Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

Ba dZlhj`Zg ih ki_pbZevghklb fh] jZ[hlZlv lhevdh f_^i_jkhgZe Ih wlhfm \deZ^ dZlhj`Zg \ gZmdm « [ue fbgbfZevguf

<hijhku bklhjbb ‹ K –31.

EBL?J:LMJ: B BKDMKKL<H

20. Ba j_ahexpbb <lhjhc fhkdh\kdhc dhgn_j_gpbb jZ[hqbo djm`dh\ <:IF6

1930 ]

AZkemrZ\ ^hdeZ^ l E_[_^bgkdh]h gZ l_fm ³Ijhe_lZjkdZy fZkkh\Zy i_kgy b aZ^Zqb fZkkh\hc fmajZ[hlu \ j_dhgkljmdlb\guc i_jbh^´ -y dhgn_j_gpby

jZ[hqbo djm`dh\ <:IF hlf_qZ_l

1. <ebygb_ fmaudb gZ jZ[hqbc deZkk ijhbkoh^bl \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v q_

j_a fZkkh\mx i_kgx AgZqbl_evgZy qZklv i_k_g jZkijhkljZg_gguo \ jZ[h q_f deZkk_ bf__l \ k\h_c hkgh\_ qm`^h_ b g_j_^dh ijyfh \jZ`^_[gh_ jZ [hq_fm deZkkm kh^_j`Zgb_ Wlb i_kgb bf_gm_fu_ qZklh ³pu]Zgkdbfb´ ³gZjh^gufb´ b l i ihjh`^_gu dZd ihdZaZgh \ ^hdeZ^_ l E_[_^bgkdh]h

ivyguf jZa]mehf jmkkdh]h dmi_q_kl\Z ]hjh^kdbf f_sZgkl\hf b gZkljh_ gbyfb hlklZeuo keh_\ jZ[hqbo

2. GZjy^m k wlbf jZkijhkljZg_gu fgh]b_ i_kgb hljZ`Zxsb_ j_\hex

pbhgbabjmxs__ky khagZgb_ jZ[hq_]h i_kgb j_\hexpbhggh]h ih^ihevy Z lZd`_ gZjh`^Zxs__ky b dj_igms__ kh\j_f_ggh_ ijhe_lZjkdh_ l\hjq_kl\h

3. ;hjv[Z aZ hqbs_gb_ jZ[hq_]h deZkkZ hl qm`^uo b \jZ`^_[guo

\ebygbc k h]jhfghc kbehc b^msbo bf_ggh q_j_a i_kgb ijhiZ]Zg^Z ijh e_lZjkdbo i_k_g ^bdlm_l g_h[oh^bfhklv Zdlb\g_cr_]h mqZklby jZ[hqbo fmaudZglh\ \ jZ[hl_ gZ fmaudZevgh-b^_heh]bq_kdhf njhgl_

JZah[eZq_gb_ deZkkh\uo dhjg_c gwifZgkdhc b f_sZgkdhc fmaudb \ul_kg_gb_ __ ba [ulZ ba ikbobdb jZ[hq_]h k h^ghc klhjhgu \g_^j_gb_ gh\hc ijhe_lZjkdhc i_kgb k ^jm]hc – \k_ wlh ^he`gh klZlv ih\k_^g_\ghc

[h_\hc aZ^Zq_c djm`dh\pZ-Zdlb\bklZ

4. H^gh\j_f_ggh k wlbf dhgn_j_gpby k g_]h^h\Zgb_f dhgklZlbjm_l

g_ij_djZsZxs__ky kh klhjhgu g_dhlhjuo mqj_`^_gbc b hj]ZgbaZpbc gZkZ`^_gb_ b jZkijhkljZg_gb_ \jZ`^_[ghc jZ[hq_fm deZkkm fmaudb

LZd gZijbf_j ^h kbo ihj Fmalj_kl ijh^he`Z_l \uimkdZlv ]jZfieZ klbgdb k aZibkvx nhdkljhlghc ihoZ[sbgu b ³pu]Zgsbgu´

G_dhlhju_ l_Zlju dZd gZijbf_j bf F_c_johev^Z mihjgh ijhiZ ]Zg^bjmxl nhdkljhlu b fmaudm ³Dbjibqbdh\´ Lh `_ kZfh_ fh`gh g_ j_^dh keurZlv b ih jZ^bh

130

<k_ wlb y\e_gby ijhbkoh^ysb_ \ fhf_gl klhev h[hklj_gghc deZkkh \hc [hjv[u gZ \k_o mqZkldZo \ lhf qbke_ mqZkld_ b^_heh]bq_kdhf g_evay d\Zebnbpbjh\Zlv bgZq_ dZd yjdh \ujZ`_gguc ijZ\uc hiihjlmgbaf \ ijZdlbq_kdhc jZ[hl_ kh klhjhgu g_dhlhjuo jmdh\h^bl_e_c fmaiheblb dhc khq_lZ_fuc \hafh`gh b k \j_^bl_evkl\hf kh klhjhgu ba\_klghc qZklb ki_pbZebklh\ jZ[hlZxsbo \ fmaudZevguo mqj_`^_gbyo !

Oj_klhfZlby ih bklhjbb Jhkkbb« K –466.

