Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

P?G: IH;?>U

27. Ba \uklmie_gby B < KlZebgZ gZ ijb_f_ \ Dj_fe_³Y ih^gbfZx lhkl aZ a^hjh\v_ jmkkdh]h gZjh^Z´

fZy ]

Lh\Zjbsb jZaj_rbl_ fg_ ih^gylv _s_ h^bg ihke_^gbc lhkl

Y ohl_e [u ih^gylv lhkl aZ a^hjh\v_ gZr_]h kh\_lkdh]h gZjh^Z b ij_`^_ \k_]h jmkkdh]h gZjh^Z ;mjgu_ ijh^he`bl_evgu_ Zieh^bkf_glu djbdb ³mjZ´

Y ivx ij_`^_ \k_]h aZ a^hjh\v_ jmkkdh]h gZjh^Z ihlhfm qlh hg y\ ey_lky gZb[he__ \u^Zxs_cky gZpb_c ba \k_o gZpbc \oh^ysbo \ khklZ\ Kh\_lkdh]h KhxaZ

Y ih^gbfZx lhkl aZ a^hjh\v_ jmkkdh]h gZjh^Z ihlhfm qlh hg aZkem `be \ wlhc \hcg_ h[s__ ijbagZgb_ dZd jmdh\h^ys_c kbeu Kh\_lkdh]h KhxaZ kj_^b \k_o gZjh^h\ gZr_c kljZgu

Y ih^gbfZx lhkl aZ a^hjh\v_ jmkkdh]h gZjh^Z g_ lhevdh ihlhfm qlh hg – jmdh\h^ysbc gZjh^ gh b ihlhfm qlh m g_]h bf__lky ykguc mf

klhcdbc oZjZdl_j b l_ji_gb_

M gZr_]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z [ueh g_fZeh hrb[hd [ueb m gZk fhf_glu hlqZyggh]h iheh`_gby \ – ]h^Zo dh]^Z gZrZ Zjfby hlklmiZeZ

ihdb^ZeZ jh^gu_ gZf k_eZ b ]hjh^Z MdjZbgu ;_ehjmkkbb Fhe^Z\bb E_gbg]jZ^kdhc h[eZklb Ijb[Zelbdb DZj_eh-Nbgkdhc j_kim[ebdb ih

db^ZeZ ihlhfm qlh g_ [ueh ^jm]h]h \uoh^Z Bghc gZjh^ fh] [u kdZaZlv ijZ\bl_evkl\m \u g_ hijZ\^Zeb gZrbo h`b^Zgbc moh^bl_ ijhqv fu ihklZ\bf ^jm]h_ ijZ\bl_evkl\h dhlhjh_ aZdexqbl fbj k =_jfZgb_c b h[_ki_qbl gZf ihdhc Gh jmkkdbc gZjh^ g_ ihr_e gZ wlh b[h hg \_jbe \ ijZ\bevghklv iheblbdb k\h_]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z b ihr_e gZ `_jl\u qlh [u h[_ki_qblv jZa]jhf =_jfZgbb B wlh ^h\_jb_ jmkkdh]h gZjh^Z Kh \_lkdhfm ijZ\bl_evkl\m hdZaZehkv lhc j_rZxs_c kbehc dhlhjZy h[_k i_qbeZ bklhjbq_kdmx ih[_^m gZ^ \jZ]hf q_eh\_q_kl\Z – gZ^ nZrbafhf

KiZkb[h _fm jmkkdhfm gZjh^m aZ wlh ^h\_jb_

AZ a^hjh\v_ jmkkdh]h gZjh^Z ;mjgu_ ^he]h g_ kfhedZxsb_ Zieh ^bkf_glu

Jhkkby dhlhjmx fu g_ agZeb« K –190.

180

28. Ba khh[s_gby Qj_a\uqZcghc =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc Dhfbkkbb h fZl_jbZevghf ms_j[_ ijbqbg_gghf g_f_pdh-nZrbklkdbfb aZo\ZlqbdZfb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf ij_^ijbylbyf b mqj_`^_gbyf dheohaZf h[s_kl\_gguf hj]ZgbaZpbyf b ]jZ`^ZgZf KKKJ

k_gly[jy ]

