Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

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K 426–428.

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150

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152

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153

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K –321.

154

IJBF?Q:GBY

1 QZygh\ :e_dkZg^j <Zkbev_\bq –1937) – mq_guc ibkZl_ev h^bg ba l_hj_lbdh\

dj_klvygkdhc dhhi_jZpbb Ihke_ Hdly[jvkdhc j_\hexpbb jZ[hlZe \ GZjh^ghf dhfbkkZjbZ l_ a_fe_^_eby jmdh\h^be GBB k_evkdhohayckl\_gghc wdhghfbb < ] Zj_klh\Zg ih

knZ[jbdh\Zgghfm h[\bg_gbx \ ijbgZ^e_`ghklb d “Ljm^h\hc dj_klvykdhc iZjlbb” < 1937 ] \gh\v Zj_klh\Zg b jZkklj_eyg Kh^_j`Zgb_ jZ[hlu khklZ\beb e_dpbb ijhqblZggu_

gZ klZjhh[jy^q_kdbo k_evkdhohayckl\_gguo dmjkZo D ] \ureh q_luj_ ba^Zgby “DjZldh]h dmjkZ”.

2 IZ\eh\ B\Zg I_ljh\bq –1936) – nbabheh] kha^Zl_ev mq_gbc h \ukr_c g_j\ghc

^_yl_evghklb :dZ^_fbd I_l_j[ :G Jhk :G :G KKKJ EZmj_Zl Gh [_e_\kdhc ij_fbb < –30-_ ]] g_h^ghdjZlgh \uklmiZe ijhlb\ ijhba\heZ gZkb

eby b ih^Z\e_gby k\h[h^u fukeb

3 Ehk_\ :e_dkZg^j N_^hjh\bq –1988) – nbehkhn b nbeheh] \ p_glj_ \gbfZgby – ijh[e_fu kbf\heZ b fbnZ “>bZe_dlbdZ fbnZ” < – 1933 ]] [ue j_ij_kkbjh\Zg K k_j_^bgu -o ]] him[ebdh\Ze hdheh fhgh]jZnbc \ l q “Bklhjbx Zglbqghc wkl_

lbdb” \ l EZmj_Zl =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ij_fbb KKKJ

4 YjhkeZ\kdbc ?f_evyg FboZceh\bq =m[_evfZg Fbg_c BajZbev_\bq –1943) –

kh\_lkdbc iZjlbcguc b ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc ^_yl_ev H^bg ba \_^msbo b^_heh]bq_kdbo jZ[hl gbdh\ klZebgkdh]h i_jbh^Z <i_j\u_ him[ebdh\Zgh \ ]Za_l_ “IjZ\^Z” \ 1939 ] yg\

5 <deZ^ \ hldjulb_ hk\h_gb_ b jZa\blb_ K_\_jZ aZdexq_gguo hkh[_ggh mq_guo b

bg`_g_jh\ ^h kbo ihj g_ jZkdjul nZfbebb bo \ [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ g_ gZa\Zgu mkeh\by \ dhlhjuo ijboh^behkv ijh\h^blv gZmqgu_ bkke_^h\Zgby ij_^klZ\eyxlky kh\j_f_gghfm ihdhe_gbx ^h\hevgh kfmlgh

6<:IF – <k_jhkkbckdZy ZkkhpbZpby ijhe_lZjkdbo fmaudZglh\

7AZfylbg ?\]_gbc B\Zgh\bq –1932) – ibkZl_ev :\lhj jhfZgZ-Zglbmlhibb “Fu”

him[e aZ jm[_`hf \ ] \ Jhkkbb – \ ] K ] \ wfb]jZpbb \ IZjb`_ :\lhj

kdZahd-ijblq_c iv_k ih\_kl_c

8 KlZgbkeZ\kdbc gZkl nZfbeby – :e_dk__\ DhgklZglbg K_j]__\bq –1938) – j_

`bkk_j Zdl_j i_^Z]h] l_hj_lbd l_ZljZ ihq_lguc ZdZ^_fbd Jhkkbckdhc :G b :G KKKJ GZjh^guc Zjlbkl KKKJ JZajZ[hlZe k\hx kbkl_fm Zdl_jkdh]h l\hjq_ kl\Z l_ogbdm i_j_\hiehs_gby \ h[jZa “kbkl_fZ KlZgbkeZ\kdh]h” K ] \ha]eZ\eye