21. Ba iRdDaDgbc iRwlD %DFbeby +DFH^dbgD gD ^RiSRFH \ =IM

]

Ba %.I [ \urHe F R^gRc FlRSRgu iR [ReHagb b HsH Rl gHFR]- eDFby F iReblbdRc iDSlbb iR dSHFlvygFdRf\ \RiSRF\ Y \b^He dDSlb-

gu iSR^SDa\HSFldb gD MSDeH B Rgb iSRba\Heb gD fHgy ly]RFlgRH \iHqDleHgbH 3HrDxsbf fRfHglRf d fRHf\ \u[R^\ ba iDSlbb [ueR gHFR]eDFbH P. iDSlbb gDiSD\blv fHgy gD eHqHgbH

&qblDy FH[y \ R[sHf FlRSRggbdRf FR\\eDFlb y gH FR]eDFHg F iReb- lbdRc iDSlbb iR Sy^\ \RiSRFR\

+HFfRlSy gD SHrHgbH iDSlbb iRdRgqblv F iHSH]b[Dfb \ dReeHdlb-

\baDpbb FHevFdR]R [RaycFl\D [uFlSuc lHfi wlb iHSH]b[u nDdlbqHFdb F\sHFl\\xl \ fHgvrHc fHSH .ReeHdlb\baDpbx gD^R iSR\R^blv gR [ReHH RFlRSR`gR Ebd\b^Dpbx d\eDqHFl\D dDd deDFFD R^R[Syx gR iR

\RafR`gRFlb [Ha Rrb[Rd SDFd\eDqb\DgbH FHSH^gydR\ b iSRqHH +H FR]-

eDFHg y F iReblbdRc iDSlbb b \ R[eDFlb eblHSDl\Su Y FqblDx qlR F\RHc iReblbdRc \ wlRf \RiSRFH iDSlby lRedDHl pHeuc Sy^ iRi\lqbdR\ d [Del\SH b iSbFiRFR[eHgqHFl\\ WlR \uau\DHlFy qSHafHSguf b^HReR]b-

qHFdbf gD`bfRf iDSlbb gD ibFDlHeHc – ibFDlv lRevdR gD aeR[R^gH\guH

lHfu % >RfH =HSpHgD b ^S\]b[ R[sHFl\Hggu[ fHFlD[ y \uFdDau\Dx F\Rb iReblbqHFdbH \a]ey^u b^HglbqguH F iSb\H^Hggufb \urH

+HSH^dR ]R\RSy R[ b^HReR]bb y \fHFlR FeR\D ³b^HReR]by´ iSRba-

gRFbe ³b^bRlReR]by´ WlR RlgRFblFy b d FR\\eDFlb +H RlSbpDx qlR \R \SHfy iReblbqHFdb[ FiRSR\ bgR]^D ]R\RSbe qlR fHFlgDy \eDFlv ]SD[bl dSHFlvygFl\R BfHy \ \b^\ dRgdSHlguH nDdlu y gDau\De gHdRlRSuH y\ eHgby ]SD[H`Rf«

+Dr FR\SHfHggbd ‹ & –164.

131

22. Ba ibFvfD ibFDlHey ( ADfylbgD7

B B. &lDebg\

Bxgv ]

M\D`DHfuc BRFbn %bFFDSbRgR\bq iSb]R\RSHgguc d \uFrHc fHSH gD- dDaDgby – D\lRS gDFlRysH]R ibFvfD – R[SDsDHlFy d %Df F iSRFv[Rc R aD- fHgH wlRc fHSu ^S\]Rx

0RH bfy %Df \HSRylgR ba\HFlgR >ey fHgy dDd ^ey ibFDlHey bfHggR FfHSlguf iSb]R\RSRf y\eyHlFy ebrHgbH \RafR`gRFlb ibFDlv D R[FlRy-

lHevFl\D FeR`bebFv lDd qlR iSR^Re`Dlv F\Rx SD[Rl\ y gH fR]\ iRlRf\ qlR gbdDdRH l\RSqHFl\R gHfuFebfR HFeb iSb[R^blFy SD[RlDlv \ DlfRFnH-

pe FbFlHfDlbqHFdRc ]R^ Rl ]R^\ \FH \Fbeb\DxsHcFy lSD\eb

Y gb \ dDdRc fHSH gH [Rq\ baR[SD`Dlv ba FH[y RFdRS[eHgg\x gH\bg- gRFlv Y agDx qlR \ iHS\uH – ]R^D iRFeH SH\Rexpbb FSH^b iSRqH]R

gDibFDggR]R fgRx [ueb \Hsb dRlRSuH fR]eb ^Dlv iR\R^ ^ey gDiD^Rd Y agDx qlR \ fHgy HFlv RqHgv gH\^R[gDy iSb\uqdD ]R\RSblv gH lR qlR \ ^Dgguc fRfHgl \u]R^gR D lR qlR fgH dD`HlFy iSD\^Rc % qDFlgRFlb y gbdR]^D gH FdSu\De F\RH]R RlgRrHgby d eblHSDl\SgRf\ SD[ReHiFl\\ iSbFe\`b\Dgbx b iHSHdSDrb\Dgbx y FqblDe – b iSR^Re`Dx FqblDlv –

qlR wlR R^bgDdR\R \gb`DHl dDd ibFDlHey lDd b SH\Rexpbx % F\RH \SHfy bfHggR wlRl \RiSRF \ SHadRc b R[b^gRc ^ey fgR]b[ nRSfH iRFlD\eHgguc \ R^gRc ba fRb[ FlDlHc `\Sg ³>Rf bcd\FFl\´ ‹ [ue Fb]gD-

eRf ^ey gDqDeD ]DaHlgR-`\SgDevgRc dDfiDgbb iR fRHf\ D^SHF\

& lH[ iRS iR SDaguf iR\R^Df dDfiDgby wlD iSR^Re`DHlFy iR FHc ^Hgv b \ dRgpH dRgpR\ RgD iSb\HeD d lRf\ qlR y gDa\De u nHlbrbafRf dDd gHdR]^D [SbklbDgH ^ey [ReHH \^R[gR]R RebpHl\RSHgby \FyqHFdR]R aeD FRa^Deb qHSlD – lDd dSblbdD F^HeDeD ba fHgy qHSlD kh\HlFdRc eblHSDl\Su