Qj_a\uqZcgZy =hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy Dhfbkkby ih mklZgh\e_gbx b jZkke_ ^h\Zgbx aeh^_ygbc g_f_pdh-nZrbklkdbo aZo\Zlqbdh\ [ueZ kha^ZgZ \

ghy[j_ ] < aZ^Zqm dhfbkkbb \oh^beh jZkke_^h\Zgb_ ^_ckl\bc aZ o\Zlqbdh\ gZ hddmibjh\Zgghc kh\_lkdhc l_jjblhjbb mklZgh\e_gb_ ebq ghkl_c ij_klmigbdh\ hij_^_e_gb_ fZl_jbZevgh]h ms_j[Z ijbqbg_ggh]h kh\_lkdbf ]jZ`^ZgZf dheohaZf h[s_kl\_gguf hj]ZgbaZpbyf b ]hkm^Zj kl\m <h \lhjhc iheh\bg_ ] dhfbkkby [ueZ mijZa^g_gZ

GZ l_jjblhjbb Kh\_lkdh]h KhxaZ ih^\_j]Z\r_cky hddmiZpbb ijh `b\Zeh ^h \hcgu fbeebhgh\ q_eh\_d \Zeh\hc \uimkd ijhfure_gghc ijh^mdpbb khklZ\eye fbeebZj^h\ jm[e_c \ g_baf_gguo ]hkm^Zjkl \_gguo p_gZo ] [ueh fbeebhgh\ ]heh\ kdhlZ \ lhf qbke_fbeebhg ]heh\ djmigh]h jh]Zlh]h kdhlZ b fbeebhgh\ ehrZ^_c 71 fbeebhg ]_dlZjh\ ihk_\h\ k_evkdhohayckl\_gguo dmevlmj lukyqb

dbehf_ljh\ `_e_agh^hjh`ghc dhe_b

G_f_pdh-nZrbklkdb_ aZo\Zlqbdb iheghklvx beb qZklbqgh jZajmrbeb

b kh`]eb ]hjh^h\ b [he__ lukyq kze b ^_j_\_gv kh`]eb b jZajm rbeb k\ur_ fbeebhgh\ a^Zgbc b ebrbeb djh\Z hdheh fbeebhgh\ q_eh\_d Kj_^b jZajmr_gguo b gZb[he__ ihkljZ^Z\rbo ]hjh^h\ – djmi

g_crb_ ijhfure_ggu_ b dmevlmjgu_ p_glju KlZebg]jZ^ K_\Zklhihev E_gbg]jZ^ Db_\ Fbgkd H^_kkZ Kfhe_gkd Gh\]hjh^ Ikdh\ Hj_e OZjvdh\ <hjhg_` Jhklh\-gZ->hgm b fgh]b_ ^jm]b_

G_f_pdh-nZrbklkdb_ aZo\Zlqbdb jZajmrbeb ijhfure_gguo

ij_^ijbylbc gZ dhlhjuo [ueh aZgylh hdheh fbeebhgh\ jZ[hqbo mgbq lh`beb beb \u\_aeb lukyq we_dljhfhlhjh\ lukyq f_lZeehj_`m sbo klZgdh\

JZajmrbeb lukyq dbehf_ljh\ `_e_agh^hjh`ghc dhe_b `_ e_agh^hjh`guo klZgpbc lukyq ihqlh\h-l_e_]jZnguo mqj_`^_gbc

l_e_nhgguo klZgpbc b ^jm]bo ij_^ijbylbc k\yab

Mgbqlh`beb beb jZa]jhfbeb lukyq [hevgbp b ^jm]bo e_q_[guo mqj_`^_gbc lukyqb rdhe l_ogbdmfh\ \ukrbo mq_[guo aZ\_^_gbc

181

gZmqgh-bkke_^h\Zl_evkdbo bgklblmlh\ lukyqb [b[ebhl_d h[s_kl\_g gh]h ihevah\Zgby

JZahjbeb b jZa]jZ[beb lukyq dheohah\ kh\ohah\ b fZ rbggh-ljZdlhjguo klZgpbc aZj_aZeb hlh[jZeb beb m]gZeb \ =_jfZgbx 7 fbeebhgh\ ehrZ^_c fbeebhgh\ ]heh\ djmigh]h jh]Zlh]h kdhlZ 20 fbeebhgh\ ]heh\ k\bg_c fbeebhgh\ h\_p b dha fbeebhgh\ ]heh\ ^hfZrg_c ilbpu

Ij_klmigu_ ^_ckl\by g_f_pdbo \h_gguo b ]jZ`^Zgkdbo \eZkl_c g_hijh \_j`bfh ^hdZaZgu b hibkZgu \ l_o fbeebhgZo Zdlh\ h[ ms_j[_ ijbqb g_gghf g_f_pdh-nZrbklkdbfb aZo\ZlqbdZfb ]jZ`^ZgZf dheohaZf h[s_kl

\_gguf hj]ZgbaZpbyf b mqj_`^_gbyf dhlhju_ d gZklhys_fm \j_f_gb m`_ ihklmibeb \ Qj_a\uqZcgmx =hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx Dhfbkkbx !