Hi_jgmx klm^bx ;hevrh]h l_ZljZ \ihke_^kl\bb – Hi_jguc l_Zlj bf_gb KlZgbkeZ\kdh]h 9 F_oebk E_\ AZoZjh\bq –1953) – iheblbq_kdbc ^_yl_ev ]_g_jZe-ihedh\gbd

< 937– ]] – gZq =e iheblmijZ\e_gby JDD: b aZf gZjdhfZ h[hjhgu KKKJ < 1940–46 ]] – gZjdhf =hkdhgljhey KKKJ b aZf ij_^k_^Zl_ey KGD KKKJ < – ]] –

fbgbklj =hkdhgljhey KKKJ Qe_g PD iZjlbb k ]

10 F_c_johev^ <k_\heh^ Wfbev_\bq –1940) – j_`bkk_j Zdl_j i_^Z]h] gZjh^- guc Zjlbkl Jhkkbb J_nhjfZlhj l_ZljZ ihke_ ] \ha]eZ\be ^\b`_gb_ “L_ ZljZevguc Hdly[jv” k ijh]jZffhc i_j_hp_gdb wkl_lbq_kdbo p_gghkl_c < ] kha^Ze k\hc l_Zlj k ] – =HKLBF

DjblbdZ _]h l_ZljZevguo ihklZgh\hd “>ZfZ k dZf_ebyfb” (1934), “<_ebdh^mr- guc jh]hghk_p” b ^j J_ij_kkbjh\Zg j_Z[beblbjh\Zg ihkf_jlgh

11;me]Zdh\ FboZbe :nZgZkv_\bq –1940) – jmkkdbc ibkZl_ev Z\lhj jZkkdZah\ ih \_kl_c iv_k jhfZgZ “FZkl_j b FZj]ZjblZ”.

12Wj^fZg GbdheZc Jh[_jlh\bq –1970) – ^jZfZlmj] IhklZgh\e_gb_f Hkh[h]h kh

\_sZgby ijb dhee_]bb H=IM hl hdly[jy ] ijb]h\hj_g d \ukued_ \ ] ?gbk_ckd kjhdhf gZ ]h^Z ih h[\bg_gbx “\ khqbg_gbb b g_e_]Zevghf jZkijhkljZg_gbb dhgljj_\h- expbhgguo ebl_jZlmjguo ijhba\_^_gbc” J_Z[beblbjh\Zg \ ]

155

13Rhehoh\ FboZbe :e_dkZg^jh\bq (1905–1986) – ibkZl_ev ZdZ^_fbd :G KKKJ

^\Z`^u =_jhc KhpbZebklbq_kdh]h Ljm^Z :\lhj jhfZgh\ “Lbobc >hg”, “Ih^ gylZy p_ebgZ”, “Hgb kjZ`Zebkv aZ Jh^bgm” EZmj_Zl Gh[_e_\kdhc ij_fbb (1965).

14Dhjbg IZ\_e >fbljb_\bq (1892–1967) – om^h`gbd j_klZ\jZlhj :\lhj ljbilboZ

“:e_dkZg^j G_\kdbc” (1942– b ihjlj_lh\ F KZjvygZ J =mllmah b ^j GZjh^guc om

^h`gbd KKKJ (1962), eZmj_Zl E_gbgkdhc b =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ij_fbc KKKJ

15 FZg^_evrlZf GZ^_`^Z Ydh\e_\gZ –1980) – f_fmZjbkldZ `_gZ ihwlZ H W FZg- ^_evrlZfZ Ihke_ _]h Zj_klZ \ ] `beZ \ ijh\bgpbb K k_j_^bgu 1960-o ]] iulZeZkv gZi_qZlZlv ebl_jZlmjgh_ gZke_^b_ ihwlZ GZibkZeZ f_fmZju \h NjZgpbb b KR: –

“<hkihfbgZgby”, “<lhjZy dgb]Z”, “Fhb aZ\_sZgb_ b ^jm]b_ wkk_”, “Lj_lvy dgb]Z”.

