Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

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B KlZebg

Bklhqgbd ‹ K –134

57. K : ?k_gbg G_aZdhgq_ggZy klZlvyba\e_q_gby 6

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JHKKBYG?

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j_^ bkdmkkl\hf

<ujZ[hlZ\ k_[_ lhqdm aj_gby h[s_]h njhglZ ]^_ \kydbc lmfZg fh`_l dZaZlvky ^ey [ebahjmdbo ]eZa aZ hiZkgh_ \hckdh wlb lbiu jZa\beb b

mdj_ibeb \ ebl_jZlmj_ ijbrb[__\kdb_ gjZ\u

– Jj-Z-koh^bkv – fhe – lZd l\hx lZd-lh =^_ wlh gZibkZgh qlh[ kh[b jZebkv ih \_q_jZf b i_kgb i_eb"

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FZe_gvdbc dZjlhn_evguc `mjgZebklbd ihevamykv ih[eZ`dZfb fb ehklb\uo \h`^_c ijhe_lZjbZlZ b bf_xsbc klhev `_ [ebadh_ hlghr_gb_ d ebl_jZlmj_ dZd a\_a^Z g_[_kgZy d ih^hr\_ _]h kZih]Z ljm[bl ihqlb hdheh k_fb e_l \k_ h[ h^ghf b lhf `_ qlh jmkkdZy kh\j_f_ggZy ebl_jZ lmjZ dhgljj_\hexpbhggZ b qlh ebqghklb ihimlqbdh\ ih^e_`Zl \_kvfZ [hevrhfm khfg_gbx QZkl_gvdh _fm dZd <b^hdm Nb]eyjbgm m^Z_lky gZlhedgmlvky gZ lhl beb bghc nZdl dhfijhf_lbjmxsbc l Zd gZa u\Z_fuo ihimlqbdh\" <k_ qlh hg \kdju\Z_l hg \kdju\Z_l h l_o ibkZl_eyo dhlhju_ g_ bf_xl gbq_]h h[s_]h k ihimlqbdZfb

< q_f kh[kl\_ggh ^_eh" : ^_eh \b^bfh \ lhf qlh ijbagZgguc gZ kdhlghf ^\hj_ lZeZgleb\uf `mjgZebklhf hg wlh]h ijbagZgby gbdZd g_ fh`_l ^h[blvky \ ibkZl_evkdhc b ihwlbq_kdhc kj_^_ ]^_ gZ g_]h kfhljyl om`_ q_f gZ Ijbrb[__\Z

M`_ ^Z\gh klZeh y\guf nZdlhf: dZd [u gb o\Zebe b gb j_dhf_g^h\Ze Ljhpdbc jZaguo ;_aufygkdbo qlh ijhe_lZjkdhfm bkdmkkl\m ]jhr p_gZ

90

aZ bkdexq_gb_f =_jZkbfh\Z :e_dkZg^jh\kdh]h Dbjbeeh\Z b g_dhlhjuo ^jm]bo gh b wlbo dZ`_lky ³aZ_oZeb´ dZd \ujZ`Z_lky ;hjbk <hebg _s_ [he__ dj_lbgbkluc q_f Khkgh\kdbc

;_a^Zjg_crZy ]jmiiZ f_edbo bgljb]Zgh\ b j_ihjl_jkdbo dZjv_jbklh\ \u^\bgmeZ `mjgZe dhlhjuc gZa u\Z_lky “GZ ihklm´

Oj_klhfZlby ih hl_q_kl\_gghc bklhjbb« K –729.

58. >hdeZ^gZy aZibkdZ D K FZe_\bqZ aZ\_^mxs_fm =eZ\bkdmkkl\hf GZjdhfijhkZ JKNKJ : K\b^_jkdhfm h ebd\b^Zpbb wdki_jbf_glZevghc eZ[hjZlhjbb ih bamq_gbx bahbkdmkkl\Z \ =BBB7

Zij_ey ]

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Fhb bkke_^h\Zgby \ua\Zeb `b\hc bgl_j_k kj_^b g_fp_\ aZgbfZx sboky lh`_ bkke_^h\Zgb_f gh\h]h bkdmkkl\Z b kh\j_f_ggh]h \ kbem q_]h b [ueZ bfb ba^ZgZ i_j\Zy dgb`dZ fhbo bkke_^h\Zgbc

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;ue dhfZg^bjh\Zg lh\ Ihdjh\kdbf \ ] <bl_[kd ^ey hj]ZgbaZpbb om ^h`_kl\_ggh-ijhfure_gguo fZkl_jkdbo < ] <bl_[kd_ y ijh^_eZe [hev-

91

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Fhy wdki_jbf_glZevgZy jZ[hlZ \ \hijhkZo ijbf_g_gby kmij_fZlbq_ kdbo nhjf \ h[eZklb nZjnhjh\h]h ijhba\h^kl\Z ^ZeZ [hevrb_ ^hklb`_ gby \ h[gh\e_gbb nZjnhjh\hc jhkibkb I_j\h_ ijbf_g_gb_ wlhc jhkibkb [ueh k^_eZgh fhbfb khljm^gbdZfb gZ E_gbg]jZ^kdhf nZjnhjh\hf aZ\h ^_ b ^Zeh [eZ]hijbylgu_ j_amevlZlu Ihke_ wlh]h nZjaZ\h^hf [ueh ba]h lh\e_gh [hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h ihkm^u k kmij_fZlbq_kdhc jhkibkvx dZd ^ey f_klghc ijhfure_gghklb lZd b ^ey wdkihjlZ <Zf ba\_klgh qlh km ij_fZlbq_kdb_ k_j\bau ^_fhgkljbjh\Zebkv gZ AZiZ^_ gZ kh\_lkdbo \u klZ\dZo ]^_ bf_eb mki_o b[h njZgpmakdh_ b blZevygkdh_ fbgbkl_jkl\Z ijhfure_gghklb \u^Zeb fhbf khljm^gbdZf ^biehfu b ijZ\h gZ ijbh[ j_l_gb_ k_j_[jyghc f_^Zeb