GZ hkgh\Zgbb wlbo Zdlh\ Qj_a\uqZcgZy =hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy Dhfbkkby hij_ ^_ebeZ ms_j[ ijbqbg_gguc gZjh^ghfm ohayckl\m KKKJ b hl^_evguf k_ev kdbf b ]hjh^kdbf `bl_eyf \ kmff_ fbeebZj^h\ jm[e_c \ ]hkm^Zjkl\_g guo p_gZo ]h^Z !

K[hjgbd khh[s_gbc Qj_a\uqZcghc =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc Dhfbkkbb h aeh^_ygbyo g_f_pdh-nZrbklkdbo aZo\Zlqbdh\ F K –431.

29. Ibkvfh F<> KKKJ \ =eZ\ebl h dhgp_gljZpbb ljhn_cguo ^hdmf_glh\ b fZl_jbZeh\ \ P_gljZevghf ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghf hkh[hf Zjob\_ KKKJ

Zij_ey ]

K?DJ?LGH

GZ ‹ k hl Zij_ey k ]

Kh]eZkgh ihklZgh\e_gbx Kh\gZjdhfZ KKKJ ‹ – 220 k fZjlZ 1946 ] \k_ ihklmiZxsb_ \ F<> KKKJ ba =_jfZgbb b ^jm]bo kljZg ljhn_c

gu_ ^hdmf_glu Z lZd`_ ebl_jZlmjZ dhgp_gljbjmxlky \ P_gljZevghf ]hkm ^Zjkl\_gghf hkh[hf Zjob\_ KKKJ =eZ\gh]h Zjob\gh]h mijZ\e_gby F<> KKKJ bahebjh\Zggh hl h[sbo nhg^h\ b h[jZ[Zlu\Zxlky h]jZgbq_gguf djm]hf ebp ba qbkeZ ki_pbZevgh \u^_e_gguo ^ey wlh]h jZ[hlgbdh\ F<>

Ihklmib\rb_ \ F<> KKKJ ljhn_cgu_ ^hdmf_glu b ebl_jZlmjZ bk ihevamxlky lhevdh ^ey hi_jZlb\guo gm`^ hj]Zgh\ F<> – F=;

< k\yab k wlbf \hijhk h ijh\_jd_ hj]ZgZfb p_gamju ihklmiZxsbo \ F<> KKKJ ljhn_cguo ^hdmf_glh\ b ebl_jZlmju hliZ^Z_l

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju« K

182

30. Ba klbohl\hj_gby B = Wj_g[mj]Z³FZy´

]

HgZ [ueZ \ ebgyehc ]bfgZkl_jd_ B gh]b [ueb ^h djh\b gZl_jlu HgZ ijbreZ b ihklmqZeZkv \ ^hf

HldjueZ fZlv ;ue klhe gZdjul d h[_^m ³L\hc kug kem`be kh fghc \ ihedm h^ghf B y ijbreZ F_gy ah\ml Ih[_^Z´

;ue q_jguc oe_[ [_e__ [_euo ^g_c B ke_au [ueb kheb khehg_c

<k_ klh klhebp djbqZeb \^Ze_d_ < eZ^hrb oehiZeb b lZgp_\Zeb B lhevdh \ lbohf jmkkdhf ]hjh^d_

^\_ `_gsbgu dZd f_jl\u_ fheqZeb.

Bevy Wj_g[mj] Klbohl\hj_gby F K

IJBF?Q:GBY

1 DZibpZ I_lj E_hgb^h\bq –1984) – nbabd h^bg ba hkgh\Zl_e_c nbabdb gbadbo l_fi_jZlmj ZdZ^_fbd :G KKKJ ^\Z`^u =_jhc KhpbZebklbq_kdh]h Ljm^Z