16 JZkdhevgbdh\ Bevbg N_^hj N_^hjh\bq –1939) – \h \j_fy =jZ`^Zgkdhc \hcgu aZf_klbl_ev gZjdhfZ ih fhjkdbf ^_eZf qe_g J_\\h_gkh\_lZ J_kim[ebdb \ – ]] – aZ\ hl^_ehf \ Bkihedhf_ Dhfbgl_jgZ k ] gZ ^biehfZlbq_kdhc jZ[hl_ < ] \\b ^m m]jhau Zj_klZ hldZaZeky \_jgmlvky \ KKKJ < ] h[ty\e_g “\jZ]hf gZjh^Z” b ebr_g

kh\_lkdh]h ]jZ`^Zgkl\Z Ibkvfh [ueh hlijZ\e_gh \h njZgpmakdh_ bgnhjfZpbhggh_ Z]_gl kl\h “=Z\Zk” Him[ebdh\Zgh hdly[jy ] \ wfb]jZglkdhf ba^Zgbb “Gh\Zy Jhkkby”

IZjb`

156

= E : < : III

<HCG: B DMEVLMJ: 41–1945 ]]

<<?>?GB? D >HDMF?GL:F

Ijb \u[hj_ l_dklh\ [ueZ ihklZ\e_gZ aZ^ZqZ hagZdhfblv klm^_glh\ ih \ha- fh`ghklb k jZaghh[jZagufb bklhqgbdZfb kha^Zlv mkeh\by ^ey kZfhklhyl_ev-

gh]h ZgZebaZ ^hdmf_glh\ Hlklmie_gb_ hl kljh]h ojhgheh]bq_kdh]h ijbgpbiZ baeh`_gby fZl_jbZeZ h[mkeh\e_gh ki_pbnbdhc b ^jZfZlbafhf \h_ggh]h \j_ f_gb g_h^ghagZqghklvx b ijhlb\hj_qb\hklvx ^_ckl\bc hl^_evguo ex^_c

<_ebdZy Hl_q_kl\_ggZy \hcgZ – ]] klZeZ kmjh\uf bkiulZgb

_f ^ey kh\_lkdh]h gZjh^Z >hdmf_glu ]eZ\u hljZ`Zxl keh`guc i_jbh^ \ bklhjbb dmevlmju Jhkkbb aZ^Zqb dhlhjhc f_gyebkv \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl h[klZgh\db gZ njhgl_ < gZqZevguc i_jbh^ \k_ mkbeby [ueb gZijZ\e_gu gZ jZatykg_gb_ oZjZdl_jZ \hcgu fh[bebaZpbx gZjh^Z ^ey hlihjZ Z]j_k khjZ D \uiheg_gbx wlhc fbkkbb [ueb ijb\e_q_gu ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ b iZjlbcgu_ kljmdlmju h[s_kl\_ggu_ hj]ZgbaZpbb p_jdh\v ^hd ‹ 1, 3,

K ] Zdp_glu kf_klbebkv gZ ijhiZ]Zg^m b^_c ijhe_ lZjkdh]h bgl_jgZpbhgZebafZ b h[hkgh\Zgb_ hk\h[h^bl_evghc fbkkbb kh\_lkdbo khe^Zl

Hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ j_dhf_g^m_lky h[jZlblv gZ ^hdmf_glu jZkkdZau \Zxsb_ h kiZk_gbb dmevlmjguo p_gghkl_c dh]^Z \ k`Zlu_ kjhdb gZ <hk lhd [ueb w\Zdmbjh\Zgu dhee_dpbb fgh]bo fma__\ b [b[ebhl_d ^hd ‹ 2,

G_ h[hc^_gZ klhjhghc b l_fZ l\hjq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb \ luem b gZ njhgl_ djmig_crbo dhee_dlb\h\ kljZgu ^hd ‹ >_yl_eb dmev-

lmju ku]jZeb h]jhfgmx jhev \ mdj_ie_gbb gZjh^gh]h iZljbhlbafZ L\hj- q_kl\h : L\Zj^h\kdh]h : NZ^__\Z H ;_j]]hevp b ^j p_f_glbjh\Zeh fh- jZevgh-iheblbq_kdh_ _^bgkl\h kh\_lkdh]h gZjh^Z ^hd ‹

