Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

6. DjZ\dh\ K_j]_c <Zkbev_\bq –1951) – nbabd ikboheh] <u

imkdgbd Fhkdh\kdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ < ] hj]Zgbah\Ze eZ[hjZ lhjbx nbabheh]bq_kdhc hilbdb ijb bgklblml_ ]eZaguo [he_ag_c bf =_evf]hevpZ

7. Ijyrgbdh\ >fbljbc GbdheZ_\bq –1948) – Z]jhobfbd [bh-

obfbd Hdhgqbe Fhkdh\kdbc mgb\_jkbl_l b I_ljh\kdmx a_fe_ ^_evq_kdmx e_kgmx ZdZ^_fbx K \ha]eZ\eye dZn_^jm Z]jhob

fbb mihfygmlhc ZdZ^_fbb i_j_bf_gh\Zgghc \ Lbfbjya_\kdmx

8. <Z\beh\ GbdheZc B\Zgh\bq –1943) – [bheh] ]_h]jZn

Hdhgqbe Fhkdh\kdbc k_evkdhohayckl\_gguc bgklblml Khljm^gbd K_evkdhohayckl\_ggh]h mq_gh]h dhfbl_lZ KOMD \ha]eZ\ey\r_]hky

< B <_jgZ^kdbf

9. Gh\]hjh^p_\ IZ\_e B\Zgh\bq –1924) – xjbkl nbehkhn Hkgh\Zl_ev b ijhn_kkhj Jmkkdh]h xjb^bq_kdh]h nZdmevl_lZ \ IjZ]_

QZklh h[sZeky k < B <_jgZ^kdbf \ – ]] ihke_ kh\f_kl gh]h hlt_a^Z ba Db_\Z \ Djuf

10.N_jkfZg :e_dkZg^j ?\]_gv_\bq –1945) – fbg_jZeh] h^bg ba gZb[he__ \u^Zxsboky ijyfuo mq_gbdh\ < B <_jgZ^kdh]h Mqbeky \ H^_kk_ \ Gh\hjhkkbckdhf – aZl_f Fhkdh\kdhf –1907) mgb\_jkbl_lZo \ – ]] jZ[hlZe \ IZjb`_ K – \ Fhkdh\kdhf mgb\_jkbl_l_ k – ijhn_kkhj GZjh^gh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ bf : E RZ gy\kdh]h ]^_ \ ] qblZe i_j\uc \ fbj_ dmjk ]_hobfbb

11.FZjj GbdheZc Ydh\e_\bq –1934) – \hklhdh\_^ ebg]\bkl

<uimkdgbd I_l_j[mj]kdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ ZdZ^_fbd I_l_j[mj] kdhc :dZ^_fbb gZmd :\lhj ]bihl_au h jh^kl\_ yaudh\ hkgh\Zl_ev

rdheu ebg]\bklbdb yaudh\ gZjh^h\ DZ\dZaZ

7) 1. Lheev GbdheZc I_ljh\bq –1985) – Zjo_heh] `_gbeky gZ Gbg_ <_jgZ^kdhc \ K `be \ KR: aZgbfZe dZn_^jm bjZgbklb db \ C_evkdhf mgb\_jkbl_l_

2. =hkm^Zjkl\_gguc kh\_l mqj_`^_g \ bfi_jZlhjhf :e_dkZg

^jhf , \ dZq_kl\_ kh\_sZl_evgh]h hj]ZgZ ijb fhgZjo_ ]eZ\guf h[jZahf ih aZdhgh^Zl_evguf ^_eZf < g_]h \hreb qe_gu ih gZagZq_gbx l _ gZ agZq_ggu_ bfi_jZlhjhf b ih \u[hjZf ³hl ^moh\_gkl\Z ]hkih^kl\mxs_c \ Jhkkbb IjZ\hkeZ\ghc p_jd\b hl ^\hjygkl\Z b a_fkl\Z Z lZd`_ ij_^ klZ\bl_eb gZmdb lhj]h\eb b ijhfure_gghklb´ < B <_jgZ^kdbc [ue

ba[jZg qe_ghf = K \ Zij_e_ ih ³ZdZ^_fbq_kdhc´ dmjbb

3.FZjbbgkdbc ^\hj_p – ihkljh_g \ I_l_j[mj]_ \ gZa\Zg ih bf_gb i_j\hc \eZ^_ebpu < dg FZjbb – ^hq_jb GbdheZy ,

4.<bll_ K_j]_c Xev_\bq 1849–1915) – ]jZn ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc ^_yl_ev fbgbklj nbgZgkh\ – Qe_g = K ih gZagZq_gbx k Z\ ]mklZ Djmig_crbc jhkkbckdbc j_nhjfZlhj d XIX – g ;; \