Hj]ZgbaZlhj b i_j\uc ^bj_dlhj BgklblmlZ nbabq_kdbo ijh[e_f :G KKKJ EZmj_Zl Gh[_e_\kdhc ij_fbb b =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ij_fbb KKKJ < ]

gZ]jZ`^_g Ahehlhc f_^Zevx bf Ehfhghkh\Z

2 Fbljhihebl K_j]bc kh[kl\_gghjmqgh hli_qZlZe h[jZs_gb_ d “IZklujyf b iZkhfuf Ojbklh\hc ijZ\hkeZ\ghc p_jd\b” IhkeZgb_ [ueh ijhqblZgh \ i_j\u_ ^gb \hcgu \ p_jd\Zo

ijb [hevrhf kl_q_gbb \_jmxsbo b g_\_jmxsbo Ijbau\ d gZjh^m aZsbsZlv k\h_ hl_q_kl\h hagZqZe ih kms_kl\m ih^^_j`dm ijZ\hkeZ\ghc p_jdh\vx kh\_lkdh]h ]hkm^Zj-

kl\Z – hj]ZgbaZlhjZ [hjv[u k nZrbafhf

3 ;_j]]hevp Hev]Z N_^hjh\gZ –1975) – ihwl_kkZ eZmj_Zl =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ij_fbb KKKJ :\lhj “E_gbg]jZ^kdhc ihwfu” Z\lh[bh]jZnbq_kdhc dgb]b “>g_\gu_ a\_a^u” (1959).

4>h\`_gdh :e_dkZg^j I_ljh\bq (1894–1956) – dbghj_`bkk_j ^jZfZlmj] gZjh^guc Zjlbkl Jhkkbb h^bg ba hkgh\hiheh`gbdh\ kh\_lkdhc dbg_fZlh]jZnbb Kha^Ze dbghwihi_b “:jk_gZe” (1929), “A_fey”, b ^j EZmj_Zl E_gbgkdhc b =hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_fbc KKKJ

5:k__\ GbdheZc GbdheZ_\bq –1963) – ihwl Z\lhj ihwf “;m^_gguc”, “>\Z^pZlv

r_klv”, “FZydh\kdbc gZqbgZ_lky” dgb]b-jZafure_gby “Dhfm b aZq_f gm`gZ ihwaby”

(1961).

183

= E : < : IV

DMEVLMJ: B G:MD: ³IHKE?<H?GGH=H KL:EBGBAF:´ 1945 – k_j_^bgZ 1950-o ]]

<<?>?GB? D >HDMF?GL:F

H[smx lhgZevghklv `bagb kh\_lkdh]h h[s_kl\Z \ ihke_\h_gghf ^_kylb e_lbb fh`gh hoZjZdl_jbah\Zlv ^\mfy keh\Zfb gZ^_`^Z b jZahqZjh\Zgb_ Hkh[_ggh hkljh wlh hsms_gb_ [ueh k\hckl\_ggh bgl_eeb]_gpbb ij_^klZ \bl_eb dhlhjhc emqr_ ^jm]bo ihgbfZeb g_h[oh^bfhklv h[gh\e_gby

GZjZklZ\r__ h[s_kl\_ggh_ gZijy`_gb_ b ijbagZdb iheblbq_kdhc g_ klZ[bevghklb \ugm`^Zeb klZebgkdh_ jmdh\h^kl\h d Zdlb\guf ^_ckl\byf AZsblgu_ nmgdpbb kbkl_fu [ueb fh[bebah\Zgu \ hq_j_^ghc jZa gZg_ k_g m^Zj ih bgZdhfukebx

< ]eZ\_ ij_^klZ\e_gu ^hdmf_glu hljZ`Zxsb_ f_lh^u b nhjfu [hjv- [u \eZklguo kljmdlmj k ³\gmlj_ggbfb \jZ]Zfb´

Ijb hl[hj_ i_j\hbklhqgbdh\ mqblu\Zehkv qlh fgh]b_ fZl_jbZeu ^hklmigu klm^_glZf him[ebdh\Zgu \ fgh]hlhfguo ba^Zgbyo b oj_klh fZlbyo Mihj k^_eZg gZ fZehba\_klgu_ ^hdmf_glu jZkrbjyxsb_ h[t_f bgnhjfZpbb ih ^Zgghfm i_jbh^m <gbfZgbx qblZl_e_c ij_^eh`_gu njZ]f_glu j_ahexpbb k_kkbb <:KOGBE Z\]mkl ih ^hdeZ^m ZdZ ^_fbdZ L > Euk_gdh h iheh`_gbb \ [bheh]bq_kdhc gZmd_ dh]^Z fgh]b_

i_jki_dlb\gu_ gZmqgu_ gZijZ\e_gby [ueb h[ty\e_gu [mj`mZagufb e`_gZmdZfb <hij_db ojhgheh]bq_kdhfm ijbgpbim a^_kv `_ klm^_glu bf_xl \hafh`ghklv hagZdhfblvky k l_dklhf ³ibkvfZ lj_okhl´ \ Ij_ab ^bmf PD DIKK h[ hljbpZl_evguo ihke_^kl\byo ^ey [bheh]bq_kdhc gZm db \ KKKJ ijbgylh]h jZg__ j_r_gby ^hd ‹ 8, 9).