«< Bgklblml_ om^h`_kl\_gghc dmevlmju [ueZ h^gZ aZ^ZqZ b p_ev –

gZoh`^_gb_ gh\_crbo nhjf ih ebgbb Zjobl_dlmjghc l_dklbevghc h[h _\ f_[_eb hp\_lhd ]jZnbdb <hijhku h qbklhf bah[j_l_gbb g_ klZ\b ebkv…

D F Z e _ \ b q E_gbg]jZ^

me KhxaZ K\yab ^ d\

GZmdZ \ Jhkkbb ‹ K –130.

59. Ba klZlvb F I <bdlmjbgZ³K_dj_lu©Q_jgh]h d\Z^jZlZª”

KZfh_ ba\_klgh_ kmij_fZlbq_kdh_ ihehlgh D K FZe_\bqZ – 1935) – ³Q_jguc d\Z^jZl´ kha^Zgh \ –15 ]] «Wlh ijhba\_^_gb_ ijb h[j_eh fZ]bq_kdh_ agZq_gb_ hgh hdmlZgh aZ]Z^dZfb ^h kbo ihj«

«dZjlbgZ gZqZeZ hq_gv [ukljh jZajmrZlvky «^Z`_ ijb h[uqghf \b amZevghf hkfhlj_ \ ]eZaZ [jhkZ_lky k_ldZ lj_sbg djZd_exj gZ djZkhq ghf keh_ Wlh y\gh_ k\b^_l_evkl\h klZj_gby dZjlbgu

Ijb ih\_joghklghf hagZdhfe_gbb k djZkhqguf keh_f g_ hlf_qZ_lky dZdbo-eb[h hkh[_gghkl_c Q_jgZy djZkdZ i_j_dju\Z_l p_gljZevgh_ ihe_

92

d\Z^jZlZ [_ebeZ h[jZamxl [_euc ihyk \hdjm] q_jghc iehkdhklb H^gZdh gZklhjZ`b\Zxl djZd_exju >lj_sbgu@ h^gb – ]jm[u_ b ]em[hdb_ jZaju

\Zxsb_ ^h ]jmglZ djZkhqguc kehc ^jm]b_ – _^\Z aZf_lgu_ Ijbq_f \

jZkiheh`_gbb i_j\uo ijhkfZljb\Z_lky hij_^_e_ggZy aZdhghf_jghklv GZb[he__ bgl_gkb\guc jZaju\ aZnbdkbjh\Zg \ p_glj_ – ^h ]jZgbpu dZ

kZgby q_jgh]h ihey k [_euf lj_sbgu g_ ^hoh^yl G_h`b^Zggh h[ju\Z ykv hgb dZd [u dhgkljmbjmxl ]_hf_ljbq_kdb_ iehkdhklb dhlhju_ aZi_ qZle_gu gZ g_]Zlb\ghc ko_f_ dZjlbgu«

H[jZsZ_l gZ k_[y \gbfZgb_ b p\_lh\h_ a\mqZgb_ ]jm[uo djZd_exj Gblhqdb lj_sbg hdjZr_gu \ ]hem[hc djZkguc kbgbc `_eluc a_e_guc jhah\uc nbhe_lh\uc p\_lZ

«H[jZlbfky d [_ehfm nhgm hdZcfeyxs_fm q_jgh_ ihe_ Hg ijhib ku\Zeky ihke_ ijhjZ[hldb d\Z^jZlZ < f_klZo mljZl [_ebe b ih^ lhgdbf bo keh_f f_`^m fZadZfb lZd`_ \b^gu jZaebqgu_ ih p\_lm djZkdb Ke_ ^h\Zl_evgh i_j\hgZqZevguc djZkhqguc kehc i_j_dju\Ze \kx ih\_jo ghklv oheklZ M\b^_lv _]h ihfh]eZ j_gl]_gh]jZffZ – hgZ aZnbdkbjh\ZeZ

kdjulmx hl ]eZa ih^ \_jogbf djZkhqguf keh_f dhfihabpbx GZ wlhf kgbfd_ nhjfu iehkdhkl_c __ khklZ\eyxsb_ Z^_d\Zlgu ]_hf_ljbq_kdbf nb]mjZf hq_jlZgby dhlhjuo ijhkfZljb\Zxlky gZ mihfygmlhc \ur_ ko_ f_ <k_ hgb hdjZr_gu \ jZagu_ ehdZevgu_ p\_lZ q_j_a lhgdbc kehc q_j ghc djZkdb \b^gu j_ev_nu gb`_e_`Zsbo dhjimkguo fZadh\ dhjimkgZy `b\hibkv – ibkvfh iehlguf g_ijhajZqguf kjZ\gbl_evgh lhekluf keh