70

5. Dhgb :gZlhebc N_^hjh\bq –1927) – xjbkl \uimkdgbd xjb^bq_kdh]h nZdmevl_lZ Fhkdh\kdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ Ihke_ Hd ly[jvkdhc j_\hexpbb –1922) – ijhn_kkhj I_ljh]jZ^kdh]h mgb\_j-

kbl_lZ aZl_f aZgbfZeky e_dlhjkdhc b ebl_jZlmjghc ^_yl_evghklvx

6.Dh\Ze_\kdbc FZdkbf FZdkbfh\bq –1916) – xjbkl h[s_ kl\_gguc ^_yl_ev \uimkdgbd OZjvdh\kdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ :\lhj fgh]h qbke_gguo jZ[hl ih h[s_c l_hjbb ijZ\Z b khpbheh]bb

7.LZ]Zgp_\ GbdheZc Kl_iZgh\bq –1923) – xjbkl ijZ\h\_^ Hdhgqbe I_l_j[mj]kdbc mgb\_jkbl_l :\lhj fgh]bo ljm^h\ ih m]heh\ ghfm ijZ\m Qe_g = K ih gZagZq_gbx k 1905.

8.=mqdh\ :e_dkZg^j B\Zgh\bq –1936) – ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc ^_yl_ev ij_^ijbgbfZl_ev Hdhgqbe bklhjbdh-nbeheh]bq_kdbc n-l Fhk dh\kdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ k ] – qe_g Fhkdh\kdhc ]hjh^kdhc mijZ\u

Kh n_\jZey ^h Zij_ey ] – \h_gguc fbgbklj <j_f_ggh]h ijZ\b l_evkl\Z K ] \ wfb]jZpbb g_ ijbfudZe gb d h^ghc ba wfb]jZglkdbo iheblbq_kdbo hj]ZgbaZpbc

<_jgZ^kdbc < B >g_\gbdb FZjl – Z\]mkl F K 23, 35, 39– 47, 48, 64, 6972, 169, 171–174.

35. Ba fZl_jbZeh\ ke_^kl\_ggh]h ^_eZ

B X DjZqdh\kdh]h ‹

³Hlkmlkl\b_ _]h >DjZqdh\kdh]h@ ^ey :dZ^_fbb [m^_l [_^kl\b_f« ih ]b[g_l h[jZah\Z\rZyky bf_ggh aZ \j_fy j_\hexpbb g_[hevrZy gh p_g

gZy rdheZ jmkkdbo ZjZ[bklh\´

: I DZjibgkdbc K N Hev^_g[mj] – \ Hkh[mx dhfbkkbx ijb <PBD

Bklhqgbd ‹ K

36. Ba >_dj_lZ KGD h[ memqr_gbb [ulZ mq_guo

^_dZ[jy ]

< p_eyo gZbemqr_]h bkihevah\Zgby gZmqguo kbe kljZgu ^ey \hkklZ gh\e_gby gZjh^gh]h ohayckl\Z Z lZd`_ h[_ki_q_gby gZmqguf jZ[hl gbdZf \hafh`ghklb kihdhcghc b ieZghf_jghc aZ[hlu Kh\_l GZjh^guo DhfbkkZjh\ aZkemrZ\ ^_dZ[jy ij_^klZ\e_gguc P_gljZevghc Dhfbk kb_c ih memqr_gbx [ulZ mq_guo ijh_dl f_jhijbylbc ihklZgh\be

1. < ^hiheg_gb_ d kms_kl\mxsbf \b^Zf \hagZ]jZ`^_gby gZmqguo

jZ[hlgbdh\ mklZgh\blv hkh[h_ ^hihegbl_evgh_ ZdZ^_fbq_kdh_ h[_ki_q_ gb_ !

71

3. Hij_^_e_gb_ jZaf_jZ ZdZ^_fbq_kdh]h h[_ki_q_gby Z lZd`_ mklZ

gh\e_gb_ hkgh\Zgbc jZkij_^_e_gby ih dZl_]hjbyf gZmqguo jZ[hl gbdh\ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl bo d\ZebnbdZpbb ij_^hklZ\blv P_gljZevghc Dhfbkkbb ih memqr_gbx [ulZ mq_guo

4. MklZgh\blv ij_fbjh\Zgb_ gZmqguo gZmqgh-mq_[guo b gZmqgh-ih-

imeyjguo jZ[hl gZ hkgh\Zgbb hkh[h]h iheh`_gby \ujZ[hlZggh]h P_gljZevghc Dhfbkkb_c ih memqr_gbx [ulZ mq_guo

5. >hihegbl_evgh_ ZdZ^_fbq_kdh_ h[_ki_q_gb_ \\_klb k yg\Zjy

]

Oj_klhfZlby ih hl_q_kl\_gghc bklhjbb« K

37. IhklZgh\e_gb_ KGD KKKJ h[ mqj_`^_gbb ij_fbb bf_gb < B E_gbgZ aZ gZmqgu_ jZ[hlu

bxgy ]