< dhgp_ -o ]] \ kljZg_ iZjlbcgh-]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufb kljmdlmjZfb

[ueZ bgbpbbjh\ZgZ dZfiZgby [hjv[u k dhkfhiheblZfb < wlhc k\yab ex [hiulgZ kijZ\dZ =eZ\eblZ h dgb]_ ³:ev[_jl Wcgrl_cg – nbehkhn-mq_-

184

guc´ him[ebdh\Zgghc \ fgh]hlhfghc ³;b[ebhl_d_ kh\j_f_gguo nb- ehkhnh\´ ^hd ‹ H fZkrlZ[Zo b nhjfZo [hjv[u k dhkfhiheblbafhf k\b^_l_evkl\mxl lZd`_ ^hdmf_glu ‹ 24, 25.

Kj_^b \Z`g_crbo ijh[e_f dhlhju_ gZreb hljZ`_gb_ \ ]eZ\_ ke_^m _l hlf_lblv b^_heh]bq_kdmx dZfiZgbx ijhlb\ ba\_klguo fZkl_jh\ bk dmkkl\ h[\bg_gguo \ nhjfZebaf_ b ZglbiZljbhlbaf_ =jm[u_ iheblbq_ kdb_ hrb[db [ueb ³aZf_q_gu´ kj_^b ibkZl_e_c dhfihablhjh\ dbghj_ `bkk_jh\ ^hd ‹ Jy^ fZl_jbZeh\ k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h

ebqghc ^jZf_ i_j_`blhc ba\_klghc ihwl_kkhc : :ofZlh\hc ihke_ jZa

]jhfgh]h ihklZgh\e_gby PD DIKK h `mjgZeZo ³A\_a^Z´ b ³E_gbg]jZ^´^hd ‹ 3, 12–1 >bj_dlb\gu_ f_lh^u mijZ\e_gby ijbf_gyebkv d l_Zl

jZevghfm bkdmkkl\m g_j_glZ[_evgufb [ueb ijbagZgu fgh]b_ _\j_ckdb_ l_Zlju ^hd ‹ 15, 17).

FZl_jbZeu ]eZ\u kh^_j`Zl lZd`_ jZafure_gby h[ h]jZgbq_gbb k\h [h^u om^h`gbdZ b g_dhfi_l_glghklb djblbdh\ < wlhc k\yab ex[hiulgu q_jgh\u_ gZ[jhkdb ibkvfZ ba\_klgh]h kdmevilhjZ < B Fmobghc

< F Fhehlh\m ^hd ‹ 23).

< hnbpbZevghc dmevlmjghc `bagb ]eZ\gh_ \gbfZgb_ [ueh m^_e_gh ih^]hlh\d_ d -e_lg_fm x[be_x B < KlZebgZ H f_jhijbylbyo k\yaZg-

guo k wlbf kh[ulb_f k\b^_l_evkl\m_l jy^ ^hdmf_glh\ Ihf_s_gu lZd`_ fZl_jbZeu h l\hjq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb om^h`gbdZ < I ?nZgh\Z fZkl_jZ

³l_hjbb [_kdhgnebdlghklb´ \ bkdmkkl\_

>HDMF?GLU

1. Ba AZdhgZ h iylbe_lg_f ieZg_ \hkklZgh\e_gby b jZa\blby gZjh^gh]h ohayckl\Z KKKJ gZ 6– ]]

fZjlZ ]

...3. < h[eZklb dmevlmju b a^jZ\hhojZg_gby – ih\ukblv ]hkm^Zjkl\_g gu_ jZkoh^u gZ dmevlmjgh-[ulh\h_ h[kem`b\Zgb_ ljm^ysboky ]hjh^Z b ^_j_\gb l _ jZkoh^u ih khpbZevghfm kljZoh\Zgbx b aZljZlZf ]hkm^Zj

kl\Z gZ ijhk\_s_gb_ a^jZ\hhojZg_gb_ ih^]hlh\dm dZ^jh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_g guo ljm^h\uo j_a_j\h\ ihkh[by fgh]h^_lguf b h^bghdbf fZl_jyf ih kh[by k_fvyf \h_gghkem`Zsbo b bg\Zeb^Zf Hl_q_kl\_gghc \hcgu Z lZd`_ gZ dmevlmjgh-[ulh\h_ h[kem`b\Zgb_ jZ[hqbo b kem`Zsbo djhf_

