Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

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ihdZau\Zlv ij_bfms_kl\Z gZr_c kh\_lkdhc b^_heh]bb fhjZeb kh\_lkdh ]h kljhy `bagb b kh\_lkdh]h bkdmkkl\Z

Hlklmie_gb_ hl ijbgpbibZevguo ihabpbc [ueh ^hims_gh gZr_c i_ qZlvx b ijb hp_gd_ \uklZ\hd nhjfZebklbq_kdh]h aZjm[_`gh]h bkdmkkl\Z dhlhju_ [ueb ihdZaZgu \ KKKJ b ihevah\Zebkv ba\_klguf mki_ohf kj_ ^b qZklb fheh^_`b«

B^_heh]bq_kdb_ dhfbkkbb PD DIKK« K 126–135.

17. Ba aZibkdb Hl^_eh\ dmevlmju PD DIKK ijhiZ]Zg^u b Z]blZpbb PD DIKK ih khxaguf j_kim[ebdZf “H dgb]_©Gh\h_ h FZydh\kdhfª”8

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PD DIKK

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qe_gu j_^Zdpbb B K Abev[_jrl_cg K : FZdZrbg F ; OjZiq_gdh \dexqbeb \ dgb]m i_j_ibkdm < < FZydh\kdh]h k E X ;jbd9 ib

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D im[ebdZpbb ibk_f ij_^ihkeZgh ij_^bkeh\b_ E X ;jbd jZkkqb

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fu ijh`beb e_l – k ]h^Z ^h _]h kf_jlb – ibr_l E X ;jbd –

IbkvfZ hg ibkZe fg_ ^Z`_ lh]^Z dh]^Z fu jZkklZ\Zebkv g_gZ^he]h Ih^ ibkvfZfb b l_e_]jZffZfb dh fg_ <eZ^bfbj <eZ^bfbjh\bq ih^ibku\Ze ky “S_g” Ih^ [hevrbgkl\hf ibk_f – jbkmghd gZ dhlhjhf hg k_[y bah

[jZ`Ze \ \b^_ s_gdZ Z f_gy bgh]^Z dhrdhc – wlh [ueb gZrb ^hfZrgb_ debqdb Ihqlb \ dZ`^hf ibkvf_ mihfbgZ_lky H F ;jbd Hkbi FZdkb

fh\bq [ue fhbf i_j\uf fm`_f Y \klj_lbeZkv k gbf dh]^Z fg_ [ueh 13 e_l H[\_gqZebkv fu \ ]h^m Dh]^Z y kdZaZeZ _fm h lhf qlh FZy

240

dh\kdbc b y ihex[beb ^jm] ^jm]Z \k_ fu j_rbeb gbdh]^Z g_ jZkklZ\Zlv ky FZydh\kdbc b ;jbd [ueb lh]^Z m`_ [ebadbfb ^jmavyfb ex^vfb k\y aZggufb ^jm] k ^jm]hf [ebahklvx b^_cguo bgl_j_kh\ b kh\f_klghc eb l_jZlmjghc jZ[hlhc LZd b kemqbehkv qlh fu ijh`beb gZrm `bagv b ^moh\gh b [hevr_c qZklvx l_jjblhjbZevgh \f_kl_”.

IbkvfZ khklhyl ba ex[h\guo keh\hbaebygbc lZdh]h jh^Z “<k_ `_g

sbgu ebidb_ b kdmqgu_ <k_ fm`qbgu ijho\hklu E_\Z dhg_qgh g_ fm`qbgZ b g_ `_gsbgZ”. “?keb jZkkfZljb\Zlv f_gy dZd l\h_]h s_gdZ lh

kdZ`m l_[_ ijyfh – y l_[_ g_ aZ\b^mx s_ghd m l_[y g_aZ\b^guc” b l i

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luk wda_fieyjh\ \f_klh h[uqguo luk wda_fieyjh\

Ih^h[gh]h jh^Z im[ebdZpbb ih kZfhfm k\h_fm oZjZdl_jm qm`^u kh \_lkdhc gZmd_ Hgb \iheg_ \ ^mo_ [mj`mZagh]h ebl_jZlmjh\_^_gby ih^ f_gyxs_]h f_edbfb [ulh\ufb ih^jh[ghklyfb ZgZeba l\hjq_kdh]h gZ ke_^by ibkZl_e_c

«Ba\_klgh qlh aZ ihke_^g__ \j_fy aZjm[_`gu_ j_\babhgbklu iulZ xlky ba\jZlblv l\hjq_kdbc h[ebd FZydh\kdh]h ^hdZau\Zy qlh ihwl [ue “\gmlj_ggbf” wfb]jZglhf qm`^uf ih k\h_fm ^mom b fbjh\haaj_gbx

khpbZebklbq_kdhc wiho_ G_dhlhju_ fZl_jbZeu ba dgb]b “Gh\h_ h FZy

dh\kdhf” b]jZxl gZ jmdm Z\lhjZf wlbo nZevkbnbdZlhjkdbo dhgp_ipbc «K_kljZ ihwlZ E < FZydh\kdZy10 \ k\h_f ibkvf_ \ PD DIKK ibr_l

“;jZl fhc q_eh\_d kh\_jr_ggh ^jm]hc kj_^u ^jm]h]h \hkiblZgby ^jm]hc

`bagb ihiZe \ qm`mx kj_^m dhlhjZy djhf_ [heb b g_kqZklvy gbq_]h g_ ^ZeZ gb _fm gb gZr_c k_fv_ AZ]m[beb ohjhr_]h lZeZgleb\h]h q_eh\_dZ Z l_i_jv ijh^he`Zxl q_jgblv _]h q_klgh_ bfy [hjpZ aZ dhffmgbaf”.