_f djZkdb«

Ijb bgl_gkb\ghf hk\_s_gbb dZjlbgu ih gb`g_fm djZx q_jgh]h d\Z^jZlZ Z lZd`_ \ e_\hf \_jog_f m]em \uy\e_gu mqZkldb hlf_qZxsb_ ky dhjbqg_\uf hll_gdhf b [he__ bgl_gkb\guf eZdh\uf [e_kdhf

<iheg_ \hafh`gh qlh hibkZggu_ iylgZ _klv g_ qlh bgh_ dZd Z\lhj kdb_ ijZ\db \ f_klZo gZjmr_gby \_jog_]h kehy djZkdb«

Ih^ k\bgph\ufb [_ebeZfb >_keb jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZjlbgm k ihfhsvx [bghdmeyjgh]h fbdjhkdhiZ@ \ ijZ\hf \_jog_f m]em dZjlbgu ijhkfZljb \Zxlky keZ[u_ ke_^u l_fguo [md\ Kdhj__ \k_]h wlh Z\lhjkdZy ih^ibkv e_`ZsZy gZ gb`g_c dhfihabpbb

LZd qlh `_ \k_-lZdb gZoh^blky ih^ ³q_jguf d\Z^jZlhf´" Kh \k_c hi

j_^_e_gghklvx fh`gh ml\_j`^Zlv wlh aZdhgq_ggZy dhfihabpby ihdju lZy eZdhf >hdZaZl_evkl\hf kem`Zl b \ukhdZy nZdlmjZ gb`g_]h djZkhq gh]h kehy ih \k_fm ihex oheklZ b p\_lh\h_ aZiheg_gb_ _]h iehkdhklb b eZdh\uc [e_kd djZkdb \ djZd_exjZo

«fh`gh hl\_lblv b gZ \hijhk \ q_f ijbqbgZ [ukljh]h klZj_gby dZj lbgu JZajmr_gb_ ijhbkoh^bl g_ klhevdh hl gZjmr_gby l_ogheh]bb `b \hibkb kdhevdh hl iehohc k\yadb lhgdh]h kehy q_jghc djZkdb k ^h\hevgh dhjimkguf gb`_e_`Zsbf djZkhqguf keh_f

93

GZ [_ehf ihe_ ohjhrh \b^gZ ijhpZjZiZggZy lmiuf dhgphf dbklb ih _s_ kujhfm djZkhqghfm l_dklm ³]ZehqdZ´ Z \ p_gljZevghc qZklb dZjlb gu – lhgdZy ebgby gZihfbgZxsZy pbnjm ³ ´ Fh`_l [ulv wlh kemqZc

ghklv" H^gZdh ijb ^_lZevghf bamq_gbb ijhba\_^_gbc FZe_\bqZ fu h[ gZjm`beb ZgZeh]bqgu_ ³]Zehqdb´ qZklh \ khq_lZgbb k ^jm]bfb we_f_g lZfb – [md\Zfb pbnjZfb b l i

«DZdmx kfukeh\mx gZ]jmadm g_kml wlb agZdb « ihdZ kdZaZlv ljm^ gh«

GZmdZ \ Jhkkbb ‹ K –79.

P?JDH<V B <E:KLV

60. Ba ^_dj_lZ KGD³H[ hl^_e_gbb p_jd\b hl ]hkm^Zjkl\Z b rdheu hl p_jd\b´

yg\Zjy ]

1.P_jdh\v hl^_ey_lky hl ]hkm^Zjkl\Z

2.< ij_^_eZo j_kim[ebdb aZij_sZ_lky ba^Z\Zlv dZdb_-eb[h f_klgu_

aZdhgu beb ihklZgh\e_gby dhlhju_ [u kl_kgyeb beb h]jZgbqb\Zeb k\h [h^m kh\_klb beb mklZgZ\eb\Zeb dZdb_ [u lh gb [ueh ij_bfms_kl\Z beb

ijb\be_]bb gZ hkgh\Zgbb \_jhbkih\_^ghc ijbgZ^e_`ghklb ]jZ`^Zg

3. DZ`^uc ]jZ`^Zgbg fh`_l bkih\_^h\Zlv ex[mx j_eb]bx beb g_ bk ih\_^h\Zlv gbdZdhc <kydb_ ijZ\hebr_gby k\yaZggu_ k bkih\_^Zgb_f dZdhc [u lh gb [ueh \_ju beb g_bkih\_^Zgb_f gbdZdhc \_ju hlf_gyxlky Ijbf_qZgb_ Ba \k_o hnbpbZevguo Zdlh\ \kydh_ mdZaZgb_ gZ j_eb]b

hagmx ijbgZ^e_`ghklv b g_ijbgZ^e_`ghklv ]jZ`^Zg mkljZgy_lky

4.>_ckl\by ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo b bguo im[ebqgh-ijZ\h\uo h[s_- kl\_gguo mklZgh\e_gbc g_ khijh\h`^Zxlky gbdZdbfb j_eb]bhagufb h[ jy^Zfb beb p_j_fhgbyfb

5.K\h[h^gh_ bkiheg_gb_ j_eb]bhaguo h[jy^h\ h[_ki_qb\Z_lky ih klhevdm ihkdhevdm hgb g_ gZjmrZxl h[s_kl\_ggh]h ihjy^dZ b g_ khijh \h`^Zxlky ihky]Zl_evkl\Zfb gZ ijZ\Z ]jZ`^Zg Kh\_lkdhc j_kim[ebdb