]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo aZljZl gZ `bebsgh_ b dhffmgZevgh_ kljhbl_evkl\h ^h

fej^ jm[e_c \ ] qlh \ jZaZ ij_\urZ_l mjh\_gv ]

185

H[_ki_qblv ihklmie_gb_ hl ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_^ijbylbc b mqj_` ^_gbc kj_^kl\ gZ khpbZevgh_ kljZoh\Zgb_ jZ[hqbo b kem`Zsbo aZ –

]] \ jZaf_j_ fej^ jm[e_c

>h\_klb dhebq_kl\h gZqZevguo k_fbe_lgbo b kj_^gbo rdhe \ ]

^h luk b dhebq_kl\h mqZsboky \ gbo ^h feg q_eh\_d h[_ki_qb\ \k_h[s__ h[yaZl_evgh_ h[mq_gb_ ^_l_c k k_fbe_lg_]h \hajZklZ dZd \ ]h jh^_ lZd b \ ^_j_\g_

GZ hkgh\_ rbjhdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb rdhe jZ[hq_c b dj_klvygkdhc fheh ^_`b h[_ki_qblv h[mq_gb_ lhc qZklb fheh^_`b dhlhjZy \ mkeh\byo Hl_ q_kl\_gghc \hcgu b \j_f_gghc hddmiZpbb jy^Z kh\_lkdbo jZchgh\ g_ fh]eZ ihemqblv ghjfZevgh]h h[jZah\Zgby \ rdhe_

>h\_klb dhebq_kl\h klm^_glh\ \ \ukrbo mq_[guo aZ\_^_gbyo \ ]

^h luk q_eh\_d b mqZsboky \ ki_pbZevguo kj_^gbo mq_[guo aZ\_^_ gbyo – ^h luk q_eh\_d mklZgh\blv aZ iylbe_lb_ \uimkd hdZgqb

\Zxsbo \ukrb_ mq_[gu_ aZ\_^_gby fheh^uo ki_pbZebklh\ \ dhebq_kl\_ 602 luk q_eh\_d b hdZgqb\Zxsbo l_ogbdmfu b ^jm]b_ kj_^gb_ ki_pb

Zevgu_ mq_[gu_ aZ\_^_gby \ dhebq_kl\_ 326 luk q_eh\_d

JZkrbjblv ih^]hlh\dm ki_pbZebklh\ \ukr_c b kj_^g_c d\ZebnbdZpbb ^ey lhieb\gh-wg_j]_lbq_kdhc b f_lZeemj]bq_kdhc ijhfure_gghklb

k_evkdh]h ohayckl\Z b `_e_agh^hjh`gh]h ljZgkihjlZ Z lZd`_ mqbl_e_c ^ey gZqZevguo b kj_^gbo rdhe hj]Zgbah\Zlv ih^]hlh\dm \ukhdhd\Zeb nbpbjh\Zgguo ki_pbZebklh\ \ h[eZklb gh\hc l_ogbdb ih\ukblv dZq_kl \h ih^]hlh\db dZ^jh\ \ukr_c b kj_^g_c d\ZebnbdZpbb

>h\_klb qbkeh dbghmklZgh\hd \ ] ^h ijhlb\ luk \

] h[_ki_qblv dZ`^uc jZchgguc p_glj b ihk_ehd ]hjh^kdh]h lbiZ klZpbhgZjghc dbghmklZgh\dhc agZqbl_evgh jZkrbjblv klZpbhgZjgmx dbghk_lv \ k_eZo ^h\_klb dhebq_kl\h ihklhygguo l_Zljh\ ^h dem[h\ b fZkkh\uo [b[ebhl_d \ ]hjh^_ b ^_j_\g_ – ^h 900.