< p_eyo ihhsj_gby gZmqghc ^_yl_evghklb \ gZijZ\e_gbb gZb[he__ [ebadhf b^_yf < B E_gbgZ Z bf_ggh \ gZijZ\e_gbb l_kghc k\yab gZmdb b `bagb Kh\_l GZjh^guo DhfbkkZjh\ KhxaZ KKJ ihklZgh\ey_l

1.Mqj_^blv nhg^ ^ey \u^Zqb ij_fbc bf_gb < B E_gbgZ aZ gZmqgu_ jZ[hlu H[smx kmffm \u^Z\Z_fuo _`_]h^gh ij_fbc mklZgh\blv \ 000^_kylv lukyq jm[e_c

2.Ij_fbjh\Zgbx ih^e_`Zl bf_xsb_ gZb[hevr__ ijZdlbq_kdh_ agZq_

gb_ gZmqgu_ ljm^u ]jZ`^Zg KhxaZ KKJ gZibkZggu_ ihke_ hdly[jy ghy[jy ]h^Z ih \k_f hljZkeyf agZgby _kl_kl\_gguf b lhqguf gZm dZf l_ogbd_ k_evkdhfm ohayckl\m f_^bpbg_ b h[s_kl\_gguf gZmdZf

3. <u^Zqm ij_fbc Z\lhjZf gZmqguo jZ[hl ijhba\h^blv _`_]h^gh ih

ijbkm`^_gbx ki_pbZevghc wdki_jlghc dhfbkkbb hj]Zgbam_fhc Dhffm gbklbq_kdhc ZdZ^_fb_c ijb P_gljZevghf Bkihegbl_evghf Dhfbl_l_ KhxaZ KKJ < khklZ\ dhfbkkbb h[yaZl_evgh \dexqZxlky ij_^klZ\bl_eb :dZ^_fbb gZmd Jhkkbckdhc KhpbZebklbq_kdhc N_^_jZlb\ghc Kh\_lkdhc J_kim[ebdb b MdjZbgkdhc KhpbZebklbq_kdhc Kh\_lkdhc J_kim[ebdb p_gljZevguo dhfbkkbc ih memqr_gbx [ulZ mq_guo ijb kh\_lZo gZjh^ guo dhfbkkZjh\ khxaguo j_kim[ebd b k_dpbb gZmqguo jZ[hlgbdh\ ijh n_kkbhgZevgh]h khxaZ jZ[hlgbdh\ ijhk\_s_gby

4. Ba^Zgb_ ih^jh[guo ijZ\be h ihjy^d_ \u^Zqb ij_fbc \haeh`blv gZ

Dhffmgbklbq_kdmx ZdZ^_fbx ijb P_gljZevghf Bkihegbl_evghf Dhfb l_l_ KhxaZ KKJ

5. GZ ihdjulb_ jZkoh^h\ k\yaZgguo k ijbkm`^_gb_f b \u^Zq_c ij_

fbc bf_gb < B E_gbgZ Zkkb]gh\Zlv ba j_a_j\gh]h nhg^Z Kh\_lZ GZ jh^guo DhfbkkZjh\ KhxaZ KKJ gZ l_dmsbc [x^`_lguc ]h^

72

12 ^\_gZ^pZlv lukyq jm[e_c ba gbo ^_kylv lukyq jm[e_c gZ

h[jZah\Zgb_ nhg^Z mihfygmlh]h \ kl gZklhys_]h ihklZgh\e_gby b 2 ^\_ lukyqb jm[e_c gZ hj]ZgbaZpbhggu_ jZkoh^u b gZ hieZlm ljm

^Z j_p_ga_glh\

K[hjgbd ^hdmf_glh\ b fZl_jbZeh\ ih bklhjbb KKKJ kh\_lkdh]h i_jbh^Z

(1917– ]] F K –226.

38. Ba aZibkhd dhfbkkbb Ihebl[xjh PD <DI [ ih gZ[ex^_gbx aZ jZ[hlhc :G KKKJ

ghy[jy ]

Kh]eZkgh gh\hfm mklZ\m :dZ^_fbb b j_r_gbx Ihebl[xjh h lhf qlh ZdZ ^_fbdb Kh\gZjdhfhf g_ ml\_j`^Zxlky \u[hju ZdZ^_fbdh\ ijhba\h^ylky lhevdh kZfhc :dZ^_fb_c Ijh\_klb gm`gu_ gZf dZg^b^Zlmju fh`gh lhevdh ijb ba\_klghf ^Z\e_gbb gZ :dZ^_fbx Wlh ^Z\e_gb_ fh`_l [ulv hdZaZgh « lhevdh q_j_a [hevrmx dZfiZgbx \ ij_kk_«

G =hj[mgh\2

G_ iha^g__ yg\Zjy ]