G_fZeuc bgl_j_k ij_^klZ\eyxl bklhqgbdb jZkkdZau\Zxsb_ h i_j_ hkfuke_gbb i_j_`blh]h gZ^_`^Zo b h`b^Zgbyo FZl_jbZeu ba aZibkguo dgb`_d dbghj_`bkk_jZ : >h\`_gdh \hkihfbgZgby ibkZl_e_c < =jhkk fZgZ < G_djZkh\Z ihwlZ ? >hefZlh\kdh]h y\eyxlky [_kkihjguf k\b^_

l_evkl\hf kf_gu gjZ\kl\_gguo dhhj^bgZl m ex^_c i_j_`b\rbo \hcgm

157

>ey oZjZdl_jbklbdb kn_ju gZmdb ijb\e_q_gu bklhqgbdb hljZ`Zxsb_ ba f_g_gby \ hj]ZgbaZpbb jZ[hlu :G KKKJ ^hklb`_gby hl^_evguo mq_guo b p_euo gZmqguo dhee_dlb\h\ ^hd ‹ < wdklj_fZevguo mkeh\byo \hc-

gu hklj__ ijhy\bebkv ]jZ`^Zgkdb_ qm\kl\Z g_aZ\bkbfuo ebqghkl_c ih^l\_j`^_- gb_f q_fm y\ey_lky aZibkdZ mq_gh]h-nbabdZ DZibpu = F FZe_gdh\m

Ij_^ijbgylZ ihiuldZ h[jZs_gby d kjZ\gbl_evgh fZehba\_klguf nZd- lZf bklhjbb dmevlmju b gZmdb \ ]h^u \hcgu H[ h[mq_gbb ^_l_c ki_p-

i_j_k_e_gp_\ q_q_gp_\ bg]mr_c djufkdbo lZlZj bgnhjfbjm_l kijZ\dZ Hl^_eZ ki_pihk_e_gbc GD<> KKKJ ^hd ‹ h ojZg_gbb ljhn_cguo

^hdmf_glh\ b fZl_jbZeh\ \ hkh[hf Zjob\_ =eZ\gh]h Zjob\gh]h mijZ\- e_gby F<> KKKJ k\b^_l_evkl\m_l ^hd ‹ h `bagb \ mkeh\byo hddm- iZpbb – ^hd ‹ 7, 12.

;_kkihjgh fgh]b_ \hijhku b kx`_lu bklhjbb kh\_lkdhc dmevlmju \h_gguo e_l gm`^Zxlky \ ^Zevg_cr_f bamq_gbb

>HDMF?GLU

1. Ba MdZaZ Ij_ab^bmfZ <_joh\gh]h Kh\_lZ KKKJ

³H[ hl\_lkl\_gghklb mqZsboky j_f_ke_gguo `_e_agh^hjh`guo mqbebs b rdhe NAH aZ gZjmr_gb_ ^bkpbiebgu b aZ kZfh\hevguc moh^ ba mqbebsZ rdheu´

^_dZ[jy ]

MqZsb_ky j_f_ke_gguo `_e_agh^hjh`guo mqbebs b rdhe NAH aZ kZfh\hevguc moh^ ba mqbebsZ rdheu Z lZd`_ aZ kbkl_fZlbq_kdh_ b ]jm[h_ gZjmr_gb_ rdhevghc ^bkpbiebgu ih\e_dr__ bkdexq_gb_ ba mqb-

ebsZ rdheu ih^\_j]Zxlky ih ijb]h\hjm km^Z aZdexq_gbx \ ljm^h\u_ dhehgbb kjhdhf ^h h^gh]h ]h^Z

M]heh\guc dh^_dk JKNKJ F K

2. IhklZgh\e_gb_ PD <DI [ b KGD KKKJ

³H ihjy^d_ \u\haZ b jZaf_s_gby ex^kdbo dhglbg]_glh\ b p_ggh- ]h bfms_kl\Z´

bxgy ]

Kljh]h k_dj_lgh

P_gljZevguc Dhfbl_l <DI [ b Kh\_l GZjh^guo DhfbkkZjh\ KhxaZ KKJ ihklZgh\eyxl

1. H[t_dlu b \j_fy w\ZdmZpbb dZd gZk_e_gby lZd b fZl_jbZevguo p_g ghkl_c mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky kh\_lhf ih w\ZdmZpbb beb \h_ggufb kh\_lZfb