Iexg\lv gD qHSlD – aDFqblu\DHlFy dDd ^R[SRH ^HeR b \Fydbc ieH\De dDd

\fHHl % dD`^Rc fRHc gDiHqDlDggRc \Hsb gHiSHfHggR RluFdb\DeFy dDdRc-gb[\^v ^vy\RevFdbc aDfuFHe !

(Feb y ^HcFl\blHevgR iSHFl\igbd b aDFe\`b\Dx dDSu lR \FH `H ^\fDx gH lDdRc ly`dRc dDd eblHSDl\SgDy FfHSlv b iRlRf\ y iSRr\ aDfHgblv wlRl iSb]R\RS \uFuedRc ba iSH^HeR\ &&&3 – F iSD\Rf ^ey fRHc `Hgu

FRiSR\R`^Dlv fHgy (Feb `H y gH iSHFl\igbd y iSRr\ SDaSHrblv fgH \fHFlH F `HgRc \SHfHggR [Rly [u gD R^bg ]R^ \uH[Dlv aD ]SDgbp\ – F lHf qlR[u y

fR] \HSg\lvFy gDaD^ dDd lRevdR \ gDF FlDgHl \RafR`gR Fe\`blv \ eblHSDl\SH [Revrbf b^Hyf [Ha iSbFe\`b\Dgby fDeHgvdbf ex^yf dDd lRevdR \ gDF [Rlv hlqDFlb bafHgblFy \a]ey^ gD SRev [\^R`gbdD FeR\D $ wlR \SHfy y \\HSHg \`H [ebadR iRlRf\ qlR \FeH^ aD \FiHrguf ba^DgbHf fDlHSbDevgRc [Dau gHfbg\HfR \FlDgHl \RiSRF R FRa^Dgbb gD^FlSRcdb – bFd\Fkl\D b eblHSDl\Su

dRlRSuH ^Hckl\blHetgR [ueb [u ^RFlRcgu SH\Rexpbb

.gb`gRH R[RaSHgbH DiS_ey &

132

Ba ibkvfZ aZ\_^mxs_]h dmevlijhk\_lhl^_ehf PD <DI [ : B Kl_pdh]h k_dj_lZjx PD <DI [ E F DZ]Zgh\bqm

hdly[jy ]

< qbke_ ijh^Zgguo aZ e_l i_j\hdeZkkguo dZjlbg ba kh\_lkdbo

fma__\ ijh^Zgh mgbdZevguo dZjlbgu ba WjfblZ`Z JZnZwey J_f [jZg^lZ Jm[_gkZ <Zg >_cdZ LbpbZgZ ^j«

<k_ wlh ijb\_eh d lhfm qlh WjfblZ` aZgbfZ\rbc lj_lv_ f_klh \ fb j_ ih k\hbf om^h`_kl\_gguf p_gghklyf gug_ hdZaZeky gZ iheh`_gbb ijhklh h^gh]h ba djmiguo klhebqguo fma__\ ih g_dhlhjuf ih^kq_lZf WjfblZ` klhbl l_i_jv gZ f_kl_

Bklhqgbd ‹ K –109.

24. Ba ibkvfZ ^bj_dlhjZ WjfblZ`Z ; < E_]jZgZ k_dj_lZjx PD <DI [ B < KlZebgm

yg\Zjy ]

GDL< GZjdhf\g_rlhj] jZkkfZljb\Zy ih-ij_`g_fm WjfblZ` dZd

k\hc \Zexlguc j_a_j\ ih^ukdb\Z_l aZ[eZ]h\j_f_ggh ihdmiZl_e_c ih k\h_fm ij_ckdmjZglm – wjfblZ`ghfm dZlZeh]m <Zcg_jZ«

GZ^h j_rblv \ dhgp_ dhgph\ gm`_g eb gZf WjfblZ` ^ey wdkihjlguo hi_jZpbc beb ^ey ^jm]bo p_e_c

G_kfhljy gZ \Zexlgu_ hi_jZpbb dhlhjuf ih^\_j]Zeky WjfblZ` g_ kfhljy gZ gbs_gkdbc [x^`_l dhlhjuc m^_eye WjfblZ`m GZjdhfijhk \k_ wlb ]h^u g_kfhljy gZ hlkmlkl\b_ hlhie_gby b we_dljbq_kdh]h hk\_s_gby \ gh\uo abfg_^\hjkdbo ihf_s_gbyo fma_y« WjfblZ` ^hdZaZe k\hx agZqb fhklv b `bag_kihkh[ghklv b h[s_kl\_gghfm fg_gbx \gmljb kljZgu b qlh hkh[_ggh ljm^gh ^h[beky jZklms_]h \gbfZgby aZ ]jZgbp_c