…Kh]eZkgh ihjy^dm ml\_j`^_gghfm Ihebl[xjh ZdZ^_fbdb ihke_

ba[jZgby bo :dZ^_fb_c gZmd ml\_j`^_gbx \ Kh\gZjdhf_ g_ ih^e_`Zl LZdbf h[jZahf nhjfZevgh]h kihkh[Z aZklZ\blv :dZ^_fbx gZmd ba[jZlv `_eZl_evgu_ gZf dZg^b^Zlmju g_ bf__lky HklZxlky imlb \kyq_kdh]h ³\ha^_ckl\by´ gZ :dZ^_fbx: ebqgh_ ^Z\e_gb_ q_j_a i_qZlv b h[s_kl

\_ggu_ hj]ZgbaZpbb hlnbevljh\dZ g_`_eZl_evguo dZg^b^Zlmj q_j_a hkh[mx dhfbkkbx« Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh_ ^Z\e_gb_ q_j_a H=IM dZd djZcg__ kj_^kl\h

G =hj[mgh\

hdly[jy ]

«< j_amevlZl_ rbjhdhc ih^]hlh\bl_evghc dZfiZgbb \ dhlhjmx [u eb \h\e_q_gu \k_ kdhevdh-gb[m^v \b^gu_ gZmqgu_ mqj_`^_gby b hj]Zgb

aZpbb KhxaZ fgh]b_ hl^_evgu_ mq_gu_ b gZdhg_p \hij_db k\hbf i_j \hgZqZevguf [Zcdhlbklkdbf gZf_j_gbyf kZfb ZdZ^_fbdb ml\_j`^_g guc Ihebl[xjh dZg^b^Zlkdbc kibkhd [ue iheghklvx \u^\bgml kj_^b

^jm]bo dZg^b^Zlmj

: Djbgbpdbc

Bklhqgbd ‹ K –136.

73

39. >hdeZ^gZy aZibkdZ X I Nb]Zlg_jZ \ PDD <DI [ h iheh`_gbb ^_e \ :G KKKJ

^_dZ[jy ]

«Y ^he`_g kh \k_c dZl_]hjbqghklvx kdZaZlv qlh qbkldZ ^he`gZ ijh ^he`Zlvky qlh hklZehkv _s_ g_fZeh oeZfZ Z [ulv fh`_l b \j_^gh]h \ ex^kdhf khklZ\_ :dZ^_fbb gZmd Bo ijh\_jdZ ^he`gZ ijhba\h^blvky \ ^Zevg_cr_f bagmljb :dZ^_fbb gZmd l_fb jZ[hlgbdZfb dhlhju_ \ g__ k_cqZk \eb\Zxlky kh\f_klgh k ijhnkhxahf ih^ gZ[ex^_gb_f dhffmgb klbq_kdhc njZdpbb :dZ^_fbb

Bklhqgbd ‹ K

I?Q:LV B BA>:L?EVKDH? >?EH

40. Ba ^_dj_lZ KGD h i_qZlb

hdly[jy ]

<kydbc agZ_l qlh [mj`mZagZy ij_kkZ _klv h^gh ba fh]ms_kl\_gg_c rbo hjm`bc [mj`mZabb Hkh[_ggh \ djblbq_kdbc fhf_gl dh]^Z gh\Zy \eZklv \eZklv jZ[hqbo b dj_klvyg lhevdh mijhqb\Z_lky g_\hafh`gh [ueh p_ebdhf hklZ\blv wlh hjm`b_ \ jmdZo \jZ]Z \ lh \j_fy dZd hgh g_ f_g__ hiZkgh \ lZdb_ fbgmlu q_f [hf[u b ime_f_lu <hl ihq_fm b [ueb ijb gylu \j_f_ggu_ b wdklj_ggu_ f_ju ^ey ij_k_q_gby ihlhdZ ]jyab b de_\_ lu \ dhlhjuo hohlgh ihlhibeZ [u fheh^mx ih[_^m gZjh^Z `_elZy b a_e_ gZy ij_kkZ

DZd lhevdh gh\uc ihjy^hd mijhqblky \kydb_ Z^fbgbkljZlb\gu_ \ha ^_ckl\by gZ i_qZlv [m^ml ij_djZs_gu ^ey g__ [m^_l mklZgh\e_gZ ihegZy k\h[h^Z \ ij_^_eZo hl\_lkl\_gghklb i_j_^ km^hf kh]eZkgh kZfhfm rbjh dhfm b ijh]j_kkb\ghfm \ wlhf hlghr_gbb aZdhgm

KqblZykv h^gZdh k l_f qlh kl_kg_gb_ i_qZlb ^Z`_ \ djblbq_kdb_ fh f_glu ^himklbfh lhevdh \ ij_^_eZo Z[khexlgh g_h[oh^bfuo Kh\_l GZ jh^guo DhfbkkZjh\ ihklZgh\ey_l