F_klgu_ \eZklb bf_xl ijZ\h ijbgbfZlv \k_ g_h[oh^bfu_ f_ju ^ey h[_ki_q_gby \ wlbo kemqZyo h[s_kl\_ggh]h ihjy^dZ b [_ahiZkghklb

6. Gbdlh g_ fh`_l kkueZykv gZ k\hb j_eb]bhagu_ \haaj_gby mdeh

gylvky hl bkiheg_gby k\hbo ]jZ`^Zgkdbo h[yaZgghkl_c

Batylby ba wlh]h iheh`_gby ih^ mkeh\b_f aZf_gu h^ghc ]jZ`^Zg kdhc h[yaZgghklb ^jm]hx \ dZ`^hf hl^_evghf kemqZ_ ^himkdZxlky ih

j_r_gbx gZjh^gh]h km^Z

7. J_eb]bhagZy deyl\Z beb ijbky]Z hlf_gy_lky

< g_h[oh^bfuo kemqZyo ^Z_lky ebrv lhj`_kl\_ggh_ h[_sZgb_

94

8.:dlu ]jZ`^Zgkdh]h khklhygby \_^mlky bkdexqbl_evgh ]jZ`^Zgkdhc \eZklvx hl^_eZfb aZibkb [jZdh\ b jh`^_gbc

9.RdheZ hl^_ey_lky hl p_jd\b

Ij_ih^Z\Zgb_ j_eb]bhaguo \_jhmq_gbc \h \k_o ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo b h[s_kl\_gguo Z lZd`_ qZklguo mq_[guo aZ\_^_gbyo ]^_ ij_ih^Zxlky

h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evgu_ ij_^f_lu g_ ^himkdZ_lky

=jZ`^Zg_ fh]ml h[mqZlv b h[mqZlvky j_eb]bb qZklguf h[jZahf

10. <k_ p_jdh\gu_ b j_eb]bhagu_ h[s_kl\Z ih^qbgyxlky h[sbf ih

eh`_gbyf h qZklguo h[s_kl\Zo b khxaZo b g_ ihevamxlky gbdZdbfb ij_ bfms_kl\Zfb b km[kb^byfb gb hl ]hkm^Zjkl\Z gb hl _]h f_klguo Z\lh

ghfguo b kZfhmijZ\eyxsboky mklZgh\e_gbc

11.Ijbgm^bl_evgu_ \aukdZgby k[hjh\ b h[eh`_gbc \ ihevam p_jdh\ guo b j_eb]bhaguo h[s_kl\ jZ\gh dZd f_ju ijbgm`^_gby beb gZdZaZgby kh klhjhgu wlbo h[s_kl\ gZ^ bo khqe_gZfb g_ ^himkdZxlky

12.GbdZdb_ p_jdh\gu_ b j_eb]bhagu_ h[s_kl\Z g_ bf_xl ijZ\Z \eZ ^_lv kh[kl\_gghklvx IjZ\Z xjb^bq_kdh]h ebpZ hgb g_ bf_xl

13.<k_ bfms_kl\Z kms_kl\mxsbo \ Jhkkbb p_jdh\guo b j_eb]bhaguo

h[s_kl\ h[ty\eyxlky gZjh^guf ^hklhygb_f

A^Zgby b ij_^f_lu ij_^gZagZq_ggu_ ki_pbZevgh ^ey [h]hkem`_[guo p_e_c hl^Zxlky ih hkh[uf ihklZgh\e_gbyf f_klghc beb p_gljZevghc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc \eZklb \ [_kieZlgh_ ihevah\Zgb_ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_

eb]bhaguo h[s_kl\

=hkm^Zjkl\h Jhkkbckdh_ <eZklv b h[s_kl\h k ^j_\g_crbo \j_f_g ^h gZrbo ^g_c: K[ ^hdmf_glh\ F K –301.

61. IhkeZgb_ iZljbZjoZ LbohgZ Kh\_lm GZjh^guo

DhfbkkZjh\8

hdly[jy ]

“<k_ \ay\rb_ f_q f_qhf ih]b[gml” Fln Wlh ijhjhq_kl\h KiZkbl_ey h[jZsZ_f Fu d \Zf gug_rgbf \_jrbl_eyf km^_[ gZr_]h hl_q_kl\Z gZau\Zxsbf k_[y “gZjh^gufb dhfbkkZjZfb” P_euc ]h^ ^_j

`bl_ \u \ jmdZo k\hbo ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx \eZklv b m`_ kh[bjZ_l_kv ijZa^ gh\Zlv ]h^h\sbgm Hdly[jvkdhc j_\hexpbb gh j_dZfb ijheblZy djh\v [jZlv_\ gZrbo [_a`Zehklgh m[bluo ih \Zr_fm ijbau\m \hib_l d g_[m b

\ugm`^Z_l GZk kdZaZlv \Zf ]hjvdh_ keh\h ijZ\^u

AZo\Zlu\Zy \eZklv b ijbau\Zy gZjh^ ^h\_jblvky \Zf dZdb_ h[_sZgby ^Z\Zeb \u _fm b dZd bkihegbeb wlb h[_sZgby"

Ihbklbg_ \u ^Zeb _fm dZf_gv \f_klh oe_[Z b af_x \f_klh ju[u Fn

7,9, 10). [...]