>h\_klb dhebq_kl\h ^_l_c \ ^_lkdbo kZ^Zo \ ] ^h luk q_

eh\_d beb m\_ebqblv \^\h_ ih kjZ\g_gbx k ] Iheghklvx h[_ki_ qblv \hkiblZgb_ aZ kq_l ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ ^_lkdbo ^hfZo kbjhl ihl_jy\rbo

jh^bl_e_c \ i_jbh^ Hl_q_kl\_gghc \hcgu

<hkklZgh\blv \ jZchgZo ih^\_j]rboky hddmiZpbb jZajmr_ggu_ \jZ ]hf rdheu mq_[gu_ aZ\_^_gby gZmqgu_ mqj_`^_gby fma_b l_Zlju dem [u dbgh [b[ebhl_db b ba[u-qblZevgb

J_r_gby iZjlbb b ijZ\bl_evkl\Z ih ohayckl\_gguf \hijhkZf F L 3.

K –286.

186

2. IJBD:A ‹ k Miheghfhq_ggh]h Kh\_lZ Fbgbkljh\ KKKJ ih hojZg_ \h_gguo b ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo lZcg \ i_qZlb

§ 1. Batylv ba dgb]hlhj]h\hc k_lb b [b[ebhl_d h[s_kl\_ggh]h ihev- ah\Zgby ke_^mxsb_ dgb]b Ahs_gdh F F – JZkkdZau Ba^-\h ³IjZ\^Z´ Fhkd\Z ] klj LbjZ` wda ?]h `_ – Ba[jZggu_ ijhba- \_^_gby –1945 ] =hkeblba^Zl E_gbg]jZ^ ] klj LbjZ` 30 wda ?]h `_ – N_ev_lhgu jZkkdZau ih\_klb Ba^-\h ³E_gba^Zl´ ] E_gbg]jZ^ ] LbjZ` wda

§ 2. IjbhklZgh\blv ijhba\h^kl\h b jZkijhkljZg_gb_ ke_^mxsbo dgb] :ofZlh\Z : : – Klbohl\hj_gby –1945 ] =hkeblba^Zl E_gbg]jZ^

] klj Lbj wda ?]h `_ – Ba[jZggu_ klbob 1910– ] Ba^-\h ³IjZ\^Z´ Fhkd\Z ] klj Lbj wda

Miheghfhq_gguc Kh\_lZ Fbgbkljh\ KKKJ ih hojZg_ \h_gguo b ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo lZcg \ i_qZlb D Hf_evq_gdh

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju: >hdmf_glu b dhff_glZjbb F

K 8.

3.Ba ^hdeZ^Z : : @^Zgh\Z³H `mjgZeZo©A\_a^Zª b©E_gbg]jZ^ª´

K_gly[jv ]

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pblbjh\Zlv a^_kv ³ijhba\_^_gb_´ Ahs_gdh ³Ijbdexq_gby h[_avygu´ <b- ^bfh \u \k_ _]h qblZeb b agZ_l_ emqr_ q_f y Kfuke wlh]h ³ijhba- \_^_gby´ Ahs_gdh aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh hg bah[jZ`Z_l kh\_lkdbo ex-

^_c [_a^_evgbdZfb b mjh^Zfb ex^vfb ]emiufb b ijbfblb\gufb Ah s_gdh kh\_jr_ggh g_ bgl_j_km_l ljm^ kh\_lkdbo ex^_c bo ]_jhbaf bo \ukhdb_ h[s_kl\_ggu_ b fhjZevgu_ dZq_kl\Z WlZ l_fZ \k_]^Z m g_]h hlkmlkl\m_l Ahs_gdh dZd f_sZgbg b ihreyd ba[jZe k\h_c ihklhygghc l_fhc dhiZgb_ \ kZfuo gbaf_gguo b f_ehqguo klhjhgZo [ulZ Wlh dhiZ gb_ \ f_ehqZo [ulZ g_ kemqZcgh Hgh k\hckl\_ggh \k_f ihreuf f_sZg kdbf ibkZl_eyf d dhlhjuf hlghkblky b Ahs_gdh !

187

I_j_oh`m d \hijhkm h ebl_jZlmjghf ³l\hjq_kl\_´ :ggu :ofZlh\hc ?_ ijhba\_^_gby aZ ihke_^g__ \j_fy ihy\eyxlky \ e_gbg]jZ^kdbo `mjgZ eZo \ ihjy^d_ ³jZkrbj_ggh]h \hkijhba\h^kl\Z´ Wlh lZd `_ m^b\bl_evgh b ijhlb\h_kl_kl\_ggh dZd _keb [u dlh-eb[h k_cqZk klZe i_j_ba^Z\Zlv

ijhba\_^_gby F_j_`dh\kdh]h <yq_keZ\Z B\Zgh\Z FboZbeZ DmafbgZ :g^j_y ;_eh]h AbgZb^u =biibmk N_^hjZ Kheh]m[Z Abgh\v_\hc-