H[s__ iheh`_gb_ h i_qZlb

1. AZdjulbx ih^e_`Zl ebrv hj]Zgu ij_kku

1) ijbau\Zxsb_ d hldjulhfm khijhlb\e_gbx beb g_ih\bgh\_gbx JZ

[hq_fm b Dj_klvygkdhfm ijZ\bl_evkl\m k_xsb_ kfmlm iml_f y\gh de_\_lgbq_kdh]h ba\jZs_gby nZdlh\ ijbau\Zxsb_ d ^_ygbyf y\gh ij_klmigh]h l _ m]heh\gh gZdZam_fh]h oZjZdl_jZ;

74

2)aZij_s_gby hj]Zgh\ ij_kku \j_f_ggu_ beb ihklhyggu_ ijh\h- ^ylky ebrv ih ihklZgh\e_gbx KGD;

3)gZklhys__ iheh`_gb_ bf__l \j_f_gguc oZjZdl_j b [m^_l hlf_g_gh ki_ pbZevguf mdZahf ih gZklmie_gbb ghjfZevguo mkeh\bc h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb

>_dj_lu Kh\_lkdhc \eZklb F L K –25.

41. Ba ^_dj_lZ KGD³H J_\hexpbhgghf Ljb[mgZe_

I_qZlb´3

yg\Zjy ]

1. Ijb J_\hexpbhgghf Ljb[mgZe_ mqj_`^Z_lky J_\hexpbhgguc Ljb

[mgZe I_qZlb <_^_gbx J_\hexpbhggh]h Ljb[mgZeZ I_qZlb ih^e_`Zl ij_klmie_gby b ijhklmidb ijhlb\ gZjh^Z kh\_jrZ_fu_ iml_f bkihevah \Zgby i_qZlb

2. D ij_klmie_gbyf b ijhklmidZf iml_f bkihevah\Zgby i_qZlb hlgh

kylky \kydb_ khh[s_gby eh`guo beb ba\jZs_gguo k\_^_gbc h y\e_gbyo h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb ihkdhevdm hgb y\eyxlky ihky]Zl_evkl\hf gZ ijZ\Z

b bgl_j_ku j_\hexpbhggh]h gZjh^Z Z lZd`_ gZjmr_gby maZdhg_gbc h i_qZlb ba^Zgguo Kh\_lkdhc \eZklvx

8. J_r_gby J_\hexpbhggh]h Ljb[mgZeZ I_qZlb hdhgqZl_evgu b h[

`Zeh\Zgbx g_ ih^e_`Zl DhfbkkZjbZl ih ^_eZf i_qZlb ijb Kh\_l_ JZ[h qbo Khe^Zlkdbo b Dj_klvygkdbo >_imlZlh\ ijb\h^bl \ bkiheg_gb_ ih klZgh\e_gby b ijb]h\hju J_\hexpbhggh]h Ljb[mgZeZ I_qZlb

9. J_\hexpbhgguc Ljb[mgZe I_qZlb hij_^_ey_l ke_^mxsb_ gZdZaZ

gby ^_g_`guc rljZn \ujZ`_gb_ h[s_kl\_ggh]h ihjbpZgby h dh lhjhf ijb\e_q_ggh_ ijhba\_^_gb_ i_qZlb ^h\h^bl ^h \k_h[s_]h k\_^_ gby kihkh[Zfb mdZau\Z_fufb Ljb[mgZehf ihf_s_gb_ gZ \b^ghf f_kl_ ijb]h\hjZ beb `_ ki_pbZevgh_ hijh\_j`_gb_ eh`guo k\_^_gbc 4) ijbhklZgh\dZ ba^Zgby \j_f_ggZy beb gZ\k_]^Z beb batylb_ ba^Zgby

ba h[jZs_gby dhgnbkdZpby \ h[s_gZjh^gmx kh[kl\_gghklv lbih]jZ nbc beb bfms_kl\Z ba^Zgby i_qZlb _keb hgb ijbgZ^e_`Zl ijb\e_q_g guf d km^m ebr_gb_ k\h[h^u m^Ze_gb_ ba klhebpu hl^_evguo f_ klghkl_c beb ij_^_eh\ Jhkkbckdhc J_kim[ebdb ebr_gb_ \bgh\gh]h \k_o beb g_dhlhjuo iheblbq_kdbo ijZ\

10. Kh^_j`Zgb_ J_\hexpbhggh]h Ljb[mgZeZ I_qZlb hlghkblky gZ kq_l ]hkm^Zjkl\Z

Ij_^k_^Zl_ev Kh\_lZ GZjh^guo DhfbkkZjh\

< Mevygh\ E_gbg

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju >hdmf_glu b dhff_glZjbb F K 28–29.