Bklhqgbd ‹ K

25. G B ;moZjbg H kmsghklb b hkh[_gghklyo f_lh^Z khpbZebklbq_kdh]h j_ZebafZ Ba ^hdeZ^Z gZ I_j\hf kt_a^_ ibkZl_e_c KKKJ

]

«Nbehkhnkdhc ij_^ihkuedhc khpbZebklbq_kdh]h j_ZebafZ y\ey_lky ^bZe_dlbq_kdbc fZl_jbZebaf K wlhc lhqdb aj_gby khpbZebklbq_kdbc j_Zebaf _klv hkh[uc f_lh^ \ bkdmkkl\_ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc ^bZe_dlbq_ kdhfm fZl_jbZebafm i_j_\h^ ihke_^g_]h \ h[eZklv bkdmkkl\Z«

133

«KhpbZebklbq_kdbc j_Zebaf hlebqZ_lky hl ijhklh]h j_ZebafZ l_f qlh hg \ p_glj \gbfZgby g_ba[_`gh klZ\bl bah[jZ`_gb_ kljhbl_evkl\Z khpbZebafZ [hjv[u ijhe_lZjbZlZ gh\h]h q_eh\_dZ b \k_o fgh]hkeh` g_crbo ³k\ya_c b hihkj_^h\Zgbc´ \_ebdh]h bklhjbq_kdh]h ijhp_kkZ kh \j_f_gghklb«LhqdZ aj_gby ih[_^u ijhe_lZjbZlZ _klv jZamf__lky dhg klblmlb\guc ijbagZd \k_]h l\hjq_kl\Z khpbZebklbq_kdh]h j_ZebafZ _]h ³h[s_kl\_gguc kfuke´

«NhjfZfb«l\hjq_kl\Z ^he`gu [ulv kZfu_ fgh]hh[jZagu_ _]h nhj-

fu h[t_^bgy_fu_ _^bguf [hevrbf klbe_f beb f_lh^hf khpbZebklbq_ kdh]h j_ZebafZ

«KhpbZebklbq_kdbc j_Zebaf g_ _klv ijhklZy dhgklZlZpby kms_]h Z ih^o\Zlu\Zy gblv jZa\blby \ gZklhys_f hg \_^_l __ \ [m^ms__ b \_^_l Zdlb\gh Ihwlhfm ijhlb\hihklZ\e_gb_ jhfZglbafZ khpbZebklbq_kdhfm j_Zebafm ebr_gh \kydh]h kfukeZ

«KhpbZebklbq_kdbc j_Zebaf Zglbbg^b\b^mZebklbq_g

;moZjbg G B Ba[jZggu_ ljm^u Bklhjby hj]ZgbaZpbb gZmdb b l_ogbdb F

1988. – K –289, 291.

26. >hdeZ^gZy aZibkdZ aZ\_^mxs_]h k_dlhjhf bkdmkkl\ Hl^_eZ dmevlmju b ijhiZ]Zg^u e_gbgbafZ PD <DI [ K >bgZfh\Z

K_dj_lZjyf PD <DI [ – l DZ]Zgh\bqm

l @^Zgh\m

hdly[jy ] Fhkdh\kdbc Fxabd-Ohee ihdZaZe gh\mx ijh]jZf fm Ijh]jZffZ aZ bkdexq_gb_f – ghf_jh\ [ueZ ^h\hevgh k_jhc Gh

\_johf om^h`_kl\_ggh]h [_a\dmkby b ijyfuf [_ah[jZab_f y\ey_lky \u klmie_gb_ q_rkdh]h ^`ZaZ ih^ mijZ\e_gb_f ^_]_g_jZlb\gh]h km[t_dlZ Pb]e_jZ hjd_kljZglu bf_y aZf_qZl_evg_crb_ bgkljmf_glu b]jZeb gZ gbo iehoh ^_lhgbjh\Zeb aZf_gyy hlkmlkl\b_ ih^ebgghc fmaudZevghklb djb\eygb_f b keZ^dbfb meu[dZfb

Gh \k_h[s__ \hafms_gb_ \ua\ZeZ hl\jZlbl_evgZy ihjgh]jZnbq_kdZy kp_-

gZ jZau]jZggZy fmaudZglZfb h^_lufb \ `_gkdh_ ieZlv_ ih^gylh_ ^h ihykZ hibku\Zlv wlm kp_gm baebrg_ gh gbq_]h [he__ hl\jZlbl_evgh]h [ulv g_ fh`_l

>`Za wlhl aZ ]jZgbp_c g_ imklbeb [u gb \ h^bg l_Zlj hg lZf fh`_l b]jZlv lhevdh \ dbgh \lhjh]h khjlZ beb \ dZn_

Hg [ue \uibkZg ³Bglmjbklhf´ ^ey b]ju \ j_klhjZg_ Z l =Zg_pdbc \ulZ- sbe gZ kp_gm Fhkdh\kdh]h Fxabd-OheeZ wlb hl[jhku [mj`mZaghc fmaudb

<hh[s_ \ky ijh]jZffZ dZd aZy\be dhgn_jZgkv_ =ZjdZ\b ghkbeZ ³aZ iZ^guc oZjZdl_j´ gh AZiZ^ wlhl – dZ[Zpdbc

Bklhqgbd ‹ K –114.