95

Gbdlh g_ qm\kl\m_l k_[y \ [_ahiZkghklb \k_ `b\ml ih^ ihklhygguf kljZohf h[ukdZ ]jZ[_`Z \uk_e_gby Zj_klZ jZkklj_eZ O\ZlZxl khlgyfb [_aaZsblguo ]ghyl p_eufb f_kypZfb \ lxjvfZo dZagyl kf_jlvx qZklh [_a \kydh]h ke_^kl\by b km^Z ^Z`_ [_a mijhs_ggh]h \Zfb \\_^_ggh]h

km^Z DZagyl g_ lhevdh l_o dhlhju_ ij_^ \Zfb \ q_f-eb[h ijh\bgbebkv gh b l_o dhlhju_ ^Z`_ i_j_^ \Zfb aZ\_^hfh gb \ q_f g_ \bgh\gu Z \aylu ebrv \ dZq_kl\_ “aZeh`gbdh\”; wlbo g_kqZklguo m[b\Zxl \ hlf_kldm aZ

ij_klmie_gby kh\_jr_ggu_ ebpZfb g_ lhevdh bf g_ _^bghfuke_ggufb Z qZklh \Zrbfb `_ klhjhggbdZfb beb [ebadbfb \Zf ih m[_`^_gbx DZa gyl _ibkdhih\ k\ys_ggbdh\ fhgZoh\ b fhgZobgv gb \ q_f g_ ih\bgguo

Z ijhklh ih h]mevghfm h[\bg_gbx \ dZdhc-lh jZkieu\qZlhc b g_hij_- ^_e_gghc “dhgljj_\hexpbhgghklb” ;_kq_eh\_qgZy dZagv hly]qZ_lky ^ey

ijZ\hkeZ\guo ebr_gb_f ihke_^g_]h ij_^kf_jlgh]h ml_r_gby – gZimlkl \by K\ LZcgZfb Z l_eZ m[bluo g_ \u^Zxlky jh^kl\_ggbdZf ^ey ojbklb Zgkdh]h ih]j_[_gby > @

Ih \Zr_fm gZms_gbx jZa]jZ[e_gu beb hlgylu a_feb mkZ^v[u aZ\h ^u nZ[jbdb ^hfZ kdhl ]jZ[yl ^_gv]b \_sb f_[_ev h^_`^m KgZqZeZ

ih^ bf_g_f “[mj`m_\” ]jZ[beb ex^_c khklhyl_evguo ihlhf ih^ bf_g_f

“dmeZdh\” klZeb ]jZ[blv b [he__ aZ`blhqguo b ljm^hex[b\uo dj_klvyg

mfgh`Zy lZdbf h[jZahf gbsbo ohly \u g_ fh`_l_ g_ khagZ\Zlv qlh k jZahj_gb_f \_ebdh]h fgh`_kl\Z hl^_evguo ]jZ`^Zg mgbqlh`Z_l_ gZjh^

gh_ [h]Zlkl\h b jZahjy_l_ kZfm kljZgm > @ <u h[_sZeb k\h[h^m > @

<_ebdh_ [eZ]h – k\h[h^Z _keb hgZ ijZ\bevgh ihgbfZ_lky dZd k\h[h^Z hl aeZ g_ kl_kgyxsZy ^jm]bo g_ i_j_oh^ysZy \ ijhba\he b k\h_\heb_ Gh lZdhc-lh k\h[h^u \u b g_ ^Zeb \h \kyq_kdhf ihl\hjkl\_ gbaf_gguf

kljZklyf lheiu \ [_agZdZaZgghklb m[bckl\ b ]jZ[_`_c aZdexqZ_lky ^Z jh\ZggZy \Zfb k\h[h^Z <k_ ijhy\e_gby dZd bklbgghc ]jZ`^Zgkdhc lZd b \ukr_c ^moh\ghc k\h[h^u q_eh\_q_kl\Z ih^Z\e_gu \Zfb [_kihsZ^gh Wlh eb k\h[h^Z dh]^Z gbdlh [_a hkh[h]h jZaj_r_gby g_ fh`_l ijh\_alb k_[_ ijhiblZgb_ gZgylv d\Zjlbjm i_j__oZlv ba ]hjh^Z \ ]hjh^" Wlh eb k\h[h^Z dh]^Z k_fvb Z bgh]^Z gZk_e_gb_ p_euo ^hfh\ \uk_eyxlky b bfms_kl\h \udb^u\Z_lky gZ mebpm b dh]^Z ]jZ`^Zg_ bkdmkkl\_ggh jZa ^_e_gu gZ jZajy^u ba dhlhjuo g_dhlhju_ hl^Zgu gZ ]heh^ b gZ jZa]jZ[ e_gb_" Wlh eb k\h[h^Z dh]^Z gbdlh g_ fh`_l \ukdZaZlv hldjulh k\h_ fg_gb_ [_a hiZk_gby ihiZklv ih^ h[\bg_gb_ \ dhgljj_\hexpbb" =^_ k\h [h^Z keh\Z b i_qZlb ]^_ k\h[h^Z p_jdh\ghc ijhih\_^b" M`_ aZieZlbeb k\h_x djh\vx fmq_gbq_kl\Z fgh]b_ kf_eu_ p_jdh\gu_ ijhih\_^gbdb ]hehk h[s_kl\_ggh]h b ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h h[km`^_gby b h[ebq_gby aZ