75

42. Iheh`_gb_ GZjdhfijhkZ JKNKJ b =hkba^ZlZ

JKNKJ h ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ba^Zl_evkdhc ijh]jZff_

n_\jZey ]

Ebl_jZlmjgh-ba^Zl_evkdbc hl^_e

Kh]eZkgh >_dj_lm h ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghf ba^Zl_evkl\_ ijbgylhfm PBD Kh\_lh\ JZ[hqbo Khe^Zlkdbo b Dj_klvygkdbo >_imlZlh\ ^_dZ[jy 1917 ] ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy dhfbkkby ih gZjh^ghfm ijhk\_s_gbx ihklZgh

\beZ fhghihebabjh\Zlv gZ e_l b ba^Zlv khqbg_gby ke_^mxsbo jmkkdbo [_ee_ljbklh\ ihwlh\ b djblbdh\

\jZlkdbc I < AZkh^bfkdbc K F DjZ\qbgkdbc : < Dhevph\ B : Dju-

K Y GZ^khg G I H]Zj_\ : G Hkljh\kdbc : K Imrdbg G = Ih- fyeh\kdbc $ H. Ie_s__\ Y I Ihehgkdbc > B IbkZj_\ : B Iuibg

B K Lmj]_g_\ : D Lheklhc K G L_jib]hj_\ K :lZ\Z = B Mki_g- kdbc > B Nhg\babg : I Q_oh\ G = Q_jgur_\kdbc : : R_grbg- N_l G < R_e]mgh\ : B Wjl_ev I Y Ydm[h\bq

Khqbg_gby Z\lhjh\ g_ \hr_^rbo \ ijb\_^_gguc i_j_q_gv b mf_jrbo g_ iha^g__ ^_dZ[jy ] fh]ml [ulv ba^Zgu dZ`^uf ]jZ`^Zgbghf Kh\_lkdhc J_kim[ebdb Jhkkbb [_a \kydh]h gZ lh jZaj_r_gby \ [eb`Zcr__ \j_fy hkh[h

Kibkhd Z\lhjh\ gZmqguo ljm^h\ dhlhju_ ]hkm^ dhfbkkby ih gZ-

jh^ghfm ijhk\_s_gbx fhghihebabjm_l [m^_l h[ty\e_g hkh[h \ kZfhf [ebadhf \j_f_gb

< i_j\mx hq_j_^v [m^ml ba^Zgu \k_ khqbg_gby < H Dexq_\kdh]h khqbg_gby D FZjdkZ ;ehkZ ih bklhjbb j_\hexpbc @ @hj_kZ DZmlkdh ]h b fgh]b_ ^jm]b_

Gbdlh g_ fh`_l ij_^ijbgylv ba^Zgb_ l_o beb ^jm]bo gZmqguo ljm ^h\ ^h him[ebdh\Zgby kibkdZ [_a jZaj_r_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc dhfbk kbb gZjh^gh]h ijhk\_s_gby b \ kemqZ_ gZjmr_gby ^Zggh]h ihklZgh\

76

e_gby [m^_l ijb\e_q_g d hl\_lkl\_gghklb i_j_^ J_\hexpbhgguf Ljb [mgZehf

GZjh^guc DhfbkkZj : EmgZqZjkdbc

IjZ\bl_evkl\_gguc DhfbkkZj Ebl_jZlmjgh-ba^Zl_evkdhdh]h hl^ I B E_[_^_\-Iheygkdbc

K_dj_lZjv >f E_s_gdhn_\jZey ]

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju« K 411–412.

43. Ba pbjdmeyjZ hl^_eZ \h_gghc p_gamju j_]bkljZpbhggh]h mijZ\e_gby ihe_\h]h rlZ[Z J_\\h_gkh\_lZ J_kim[ebdb

Z\]mklZ ]

K?DJ?LGH

GZqZevgbdZf <h_ggh-p_gamjguo imgdlh\ jhl ijb ihe_\uo ihqlh\uo dhglhjZo

I.

GZ mihfygmlu_ <h_ggh-P_gamjgu_ imgdlu \haeZ]Z_lky

1. H[yaZl_evguc ijhkfhlj \k_c ijhoh^ys_c q_j_a ^Zggmx ihe_\mx ihqlh\mx Dhglhjm dhjj_kihg^_gpbb Z^j_kh\Zgghc ba DjZkghc :jfbb

3. I_jexkljZpby \k_c dhjj_kihg^_gpbb ih k_dj_lguf mdZaZgbyf ih emqZ_fuf ba Hl^_e_gby ijb J_\\h_gkh\_l_ -c :jfbb

II.

1. <h_ggh-P_gamjguc imgdl ih^qbgy_lky g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh Hl^_- e_gbx <h_gghc P_gamju ijb J_\\h_gkh\_l_ ^Zgghc Zjfbb...