134

27. Ba aZibkdb D KlZgbkeZ\kdh]h8 B KlZebgm h djbabkghc kblmZpbb \ FO:L_

yg\Zjy ]

«GZr l_Zlj fh`_l b ^he`_g klZlv kZfuf i_j_^h\uf l_Zljhf gZr_c kljZgu \ kp_gbq_kdhf hlh[jZ`_gbb \k_c iheghlu \gmlj_gg_c ^moh\ghc `bagb jZ[hq_]h q_eh\_dZ klZ\r_]h ohaybghf a_feb

M gZk \ l_Zlj_ ^he`_g [ulv [jhr_g ehamg] “L_fiu \ ih\ur_gbb Zd l_jkdh]h fZkl_jkl\Z ” – lh]^Z l_fiu l_ZljZevgh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z _kl_kl \_ggh kZfb kh[hc ih\ukylky«

FO:L ^he`_g [ulv ij_\jZs_g \ \urdm l_ZljZevgh]h bkdmkkl\Z

Bklhqgbd ‹ K –136.

28. Ba ibk_f B = Wj_g[mj]Z

ghy[jy ]

B < KlZebgm

«Fg_ ljm^gh k_[_ ij_^klZ\blv jZ[hlm ibkZl_ey [_a kju\h\ Y g_ ih gbfZx ebl_jZlmju jZ\gh^mrghc Y qZklh ^mfZx dZdZy \ gZr_c kljZg_ gZijy`_ggZy kljZklgZy ]hjyqZy `bagv Z \hl bkdmkkl\h aZqZklmx m gZk kihdhcg__ b oheh^g__« <u ^Zeb ij_djZkgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ \k_]h jZa\blby gZr_]h bkdmkkl\Z ^\mfy keh\Zfb ³khpbZebklbq_kdbc j_Zebaf´ Y ihgb fZx wlh dZd g_h[oh^bfhklv [jZlv ³k_]h^gy´ \ _]h jZa\blbb \ lhf qlh bf__lky \ g_f hl ³aZ\ljZ´ \ i_jki_dlb\_ g_h[udgh\_ggh]h jhklZ ex^_c khpbZebklbq_kdh]h h[s_kl\Z« Keh\Zfb ³khpbZebklbq_kdbc j_Zebaf´ >h^gZdh@ bgh]^Z ihdju\Z_lky gZlmjZebaf lh _klv \hkijbylb_ ^_ckl\b l_evghklb \ __ g_ih^\b`ghklb Hlkx^Z b ijhbkoh^yl lhl oheh^ lh hlkml kl\b_ ³khh[sgbq_kl\Z´ f_`^m om^h`gbdhf b _]h i_jkhgZ`Zfb

>h Zij_ey ]

Y = K_ebom ]eZ\ghfm j_^Zdlhjm ]Za_lu ³Ba\_klby´

«<u f_gy kijhkbeb dZd y hlg_kky [u d fh_fm i_j__a^m \ Fhkd\m Y kqblZx qlh \ky fhy ih^]hlh\dZ \_kv hiul – e_l ijh`bluo gZ AZiZ^_

lZdh\u qlh ijb gZklhys_c gZijy`_gghc h[klZgh\d_ y fh]m k [hevr_c ihevahc jZ[hlZlv gZ AZiZ^_

H^gZdh fu `b\_f \ \h_ggh_ \j_fy b dZ`^uc [h_p ^he`_g hlghkblvky k [_a]jZgbqguf ^h\_jb_f d dhfZg^bjZf Ihwlhfm _keb ijZ\bl_evkl\_g gu_ b iZjlbcgu_ hj]Zgu gZc^ml [he__ ihe_aguf fhx jZ[hlm a^_kv y hl g_kmkv k iheguf ^h\_jb_f d bo j_r_gbx

Bklhqgbd ‹ K –111.

135

29. Ba ibkvfZ : : :ofZlh\hc B B KlZebgm

ghy[jy ]

=em[hdhm\Z`Z_fuc Bhkbn <bkkZjbhgh\bq agZy <Zr_ \gbfZl_evgh_ hlghr_gb_ d dmevlmjguf kbeZf kljZgu b \ qZklghklb d ibkZl_eyf y j_ rZxkv h[jZlblvky d <Zf k wlbf ibkvfhf

hdly[jy \ E_gbg]jZ^_ Zj_klh\Zgu GD<> fhc fm` GbdheZc Gbdh eZ_\bq Imgbg ijhn_kkhj :dZ^_fbb om^h`_kl\ b fhc kug E_\ GbdheZ_ \bq =mfbe_\ klm^_gl E=M

Bhkbn <bkkZjbhgh\bq y g_ agZx \ q_f bo h[\bgyxl gh ^Zx <Zf q_ klgh_ keh\h qlh hgb g_ nZrbklu g_ ribhgu g_ mqZklgbdb dhgljj_\h expbhgguo h[s_kl\

Y `b\m \ KKJ >lZd \ l_dkl_@ k gZqZeZ J_\hexpbb y gbdh]^Z g_ ohl_ eZ ihdbgmlv kljZgm k dhlhjhc k\yaZgZ jZamfhf b k_j^p_f G_kfhljy gZ lh qlh klbob fhb g_ i_qZlZxlky b hlau\u djblbdb ^hklZ\eyxl fg_ fgh]h ]hjvdbo fbgml y g_ iZ^ZeZ ^mohf \ hq_gv ly`_euo fhjZevguo b fZl_jb Zevguo mkeh\byo y ijh^he`ZeZ jZ[hlZlv b m`_ gZi_qZlZeZ h^gm jZ[hlm h Imrdbg_ \lhjZy i_qZlZ_lky«

< E_gbg]jZ^_ y `b\m hq_gv m_^bg_ggh b qZklh ih^he]m >lZd \ l_d kl_@ [he_x :j_kl ^\mo [ebadbo fg_ ex^_c gZghkbl fg_ lZdhc m^Zj dh lhjuc y m`_ g_ fh]m i_j_g_klb

Y ijhrm <Zk Bhkbn <bkkZjbhgh\bq \_jgmlv fg_ fm`Z b kugZ m\_ j_ggZy qlh h[ wlhf gbdh]^Z gbdlh g_ ih`Ze__l

:ggZ :ofZlh\Z

Bklhqgbd ‹ K –79.