:ggb[Ze b l ^ b l i l _ \k_o l_o dh]h gZrZ i_j_^h\Zy h[s_kl\_gghklv

b ebl_jZlmjZ \k_]^Z kqblZeb ij_^klZ\bl_eyfb j_Zdpbhggh]h fjZdh[_kby b j_g_]Zlkl\Z \ iheblbd_ b bkdmkkl\_

L_fZlbdZ :ofZlh\hc gZkd\hav bg^b\b^mZebklbq_kdZy >h m[h`_kl\Z h]jZgbq_g ^bZiZahg __ ihwabb – ihwabb \a[_kb\r_cky [Zjugvdb f_qm-

s_cky f_`^m [m^mZjhf b fhe_gghc Hkgh\gh_ m g__ – wlh ex[h\gh-wjh-

lbq_kdb_ fhlb\u i_j_ie_l_ggu_ k fhlb\Zfb ]jmklb lhkdb kf_jlb fbk lbdb h[j_q_gghklb Qm\kl\h h[j_q_gghklb – qm\kl\h ihgylgh_ ^ey h[

s_kl\_ggh]h khagZgby \ufbjZxs_c ]jmiiu – fjZqgu_ lhgZ ij_^kf_jl ghc [_agZ^_`ghklb fbklbq_kdb_ i_j_`b\Zgby ihiheZf k wjhlbdhc – lZ

dh\ ^moh\guc fbj :ofZlh\hc h^gh]h ba hkdhedh\ [_a\ha\jZlgh dZgm\ r_]h \ \_qghklv fbjZ klZjhc ^\hjygkdhc dmevlmju ³^h[juo klZjuo _dZ l_jbgbgkdbo \j_f_g´ !

Qlh ihmqbl_evgh]h fh]ml ^Zlv ijhba\_^_gby :ofZlh\hc gZr_c fh eh^_`b" Gbq_]h djhf_ \j_^Z Wlb ijhba\_^_gby fh]ml lhevdh ihk_ylv mgugb_ miZ^hd ^moZ i_kkbfbaf klj_fe_gb_ mclb hl gZkmsguo \hijhkh\ h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb hlhclb hl rbjhdhc ^hjh]b h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb b ^_yl_evghklb \ ma_gvdbc fbjhd ebqguo i_j_`b\Zgbc DZd fh`gh hl^Zlv \ __ jmdb \hkiblZgb_ gZr_c fheh^_`b"

G_dhlhju_ gZrb ebl_jZlhju klZeb jZkkfZljb\Zlv k_[y g_ dZd mqb l_e_c Z dZd mq_gbdh\ [mj`mZagh-f_sZgkdbo ebl_jZlhjh\ klZeb k[b\Zlv

ky gZ lhg gbadhihdehgkl\Z b ij_dehg_gby i_j_^ f_sZgkdhc bghkljZgghc ebl_jZlmjhc D ebpm eb gZr_c i_j_^h\hc kh\_lkdhc ebl_jZlmj_ y\eyx s_cky kZfhc j_\hexpbhgghc ebl_jZlmjhc \ fbj_ gbadhihdehgkl\h i_j_^ h]jZgbq_gghc f_sZgkdh-[mj`mZaghc ebl_jZlmjhc AZiZ^Z"

@^Zgh\ : >hdeZ^ h `mjgZeZo ³A\_a^Z´ b ³E_gbg]jZ^´ F K 3–9, 12–14.

5. Ba ihklZgh\e_gby PD <DI [³H dbghnbevf_ ©;hevrZy `bagvª´

4 k_gly[jy ]

PD <DI [ hlf_qZ_l qlh ih^]hlh\e_gguc Fbgbkl_jkl\hf dbg_fZ lh]jZnbb dbghnbevf ³;hevrZy `bagv´ \lhjZy k_jby j_`bkk_j E Emdh\

188

Z\lhj kp_gZjby I Gbebg ihjhq_g \ b^_cgh-iheblbq_kdhf b djZcg_ keZ[

\om^h`_kl\_gghf hlghr_gbb

<q_f khklhyl ihjhdb b g_^hklZldb nbevfZ ³;hevrZy `bagv´"

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PD <DI [ ihklZgh\ey_l

1. <\b^m baeh`_ggh]h \uimkd gZ wdjZg \lhjhc k_jbb nbevfZ ³;hev rZy `bagv´ aZij_lblv

189