]emr_g i_qZlv djhf_ madh[hevr_\bklkdhc aZ^mr_gZ kh\_jr_ggh

96

Hkh[_ggh [hevgh b `_klhdh gZjmr_gb_ k\h[h^u \ ^_eZo \_ju G_ ijhoh^bl ^gy qlh[u \ hj]ZgZo \Zr_c i_qZlb g_ ihf_sZebkv kZfu_ qm^h \bsgu_ de_\_lu gZ P_jdh\v Ojbklh\m b __ kem`bl_e_c aeh[gu_ [h]h omevkl\Z b dhsmgkl\Z <u ]emfbl_kv gZ^ kem`bl_eyfb ZelZjy aZklZ\ey_ l_ _ibkdhiZ julv hdhiu _ibkdhi Lh[hevkdbc =_jfh]_g b ihkueZ_l_ k\ys_ggbdh\ gZ ]jyagu_ jZ[hlu <u gZeh`beb k\hx jmdm gZ p_jdh\gh_ ^hklhygb_ kh[jZggh_ ihdhe_gbyfb \_jmxsbo ex^_c b g_ aZ^mfZebkv gZjmrblv bo ihke_^gxx \hex <u aZdjueb jy^ fhgZkluj_c b ^hfh\uo p_jd\_c [_a \kydh]h d lhfm ih\h^Z b ijbqbgu <u aZ]jZ^beb ^hklmi \

Fhkdh\kdbc Dj_fev — wlh k\ys_ggh_ ^hklhygb_ \_jmxs_]h gZjh^Z

“B qlh _s_ kdZ`m G_ ^hklZg_l fg_ \j_f_gb” ?\j qlh[u bah

[jZablv \k_ l_ [_^u dZdb_ ihklb]eb jh^bgm gZrm G_ [m^m ]h\hjblv h jZkiZ^_ g_dh]^Z \_ebdhc b fh]mq_c Jhkkbb h iheghf jZkkljhckl\_ iml_c khh[s_gby h g_[u\Zehc ijh^h\hevkl\_gghc jZajmo_ h ]heh^_ b oheh^_

dhlhju_ ]jhayl kf_jlvx \ ]hjh^Zo; h[ hlkmlkl\bb gm`gh]h ^ey ohayckl\Z

\ ^_j_\gyo <k_ wlh m \k_o gZ \ ]eZaZo >Z fu i_j_`b\Z_f m`Zkgh_ \j_fy \Zr_]h \eZ^uq_kl\Z b ^he]h hgh g_ ba]eZ^blky ba ^mrb gZjh^ghc hfjZ qb\ \ g_c h[jZa ;h`bc b aZi_qZle_\ \ g_c h[jZa A\_jy

G_ gZr_ ^_eh km^blv h a_fghc \eZklb \kydZy \eZklv hl ;h]Z ^him s_ggZy ijb\e_deZ [u gZ k_[y GZr_ [eZ]hkeh\_gb_ _keb [u hgZ \hbklb

gm y\beZkv ;h`bbf kem]hc gZ [eZ]h ih^qbg_gguf b [ueZ “kljZrgZ g_

^ey ^h[juo ^_e Z ^ey aeuo” Jbf Gug_ `_ d \Zf mihlj_[eyx

sbf \eZklv gZ ij_ke_^h\Zgb_ [eb`gbo b bklj_[e_gb_ g_\bgguo ijhklb jZ_f Fu GZr_ keh\h m\_s_\Zgby hlijZa^gmcl_ ]h^h\sbgm k\h_]h ij_ [u\Zgby m \eZklb hk\h[h`^_gb_f aZdexq_gguo ij_djZs_gb_f djh\h ijheblby gZkbeby jZahj_gby kl_kg_gby \_ju h[jZlbl_kv g_ d jZajmr_ gbx Z d mkljh_gbx ihjy^dZ b aZdhgghklb ^Zcl_ gZjh^m `_eZgguc b aZ

kem`_gguc bf hl^uo hl f_`^hmkh[ghc [jZgb : bgZq_ “\aus_lky hl \Zk \kydZy djh\v ijZ\_^gZy \Zfb ijheb\Z_fZy” Emd “b hl f_qZ ih ]b[g_l_ kZfb \u \ay\rb_ f_q” Fn 26, 52).

Lbohg IZljbZjo Fhkdh\kdbc b \k_y Jhkkbb

=hkm^Zjkl\h Jhkkbckdh_ <eZklv b h[s_kl\h« K 309–311.

62. IhklZgh\e_gb_ Ie_gmfZ PD JDI [ ih \hijhkm h gZjmr_gbb imgdlZ b h ihklZgh\d_ Zglbj_eb]bhaghc ijhiZ]Zg^u

Z\]mklZ

1. G_ ijbgbfZlv \ iZjlbx ^Z`_ \ dZg^b^Zlu l_o dlh \uihegy_l dZdb_- eb[h h[yaZgghklb k\ys_gghkem`bl_e_c ex[h]h ba dmevlh\ dZd [u g_agZ