158

njhglh\ dhlhjuf ij_^hklZ\blv ijZ\h \ kbem keh`b\r_cky h[klZgh\db mklZgZ\eb\Zlv kZfhklhyl_evgh ihjy^hd b \j_fy w\ZdmZpbb

2.< i_j\mx hq_j_^v w\ZdmZpbb ih^e_`Zl

Z \Z`g_crb_ ijhfure_ggu_ p_gghklb h[hjm^h\Zgb_ \Z`g_c- rb_ klZgdb b fZrbgu p_ggu_ kujv_\u_ j_kmjku ijh^h\hev-

kl\b_ p\_lgu_ f_lZeeu ]hjxq__ oe_[ b ^jm]b_ p_gghklb bf_xsb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ agZq_gb_

[ d\Zebnbpbjh\Zggu_ jZ[hqb_ bg`_g_ju b kem`Zsb_ \f_kl_ k

w\Zdmbjm_fufb k njhglZ ij_^ijbylbyfb gZk_e_gb_ \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v fheh^_`v ]h^gZy ^ey \h_gghc kem`[u hl\_lkl\_ggu_ kh\_lkdb_ b iZjlbcgu_ jZ[hlgbdb

3. <k_ p_ggh_ bfms_kl\h kujv_\u_ b ijh^h\hevkl\_ggu_ aZiZku

oe_[Z gZ dhjgx dhlhju_ ijb g_\hafh`ghklb \u\haZ b hklZ\e_gbb gZ f_kl_ fh]ml [ulv bkihevah\Zgu ijhlb\gbdhf \ p_eyo ij_^hl\jZs_gby wlh]h bkihevah\Zgby jZkihjy`_gb_f \h_gguo kh\_lh\ njhglh\ ^he`gu [ulv g_f_^e_ggh ijb\_^_gu \ ihegmx g_]h^ghklv l _ ^he`gu [ulv jZa-

jmr_gu mgbqlh`_gu b kh``_gu

4. Hkms_kl\e_gb_ \u\haZ ih aZ^Zgbyf kh\_lZ ih w\ZdmZpbb b \h_g-

guo kh\_lh\ njhglh\ \haeZ]Z_lky gZ f_klgu_ hj]Zgu kh\_lkdhc \eZklb JZaf_s_gb_ \u\habfh]h gZk_e_gby b p_ggh]h bfms_kl\Z ijhba\h^blky ih mdZaZgbyf kh\_lZ ih w\ZdmZpbb – Kh\gZjdhfZfb Khxaguo j_kim[ebd

5. Hj]ZgbaZpby iblZgby \u\habfh]h gZk_e_gby \ imlb ke_^h\Zgby

\haeZ]Z_lky gZ hj]Zgu GD<gmlhj]Z KKKJ b P_gljhkhxaZ Z \ imgdlZo jZaf_s_gby – gZ KGD khxaguo j_kim[ebd b h[ebkihedhfu

6. Ijb_f jZaf_s_gb_ ljm^h\h_ mkljhckl\h w\Zdmbjm_fh]h gZk_- e_gby \haeZ]Z_lky gZ KGD khxaguo j_kim[ebd b h[ebkihedhfu

Ba\_klby PD DIKK ‹ K

3. Ba ^g_\gbdZ klm^_gldb L < FbgbghcLhdfZq_\hc –1944 ]] ] K\_j^eh\kd

³;hevr_ ^_eZlv g_dhfm b^m b ^_eZx´

:\]mkl ]

K Z\]mklZ \_kv mgb\_jkbl_l kqblZ_lky fh[bebah\Zgguf gZ jZ[hlm \ dheoha gZ ^\Z-^\Z k iheh\bghc f_kypZ GZ^h _oZlv b jZ[hlZlv ih-

gZklhys_fm

Hdly[jv ]

Gugq_ dheoha ^ey gZk [ue gZklhysbf ljm^h\uf njhglhf JZ[hlZeb k jZgg_]h mljZ ^h l_fghlu mklZ\Zeb kljZrgh <yaZeb aZ dhkbedhc `Zeb k_jiZfb ³^_j]Zeb e_b´ dZd ijbdZau\Ze [jb]Z^bj dhiZeb lmjg_ik b l ^

159