3. <_kv fZl_jbZe ihemq_gguc hl ijhkfhljZ ihqlh\hc dhjj_kihg- ^_gpbb l _ f_fhjZg^mfu \ -o wda k khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb bf ibkvfZfb

_`_^g_\gh gZijZ\eylv \ Hl^_e_gb_ <h_gghc P_gamju ijb J_\\h_gkh\_ lZo :jfbc«

Ih^ebgguc ih^ibkZeb

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju« K 253–254.

77

44. Ba ibkvfZ B > KulbgZ4 qe_gm Ihebl[xjh PD JDI [ E > Ljhpdhfm h dhgnebdl_ _]h ba^Zl_evkl\Z k =hkba^Zlhf

fZy ]

K Hdly[jvkdhc j_\hexpbb y ijh^he`Ze k\hx ba^Zl_evkdmx jZ[hlm b kgZ[`Ze mqj_`^_gby GZjdhfa_fZ dZd klZjufb lZd b \uoh^ysbfb dgb]Z fb Ba^Zl_evkl\h jZa\b\Zehkv lZdbf h[jZahf ^h fZy ]h^Z dh]^Z ih l_e_nhgh]jZff_ =hkba^ZlZ m f_gy [_a \hagZ]jZ`^_gby [ueh \aylh 15 lukyq im^h\ [mfZ]b Ohly ihke_ wlh]h jZ[hlZlv [ueh ihqlb g_\hafh`

gh gh y j_rbe ihiulZlvky hkms_kl\blv k\hx klZjmx dhgp_kkbx gZ ibk q_[mfZ`gmx nZ[jbdm IeZg fhc [ue h^h[j_g lh\ DjZkbguf b fg_ m^Z ehkv \hclb \ kghr_gb_ k Klbg_gkhf I_j_]h\hju reb mki_rgh b y kh[b jZeky rbjhdh gZqZlv gh\h_ ^_eh Gh \ wlhl fhf_gl fg_ \lhjhc jZa hdZau \Z_lky g_\hafh`guf jZ[hlZlv lZd dZd =hkba^Zl ih-gh\hfm lhedmy ^_d

j_l h dgb`guo aZiZkZo ihklZgh\be hlh[jZlv [_kieZlgh \_kv hklZlhd

dgb] Lhedh\Zgb_ wlh ijhlb\hj_qZs__ \k_c iheblbd_ Kh\_lkdhc \eZklb ih hlghr_gbx d qZklguf ba^Zl_evkl\Zf gZqbgZy k ] ebrZ_l f_gy ihke_^g_c fZl_jbZevghc hkgh\u fh_]h ^_eZ Z bf_ggh gbqlh`gu_ hk-

lZldb dgb]

Y gbq_]h g_ bf_e ijhlb\ gZpbhgZebaZpbb ih dhlhjhc m f_gy [ueh \aylhdgb`guo fZ]Zabgh\ [hevrbo dgb`guo kdeZ^h\ ^\_ [hevrb_ lbih]jZ nbb \ Fhkd\_ h^gZ \ I_ljh]jZ^_ b 0 im^h\ [mfZ]b

< j_amevlZl_ ihke_^g_]h jZkihjy`_gby =HKBA>:L: y \hh[s_ l_jyx \kydh_ agZq_gb_ dZd jZ[hlgbd i_qZlgh]h ^_eZ l d gbdlh aZ ]jZgbp_c g_

aZohq_l bf_lv ^_eh k q_eh\_dhf m dhlhjh]h kgh\Z \ ] gZpbhgZebab

jh\Zeb bfms_kl\h ih^ ij_^eh]hf gh\h]h lhedh\Zgby klZjh]h m`_ hlf_ g_ggh]h ^_dj_lZ \k_ ^_dj_lu h gZpbhgZebaZpbb hlf_g_gu ^_dj_lhf hl

O– ] b[h m g_]h hiylv kfh]ml b \ ke_^mxs_f ]h^m dhgnbkdh\Zlv bfms_kl\h gZ hkgh\_ gh\h]h jZatykg_gby – qlh \k_]^Z im]Z_l bghkljZg

p_\ F_`^m l_f y ohqm jZ[hlZlv ]hlh\ jZ[hlZlv \ ihfhsv =hkba^Zlm gh ijhrm h kha^Zgbb ^ey wlhc jZ[hlu ijb_fe_fuo mkeh\bc dhlhju_ \ dhg p_ dhgph\ ihc^ml gZ ihevam kZfhc Kh\_lkdhc \eZklb < \b^m \k_]h baeh `_ggh]h y h[jZsZxkv d <Zf k ijhkv[hc ijbgylv f_gy b \uykgblv fh_ iheh`_gb_ mkfZljb\Zy \ wlhf _^bgkl\_ggmx hklZ\rmxky m f_gy \ha fh`ghklv ihklZ\blv fhx jZ[hlm \ [he__ beb f_g__ ghjfZevgu_ mkeh\by

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju« K –429.

