[ey_fhklb d `bagb b g_ijbyl

gu_ b g_e_]db_

GbghqdZ > @ m`Zkgh ly`_eh i_j_`b\Z_l <q_jZ hq_gv gZ f_gy g_-

ijbylgh ih^_ckl\h\ZeZ hlkjhqdZ hlt_a^Z \ Ibl_j B ijbrehkv \ dhgp_ dhgph\ k^_eZlv mkbeb_ qlh[u \aylv k_[y \ jmdb QblZe ihwlh\ <eZ^bfbj Kheh\v_\ ;ZjZlugkdbc« Gh kh\_jr_ggh k kh[hc kijZ\beky b k_cqZk

kbe_g ^mohf b ]hlh\ d jZ[hl_

17.VII.[1]921

AZ kl>Zgpb_c@ K\bjv Q_efZ

Ohqm aZibkZlv \i_qZle_gby k\h_]h Zj_klZ – 15.VII.[1]921.

Mljhf gZk jZa[m^beZ Fh^e_gZ qlh ijbr_e miheghfhq_gguc ^h- fh\h]h dhfbl_lZ r\_cpZj Dmj^Z k dZdbfb-lh ex^vfb ;ukljh h^_ebkv –

\hhjm`_ggu_ khe^Zlu b ^\Z hl\jZlbl_evguo lbiZ – h^bg dhf f mgbkl gZ

\b^ ³ih nhjf_´ ^jm]hc ihembgl_eeb]_gl I_j\uc g_khfg_ggh g_ ihem bgl_eeb]_gl ^>he`gh@ [>ulv@ [u\rbc klm^_gl beb ]bfgZabkl« DZdh_ gjZ\kl\_ggh_ iZ^_gb_ H[Z \ reyiZo ^h\hevgh ]jm[h\Zlu < ]eZaZ g_ kfhljyl Ihreb \ dZ[bg_l Ih^Ze ]eZ\guc [mfZ]m ijhba\_klb h[ukd b

Zj_klh\Zlv – nZfbebb g_l GZ fhc \hijhk hgb ]jm[h k hdjbdhf aZy\eyxl qlh lZd iheZ]Z_lky Dmj^Z dZd ij_^klZ\bl_ev ^hfh\h]h dhfbl_lZ aZy\- ey_l qlh wlh \k_]^Z dh]^Z ^_ckl\m_l ³e_lmqdZ´ gZ [mfZ]_ _klv gZ^ibkv:

³E_lmqbc´

E_lmqdZ fhe fh`_l ijhba\_klb jy^ h[ukdh\« Ihegh_ qm\kl\h b fukev jZ[h\ b m jmkkdbo j_\hexpbhg_jh\ b m jmkkdhc lheiu <u-

ljyob\Zxl dgb]b dhlhju_ e_`Zeb gZ klhe_; hgb [ueb \gbfZl_evgh hk-

fhlj_gu Dhebq_kl\h dgb] ijb\h^beh bo \ bamfe_gb_ b g_dhlhjh_ g_]h ^h\Zgb_ Hl\jZlbl_evgh_ \i_qZle_gb_ \Zj\Zjh\« Bkihegyeb k\hx h[y

59