30. Ba aZibkdb aZ\_^mxs_]h Hl^_ehf i_qZlb b ba^Zl_evkl\ PD <DI [ E A F_oebkZ9 h nZrbklkdhc ebl_jZlmj_ jZkkueZ_fhc q_j_a GZjdhf\g_rlhj] gZrbf ij_^ijbylbyf

ghy[jy ]

PD <DI [ l l – lh\ KL:EBGM D:=:GH<BQM :G>J??<M @>:GH<M ?@H<M

KH<G:JDHF KKKJ – lh\ FHEHLH<M

Ba-aZ ]jZgbpu ij_bfms_kl\_ggh ba =_jfZgbb d gZf q_j_a GZj-

dhf\g_rlhj] ihklmiZ_l agZqbl_evgh_ dhebq_kl\h jZaebqghc l_ogbq_kdhc j_deZfu WlZ gZ i_j\uc \a]ey^ klhev g_\bggZy ³ebl_jZlmjZ´ e_]Zevgh rbjhdh jZkijhkljZgy_fZy ih \k_f gZrbf mqj_`^_gbyf b ijhfure_g guf ij_^ijbylbyf y\ey_lky aZ\mZebjh\Zgghc nhjfhc nZrbklkdhc ijh iZ]Zg^u

136

Lbibqguf ijbf_jhf ih^h[gh]h jh^Z ijh^mdpbb =_klZih fh`_l kem `blv g_^Z\gh ihemq_gguc ij_^ijbylbyfb KlZgdhbfihjlZ dZlZeh] ]_j fZgkdhc nbjfu P_ckk ³L_ogbq_kdb_ ijb[hju ^ey lhqguo baf_j_gbc´ GZ g_]h h[jZlbe gZr_ \gbfZgb_ lh\ ;Z[Zyg Dgb]Z wlZ ba^ZgZ \ ;_jebg_

gZ jmkkdhf yaud_ b ki_pbZevgh ij_^gZagZq_gZ ^ey jZ[hlgbdh\ kh\_lkdbo ijhfure_gguo ij_^ijbylbc GZqbgZ_lky hgZ k g_^\mkfuke_ggh]h h[ jZs_gby ³ba^Zl_e_c´ d kh\_lkdbf ki_pbZebklZf h lhf qlh ³ijb ihfhsb gb`_ke_^mxsbo bgkljmdpbc fu gZ^__fky h[e_]qblv \aZbfhihgbfZgb_ f_`^m ki_pbZebklZfb b gZfb´

AgZqbl_evgmx qZklv i_j\h]h jZa^_eZ dZlZeh]Z aZgbfZ_l djZkhqgh_ hibkZgb_ lh]h nZrbklkdh]h ³jZy´ \ dhlhjhf ydh[u ij_[u\Z_l k_cqZk ]_jfZgkdbc ijhe_lZjbZl

³<k_ jZ[hqb_ b kem`Zsb_ ih bkl_q_gbb iylb e_l jZ[hlu bf_xl ijZ \h gZ i_gkbx gZ kemqZc bg\Zeb^ghklb beb klZjhklb Z lZd`_ gZ \kihfh s_kl\h\Zgb_ k_fv_ \ kemqZ_ kf_jlb ljm^ys_]hky JZ[hqbf hieZqb\Zxlky lZd`_ \k_ aZdhggu_ b h[yaZl_evgu_ ijZa^gbdb iZ^Zxsb_ gZ dZdhc-

gb[m^v ba ^g_c jZ[hq_c g_^_eb djhf_ lh]h hgb bf_xl ijZ\h gZ hieZ q_gguc hlimkd \ l_q_gb_ ^h g_^_ev \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl ijhjZ[hlZggh]h \j_f_gb K_fvb jZ[hqbo b kem`Zsbo ihke_ kf_jlb ]eZ\u k_fvb ihemqZ xl \ l_q_gb_ -o f_kyp_\ \kihfhs_kl\h\Zgb_ \ jZaf_j_ ihke_^g_]h aZjZ

[hldZ ihdhcgh]h ihke_ q_]h \klmiZ_l \ kbem ihemqZ_fZy bfb i_gkby´

Ihke_ h[bevghc ^hau ih^h[gh]h nZrbklkdh]h djZkgh[Zckl\Z \ dgb]_ i_qZlZxlky m`_ ijyfu_ ihjmq_gby =_klZih LZd `_eZy \um^blv m gZrbo jZ[hlgbdh\ ih^jh[gu_ k\_^_gby h kh\_lkdhc ijhfure_gghklb [_jebg kdb_ Z\lhju mkem`eb\h h[_sZxl