97

qbl_evgu gb [ueb wlb h[yaZgghklb I_j_^ qe_gZfb iZjlbb bkihegyxsb fb lZdb_ h[yaZgghklb \ gZklhys__ \j_fy ihklZ\blv mevlbfZlb\gh_ lj_[h \Zgb_ ij_djZlblv k\yav k p_jdh\vx dZdh]h [u lh gb [ueh \_jhbkih\_^Zgby

b bkdexqblv bo ba iZjlbb _keb hgb wlhc k\yab g_ ij_djZsZxl

2. G_ ijbgbfZlv \ iZjlbx bgl_eeb]_glguo \uoh^p_\ ba [mj`mZaghc

kj_^u _keb hgb g_ \ujZayl ihegh]h kh]eZkby k i ijh]jZffu KqblZlv ih hlghr_gbx dh \k_f jZa\bluf khagZl_evguf bgl_eeb]_glguf qe_gZf iZjlbb wlhl imgdl g_ lhevdh h[yaZl_evguf gh b lj_[h\Zlv Zdlb\gh]h _]h

ijh\_^_gby \ `bagv l _ mqZklby \ dmevlmjgh-ijhk\_lbl_evghc ^_yl_ev ghklb gZijZ\e_gghc ijhlb\ j_eb]bb

3. ?keb wdhghfbq_kdb_ k_f_cgh-[ulh\u_ mkeh\by \klmiZxsbo \ iZj

lbx gh\uo qe_gh\ beb khklhysbo \ gZklhys__ \j_fy \ iZjlbb klZ\yl bo \ l_kgmx aZ\bkbfhklv hl hdjm`Zxsbo g_ ihj\Z\rbo k p_jdh\vx gZij

dj_klvyg_ b qZklv jZ[hqbo b _keb ba-aZ wlhc aZ\bkbfhklb wlb qe_gu iZj

lbb \ hl^_evguo kemqZyo dhe_[exlky b ^himkdZxl \ugm`^_ggmx g_h[oh ^bfhklv \uiheg_gby l_o beb bguo p_jdh\guo h[jy^h\ gZij \_gqZgb_ lhevdh ihlhfm qlh ljm^gh beb g_\hafh`gh \ ^_j_\g_ bgZq_ \klmiblv \ [jZd mqZklb_ \f_kl_ k hdjm`Zxsbfb \ p_jdh\guo ihohjhgZo qe_gh\ k_fvb lh hj]ZgbaZpby fh`_l ijbgbfZlv bo \ dZg^b^Zlu b ijh\h^blv bo

\qe_gu iZjlbb ihke_ khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h k bo klhjhgu aZy\e_gby

4.Qe_gu iZjlbb aZgbfZxsb_ hl\_lkl\_ggu_ ihklu \_^msb_ Zdlb\

gmx kh\_lkdmx beb iZjlbcgmx jZ[hlm aZ gZjmr_gb_ iZjlbcghc ijh ]jZffu \ h[eZklb j_eb]bhaghc aZ k\yav k l_f beb bguf j_eb]bhaguf dmevlhf bkdexqZxlky ba iZjlbb < dZg^b^Zlu i_j_\h^ylky ebrv \ bk dexqbl_evguo kemqZyo ijbgbfZy \h \gbfZgb_ g_^hklZlhqgh_ jZa\blb_ hlklZehklv kj_^u \ dhlhjhc ijboh^blky kms_kl\h\Zlv b jZ[hlZlv qe_gm

iZjlbb Z lZd`_ b kZfmx kl_i_gv hl\_lkl\_gghklb aZgbfZ_fh]h bf ihklZ

5. >himkdZlv \ hl^_evguo kemqZyo \ \b^_ bkdexq_gby mqZklb_ \ iZj

lbb \_jmxsbo _keb hgb k\h_c j_\hexpbhgghc [hjv[hc beb jZ[hlhc \ ihevam j_\hexpbb aZsblhc __ \ hiZkg_crb_ fhf_glu ^hdZau\Zeb k\hx ij_^Zgghklv dhffmgbafm ih hlghr_gbx d gbf \_klb hkh[mx jZ[hlm bo i_j_\hkiblZgby b \ujZ[hldb kljhcgh]h gZmqgh]h fZjdkbklkdh]h fbjh

\haaj_gby dhlhjh_ h^gh lhevdh fh`_l \uljZ\blv j_eb]bhaghklv

6. H[h \k_o kemqZyo ^bkpbiebgZjgh]h \ha^_ckl\by iZjlbb i_j_\h^Z \

dZg^b^Zlu beb bkdexq_gby bo ba iZjlbb ^h\h^blv ^h k\_^_gby hdjm `Zxsbo im[ebdmy j_r_gby \ hj]ZgZo f_klghc i_qZlb klZ\y wlb \hijhku gZ hldjuluo aZk_^Zgbyo yq_cdb k ijb\e_q_gb_f hdjm`Zxsbo jZ[hqbo b dj_klvyg b ijbgpbibZevgufb jZatykg_gbyfb gZr_]h \a]ey^Z gZ j_eb]bx

bp_jdh\v

7.Ih \hijhkm h[ Zglbj_eb]bhaghc Z]blZpbb ^Zlv ^bj_dlb\u \k_f iZj lbcguf hj]ZgbaZpbyf b \k_f hj]ZgZf i_qZlb g_ \uiyqb\Zlv wlh]h \hijh