78

45. Iheh`_gb_ h =eZ\ghf mijZ\e_gbb ih ^_eZf ebl_jZlmju b ba^Zl_evkl\Z =eZ\ebl

bxgy ]

1. < p_eyo h[t_^bg_gby \k_o \b^h\ p_gamju i_qZlguo ijhba\_^_gbc

mqj_`^Z_lky =eZ\gh_ MijZ\e_gb_ ih ^_eZf ebl_jZlmju b ba^Zl_evkl\Z ijb GZjh^ghf DhfbkkZjbZl_ Ijhk\_s_gby b _]h f_klgu_ hj]Zgu – ijb

]m[_jgkdbo hl^_eZo gZjh^gh]h h[jZah\Zgby

2. GZ =eZ\gh_ MijZ\e_gb_ ih ^_eZf ebl_jZlmju b ba^Zl_evkl\Z b _]h f_klgu_ hj]Zgu \haeZ]Z_lky

Z ij_^\Zjbl_evguc ijhkfhlj \k_o ij_^gZagZq_gguo d him[ebdh\Zgbx

beb jZkijhkljZg_gbx ijhba\_^_gbc dZd jmdhibkguo lZd b i_qZlguo ba^Z gbc i_jbh^bq_kdbo b g_i_jbh^bq_kdbo kgbfdh\ jbkmgdh\ dZjl b l i

[ \u^ZqZ jZaj_r_gbc gZ ijZ\h ba^Zgby hl^_evguo ijhba\_^_gbc Z jZ\gh hj]Zgh\ i_qZlb, i_jbh^bq_kdbo b g_i_jbh^bq_kdbo

\ khklZ\e_gb_ kibkdh\ ijhba\_^_gbc i_qZlb aZij_s_gguo d ijh^Z`_ b jZkijhkljZg_gbx

] ba^Zgb_ ijZ\be jZkihjy`_gbc b bgkljmdpbc ih ^_eZf i_qZlb h[y

aZl_evguo ^ey \k_o hj]Zgh\ i_qZlb ba^Zl_evkl\ lbih]jZnbc [b[ebhl_d b dgb`guo fZ]Zabgh\

3.=eZ\gh_ MijZ\e_gb_ ih ^_eZf ebl_jZlmju b ba^Zl_evkl\Z b _]h hj ]Zgu \hkij_sZxl ba^Zgb_ b jZkijhkljZg_gb_ ijhba\_^_gbc

Z kh^_j`Zsbo Z]blZpbx ijhlb\ kh\_lkdhc \eZklb [ jZa]eZrZxsbo \h_ggu_ lZcgu J_kim[ebdb

\ \ha[m`^Zxsbo h[s_kl\_ggh_ fg_gb_ iml_f khh[s_gby eh`guo k\_^_gbc

] ghkysbo ihjgh]jZnbq_kdbc oZjZdl_j

4.Ba^Zgby Dhffmgbklbq_kdh]h Bgl_jgZpbhgZeZ P_gljZevgh]h Dh

fbl_lZ Jhkkbckdhc Dhffmgbklbq_kdhc IZjlbb b \ky \hh[s_ iZjlbcgZy dhffmgbklbq_kdZy i_qZlv Z jZ\gh ba^Zgby =hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h Ba^Zl_ev kl\Z b =eZ\gh]h Iheblbdh-Ijhk\_lbl_evgh]h Dhfbl_lZ Ba\_klby <k_

jhkkbckdh]h Bkihegbl_evgh]h Dhfbl_lZ b gZmqgu_ ljm^u :dZ^_fbb gZmd hk\h[h`^Zxlky hl p_gamju < hlghr_gbb wlbo ba^Zgbc gZ =eZ\gh_ MijZ\e_gb_ ih ^_eZf ebl_jZlmju b ba^Zl_evkl\Z b _]h hj]Zgu \haeZ]Z_l ky ijbgylb_ f_j d iheghfm h[_ki_q_gbx bgl_j_kh\ \h_gghc p_gamju Ki_pbZevgu_ \_^hfkl\_ggu_ ba^Zgby hk\h[h`^Zxlky hl p_gamju ebrv ih kh]eZr_gbx f_`^m =eZ\guf MijZ\e_gb_f ih ^_eZf ebl_jZlmju b ba^Zl_evkl\Z b khhl\_lkl\mxsbf GZjh^guf DhfbkkZjbZlhf

5. GZ \k_o ijhba\_^_gbyo i_qZlb ba^Z\Z_fuo \ J_kim[ebd_ aZ bkdex q_gb_f i_j_qbke_gguo \ kl -c ^he`gZ [ulv \baZ =eZ\gh]h MijZ\e_gby ih ^_eZf ebl_jZlmju b ba^Zl_evkl\Z beb _]h f_klguo hj]Zgh\

79