³^Z\Zlv ihe_agu_ kh\_lu dZ`^hfm dlh ih ij_^\Zjbl_evghf hagZdhf e_gbb k gZklhysbf dZlZeh]hf ih`_eZ_l ij_^eh`blv gZf gZ jZaj_r_gb_ lm beb bgmx aZ^Zqm´ lj_[my ebrv ³h[jZlblv hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ gZ khh[ s_gb_ \hafh`gh [he__ iheguo b ih^jh[guo mdZaZgbc emqr_ \k_]h k ijbeh`_gb_f q_jl_`_c b h[jZaph\ ih gb`_ke_^mxsbf \hijhkZf

GZagZq_gb_ baf_jy_fuo h[t_dlh\"

Hlghkylky eb baf_jy_fu_ h[t_dlu d dZl_]hjbb bg^b\b^mZevgh]h beb k_jbcgh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z"´ b l ^

Ke_^m_l lZd`_ h[jZlblv \gbfZgb_ _s_ gZ h^bg \b^ e_]Zevghc nZrb klkdhc ijhiZ]Zg^u ?`_]h^gh GZjdhf\g_rlhj] BGH GDIL b ^jm]b_ \_^hfkl\Z ZddmjZlgh d gZqZem ]h^Z ihemqZxl ba-aZ ]jZgbpu hkh[_ggh ba

=_jfZgbb hl DjmiiZ >_fZ]Z :W= P_ckZ \ h]jhfguo dhebq_kl\Zo \k_ \hafh`gu_ dZe_g^Zjb gZklhevgu_ b kl_ggu_ aZibkgu_ dgb`db b l i

ba^Zggu_ gZ jmkkdhf yaud_ GZrb mfgbdb jZa\_rb\Zxl b jZkklZ\eyxl wlb dZe_g^Zjb \ k\hbo dZ[bg_lZo b ijb_fguo g_ kfmsZykv l_f qlh \ dZe_g^Zjyo kh^_j`blky g_ijbdjulZy nZrbklkdZy ijhiZ]Zg^Z mdZaZgby h

137

nZrbklkdbo ijZa^gbdZo ^g_ jh`^_gby =ble_jZ ³ih[_^Zo´ ]_jfZgkdh]h hjm`by b l ^

IhjZ GZjdhf\g_rlhj]m iheh`blv dhg_p gZ]ehc nZrbklkdhc ijhiZ ]Zg^_ \ gZr_c kljZg_

AZ\ Hl^_ehf I_qZlb b Ba^Zl_evkl\ PD <DI [ E F_oebk

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju« K 70–72.

31. Ijh_dl ihklZgh\e_gby Ihebl[xjh PD <DI [ h ebd\b^Zpbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h l_ZljZ bf <k F_c_johev^Z10

^_dZ[jy ]

K?DJ?LGH

1. IjbdZa <k_khxagh]h Dhfbl_lZ ih ^_eZf bkdmkkl\ ijb KGD KKKJ h

ebd\b^Zpbb l_ZljZ bf <k F_c_johev^Z dZd qm`^h]h kh\_lkdhfm bkdmk kl\m kf ijbeh`_gb_ ml\_j^blv :jlbklh\ l_ZljZ gZijZ\blv ^ey jZ[hlu

\^jm]b_ l_Zlju Fhkd\u b i_jbn_jbb

2.Kljhys__ky a^Zgb_ l_ZljZ i_j_^Zlv \ \_^_gb_ <k_khxagh]h Dhfbl_

lZ ih ^_eZf Bkdmkkl\ ^ey bkihevah\Zgby _]h dZd ihklhyggh]h dhgp_jlgh ]h aZeZ b dZd j_i_lbpbhggh]h ihf_s_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo fmaudZevguo dhee_dlb\h\

3. Him[ebdh\Zlv \ ³IjZ\^_´ klZlvx lh\ D?J@?GP?<: h l_Zlj_ bf <k F_c_johev^Z

Ijbeh`_gb_

KlZlvy Ij_^k_^Zl_ey <k_khxagh]h Dhfbl_lZ ih ^_eZf bkdmkkl\ ijb KGD KKKJ I F D_j`_gp_\Z ³Qm`hc l_Zlj´

^_dZ[jy ]

D ^\Z^pZlhfm ]h^m Hdly[jvkdhc j_\hexpbb lhevdh h^bg l_Zlj ba

kh\_lkdbo ijhn_kkbhgZevguo l_Zljh\ hdZaZeky b [_a ki_pbZevgh ijbmjh q_gghc d Hdly[jvkdhc ]h^h\sbg_ ihklZgh\db b [_a kh\_lkdh]h j_i_jlmZ jZ Wlh – l_Zlj bf F_c_johev^Z

< l_ ^gb dh]^Z gZrb l_Zlju ihdZau\Zxl ^_kyldb gh\uo kh\_lkdbo ijhba\_^_gbc hljZ`Zxsbo gZrm wihom h[jZa E_gbgZ wlZiu j_\hexpb hgghc [hjv[u dh]^Z lukyqgu_ Zm^blhjbb ]hjyqh ijb\_lkl\mxl Zdl_jh\ j_`bkk_jh\ dhfihablhjh\ b ^jZfZlmj]h\ kmf_\rbo hljZablv \ k\h_f l\hjq_kl\_ \_ebqZcrb_ ijh[e_fu kljhbl_evkl\Z khpbZebafZ – l_Zlj

bf F_c_johev^Z hdZaZeky iheguf iheblbq_kdbf [Zgdjhlhf Ihq_fm wlh ijhbahreh"