98

kZ gZ i_j\h_ f_klh kh]eZkh\u\Zlv iheblbdm \ ^Zgghf \hijhk_ kh \k_c gZr_c wdhghfbq_kdhc iheblbdhc kmsghklv dhlhjhc aZdexqZ_lky \ \hk klZgh\e_gbb ^_ckl\bl_evgh]h kh]eZr_gby f_`^m ijhe_lZjbZlhf b f_e dh[mj`mZagufb fZkkZfb dj_klvygkl\Z _s_ b ^h kbo ihj ijhgbdgmlufb j_eb]bhagufb ij_^jZkkm^dZfb :glbj_eb]bhagmx ijhiZ]Zg^m mkljZb \Zlv g_ bgZq_ dZd ihke_ lsZl_evghc ih^]hlh\db ^hdeZ^qbdZ b hagZdhf e_gby _]h k \hijhkhf GZjy^m k Zglbj_eb]bhagufb ^bkimlZfb hlgx^v g_ \u^\b]Z_fufb \ gZklhys__ \j_fy gZ i_j\uc ieZg ^he`gZ b^lb k_jv_a

gZy gZmqgZy dmevlmjgh-ijhk\_lbl_evgZy jZ[hlZ ih^\h^ysZy _kl_kl\_g

ghgZmqguc nmg^Zf_gl ih^ bklhjbq_kdh_ hk\_s_gb_ \hijhkZ h j_eb]bb AZ^ZqZ \k_c wlhc jZ[hlu \ kh\hdmighklb ^he`gZ aZdexqZlvky \ lhf qlh

[u gZ f_klh j_eb]bhagh]h fbjhihgbfZgby ihklZ\blv kljhcgmx dhffmgb-

klbq_kdmx gZmqgmx kbkl_fm h[gbfZxsmx b h[tykgyxsmx \hijhku hl\_lu gZ dhlhju_ ^h kbo ihj dj_klvygkdZy jZ[hqZy fZkkZ bkdZeZ \ j_eb ]bb Hkh[_ggh g_h[oh^bfh k\yau\Zlv lZdb_ \uklmie_gby k \hijhkhf i_ j_mkljhckl\Z \k_]h [ulZ b l_ogbdb wdhghfbq_kdbo mkeh\bc ohayckl\Z we_dljbnbdZpbb \_^_gby emqr_c kbkl_fu k_\hh[hjhlZ memqr_gby ihq \u b ^jm]bfb f_jhijbylbyfb h[e_]qZxsbfb ly`_euc ljm^ jZ[hq_]h b

dj_klvygbgZ

8. :]blhl^_em PD b =eZ\iheblijhk\_lm jZajZ[hlZlv jy^ gZmqgh-ihim-

eyjguo [jhrxj ih \hafh`ghklb hl\_qZxsbo gZ \k_ mdZaZggu_ \ imgdl_ \hijhku i_j_kfhlj_lv \ur_^rb_ ba i_qZlb [jhrxju b dgb]b Zglbj_eb]b hagh]h oZjZdl_jZ hij_^_eblv dZdb_ ba gbo g_h[oh^bfh i_j_ba^Zlv gZf_ lblv gh\u_ l_fu b aZdZaZlv gZibkZlv gh\u_ [jhrxju lhqgh lZd `_ h[jZlblv

\gbfZgb_ gZ ijZ\bevgmx ihklZgh\dm ]Za_lu “P_jdh\v b j_\hexpby”.

9. J_^Zdpbyf iZjlbcguo hj]Zgh\ \ hkh[_gghklb fZkkh\uo, g_h[oh^b

fh k wlbf \b^hbaf_gblv k\hx Zglbj_eb]bhagmx ijhiZ]Zg^m k^_eZlv __ agZqbl_evgh k_jv_ag__ m]em[blv __ <j_fy hl \j_f_gb [he__ kheb^guf hj]ZgZf ]^_ bf_xlky ohjhrb_ ebl_jZlmjgu_ kbeu ih^]hlh\e_ggu_ \

wlhf \hijhk_ ^Z\Zlv ihimeyjgh-gZmqgu_ n_ev_lhgu dZdh\u_ ihfh]eb [u f_g__ jZa\bluf jZ[hqbf b dj_klvygZf \ujZ[hlZlv gh\h_ hlghr_gb_ d \hijhkZf j_eb]bb b fhjZeb

10. DZd \ Zglbj_eb]bhaguo ^bkimlZo lZd b \ i_qZlb lsZl_evgh ba[_]Zlv madh]h gZijZ\e_gby Z]blZpbb gZijZ\e_gghc bgh]^Z ijhlb\ ij_^klZ\bl_e_c h^gh]h dZdh]h-gb[m^v dmevlZ gZh[hjhl kbkl_fZlbq_kdb ih^q_jdb\Zlv qlh

JDI [hj_lky g_ k dZdbfb-gb[m^v hl^_evgufb j_eb]bhagufb ]jmiiZfb Z kh \kydbf j_eb]bhaguf fbjh\haaj_gb_f \hh[s_ LsZl_evgh ba[_]Zlv \k_ ]h qlh ^Z\Zeh [u ih\h^ dZdhc-gb[m^v hl^_evghc gZpbhgZevghklb ^mfZlv Z

gZrbf \jZ]Zf ]h\hjblv qlh fu ij_ke_^m_f ex^_c aZ bo \_jm

11. <gbfZl_evgh bamqblv \k_ baf_g_gby dZdb_ ijhbkoh^yl \ rbjhdbo

dj_klvygkdbo b jZ[hqbo fZkkZo \ bo hlghr_gbb d j_eb]bb bamqblv \ dZ`^hc hl^_evghc f_klghklb ij_h[eZ^Zxsbc deZkkh\uc khklZ\ hl^_ev

99