138

< F_c_johev^ gZqZe k\hx jZ[hlm \ kh\_lkdhf l_Zlj_ k ly`_euf ]jm ahf ijhreh]h <ky _]h l_ZljZevgZy ^_yl_evghklv ^h Hdly[jvkdhc j_\hex-

pbb k\h^beZkv ij_bfms_kl\_ggh d [hjv[_ ijhlb\ j_Zebklbq_kdh]h l_ZljZ aZ l_Zlj mkeh\guc wkl_lkdbc fbklbq_kdbc nhjfZebklbq_kdbc l _ qm

jZ\rbcky ^_ckl\bl_evghc `bagb < F_c_johev^ r_e \ wlhf kemqZ_ ih

imlb k lhc qZklvx jmkkdhc bgl_eeb]_gpbb dhlhjZy \ i_jbh^ pZjkdhc j_ Zdpbb [jhkbeZkv \ h[tylvy fbklbdb kbf\hebafZ b [h]hbkdZl_evkl\Z b iulZeZkv wlbfb kj_^kl\Zfb h^mjfZgb\Zlv b jZa\jZsZlv jZ[hqbc deZkk

< k\hbo l_ZljZevguo l_hjbyo < F_c_johev^ hkh[_ggh mkbe_ggh ijh lb\hihklZ\eye j_Zebklbq_kdhfm l_Zljm – ³l_Zlj fZkhd´ l _ aZsbsZe

ihdZa \ l_Zlj_ g_ `b\uo j_Zevguo om^h`_kl\_gguo h[jZah\ Z h[jZah\ mkeh\guo b g_j_Zevguo

< – ]h^m gZqZeZkv Zdlb\gZy jZ[hlZ < F_c_johev^Z \ kh\_lkdhf

l_Zlj_ dZd jmdh\h^bl_ey L_ZljZevgh]h hl^_eZ GZjdhfijhkZ b hj]ZgbaZ lhjZ k\h_]h kh[kl\_ggh]h l_ZljZ H^gh\j_f_ggh < F_c_johev^ ih^ufZ

_l qj_a\uqZcgmx rmfbom ijh\ha]eZrZy [m^lh Hdly[jvkdZy j_\hexpby \ l_Zlj_ gZqbgZ_lky k fhf_glZ ihy\e_gby < F_c_johev^Z \ Fhkd\_

< F_c_johev^ b _]h ijbki_rgbdb kha^Zxl kf_ohl\hjgmx gh iheblbq_

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kha^Zgb_ L_ZljZevgh]h Hl^_eZ GZjdhfijhkZ \h ]eZ\_ k < F_c_johev^hf

F_c_johev^ b _]h ihfhsgbdb iulZxlky bah[jZablv ba k_[y _^bgkl\_g guo ij_^klZ\bl_e_c gZklhys_]h kh\_lkdh]h l_ZljZ iulZxlky ijhlb\h ihklZ\blv k\hx ebgbx iZjlbcghfm jmdh\h^kl\m : gZ ^_e_ ih^ djbdeb \uf ehamg]hf ³l_ZljZevgh]h Hdly[jy´ gZqbgZxl ij_ih^ghkblv kh\_l kdhfm ajbl_ex iheblbq_kdb g_qbklhiehlgu_ iv_kdb b kha^Z\Zlv \k_ lhl `_ nhjfZebklkdbc l_Zlj ]^_ b^_cgh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ k\_^_gh gZ g_l b bkdZ `_gh < F_c_johev^ b _]h l_Zlj ^Zxl h^gm aZ ^jm]hc iheblbq_kdb g_

\_jgu_ beb \jZ`^_[gu_ ihklZgh\db Hg iulZ_lky hj]Zgbah\Zlv \hdjm] k_[y nhjfZebklkdh_ djueh ebl_jZlmju `b\hibkb b l_ZljZ dhgkljmdlb \bklh\ nmlmjbklh\ b ijhq

< kZfhc i_j\hc ihklZgh\d_ i_j_^_edZ ³Ahjv´ <_joZjgZ l_Zlj \ha\_e gZ ]_jhbq_kdmx \ukhlm f_gvr_\bklkl\mxs_]h ij_^Zl_ey jZ[hq_]h deZk kZ B \hij_db l_Zljm b _]h jmdh\h^bl_ex Zm^blhjby oehiZ_l g_ wlhfm ³]_jhx´ Z l_f dlh _]h yjhklgh bah[ebqZ_l <lhjmx k\hx ihklZgh\dm ³A_fey ^u[hf´ < F_c_johev^ ihk\ylbe Ljhpdhfm

LZd k \ha\_ebq_gby ij_^Zl_ey-f_gvr_\bdZ k nbfbZfZ [u\r_fm

f_gvr_\bdm b [m^ms_fm Z]_glm nZrbafZ gZqZe k\hx ^_yl_evghklv l_Zlj bf F_c_johev^Z

AZ e_l l_Zlj ihdZaZe ajbl_ex iv_ku J_i_jlmZj l_ZljZ – wlh \k_

]^Z hkgh\ghc ihdZaZl_ev _]h iheblbq_kdh]h ebpZ DZdh_ `_ iheblbq_kdh_ ebph fu \b^_eb gZ ijhly`_gbb wlh]h ^he]h]h ijhf_`mldZ e_l"

139