IbkZl_ev N IZgn_jh\ \ k\h_f ibkvf_ hlf_qZ_l qlh \ dgb]_ kh[jZgu fZl_jbZeu kihkh[gu_ \gmrblv g_^h\_jb_ d FZydh\kdhfm K\h_ \hafms_ gb_ him[ebdh\Zgb_f ibk_f < FZydh\kdh]h d E X ;jbd \ujZabe \ [_k_

^Zo D N_^bg b ^jm]b_ \b^gu_ ebl_jZlhju

«Hl^_e ijhiZ]Zg^u b Z]blZpbb PD DIKK ih khxaguf j_kim[ebdZf b Hl^_e dmevlmju PD DIKK kqblZxl nZdl \uimkdZ dgb]b “Gh\h_ h FZy

dh\kdhf” \ k_jbb “Ebl_jZlmjgh_ gZke_^kl\h” ]jm[hc iheblbq_kdhc hrb[dhc hl^_e_gby yaudZ b ebl_jZlmju :dZ^_fbb gZmd KKKJ«

«Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh aZ ihke_^g__ \j_fy \ gZmqghc b i_jbh^bq_ kdhc i_qZlb l\hjq_kl\h < FZydh\kdh]h g_j_^dh ihemqZ_l g_\_jgh_

241

hk\_s_gb_ K h^ghc klhjhgu g_dhlhju_ ebl_jZlmjh\_^u bkdmkkl\_ggh k]eZ`b\Zxl ijhlb\hj_qby \ l\hjq_kdhf klZgh\e_gbb ihwlZ b]ghjbjmxl ba\_klgu_ e_gbgkdb_ \ukdZau\Zgby h nmlmjbaf_ qlh h[t_dlb\gh \_^_l d kgb`_gbx jheb Dhffmgbklbq_kdhc iZjlbb \ nhjfbjh\Zgbb ihwlZ ijhe_ lZjkdhc j_\hexpbb K ^jm]hc klhjhgu ^_eZxlky ihiuldb bah[jZablv FZydh\kdh]h q_eh\_dhf g_bkdj_ggbf “\gmlj_ggbf wfb]jZglhf” gZoh

^b\rbfky \ jZaeZ^_ k kh\_lkdhc ^_ckl\bl_evghklvx

Bkoh^y ba \ur_baeh`_ggh]h [ueh [u p_e_khh[jZaguf ihjmqblv `mjgZem “Dhffmgbkl” l DhgklZglbgh\m him[ebdh\Zlv klZlvx k djblb

dhc khklhygby jZ[hlu ih ebl_jZlmjh\_^_gbx h[jZlb\ \ qZklghklb hkh [h_ \gbfZgb_ gZ g_ijZ\bevgu_ l_g^_gpbb \ bamq_gbb l\hjq_kl\Z < FZydh\kdh]h

<hijhk h[ hrb[hqghf oZjZdl_j_ k[hjgbdZ “Gh\h_ h FZydh\kdhf”

ijhkbf h[km^blv gZ aZk_^Zgbb Dhfbkkbb PD DIKK ih \hijhkZf b^_heh ]bb dmevlmju b f_`^mgZjh^guo iZjlbcguo k\ya_c

Ijh_dl ihklZgh\e_gby PD DIKK ih wlhfm \hijhkm ijbeZ]Z_lky

AZ\ Hl^_ehf ijhiZ]Zg^u b Z]blZpbb PD DIKK ih khxaguf j_kim[ ebdZf > IhebdZjih\

AZ\ Hl^_ehf dmevlmju PD DIKK E Bevbq_\

B^_heh]bq_kdb_ dhfbkkbb PD DIKK« K 141–142, 145–148.

18. Ba aZibkdb Hl^_eZ dmevlmju PD DIKK “H k_jv_aguo g_^hklZldZo \ hj]ZgbaZpbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h ojZg_gby b bkihevah\Zgby \ dmevlmjguo p_eyo l\hjq_kdh]h gZke_^by ^_yl_e_c ebl_jZlmju b bkdmkkl\Z”

G_ iha^g__ Zij_ey ]

AZ ]h^u kh\_lkdhc \eZklb \ fma_yo [b[ebhl_dZo b Zjob\Zo gZr_c kljZgu kh[jZgu [h]Zl_crb_ nhg^u hklZ\rb_ky ihke_ kf_jlb \u^Zx sboky ^_yl_e_c ebl_jZlmju b bkdmkkl\Z Wlb fZl_jbZeu jmdhibkb ibkv-

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< ]. ihklZgh\e_gb_f KGD KKKJ ^ey ojZg_gby ^hdmf_glZevguo

fZl_jbZeh\ ih bklhjbb ebl_jZlmju \ lhf qbke_ b ebqguo nhg^h\ [ue h[jZah\Zg P_gljZevguc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc ebl_jZlmjguc Zjob\ KKKJ ij_h[jZah\Zgguc \ ] \ :job\ ebl_jZlmju b bkdmkkl\Z KKKJ Ebq gu_ nhg^u fgh]bo ibkZl_e_c om^h`gbdh\ dhfihablhjh\ ojZgylky lZd`_

242

\ [b[ebhl_d_ bf E_gbgZ \ Lj_lvydh\kdhc ]Ze_j__ =hkm^Zjkl\_gghf eb l_jZlmjghf fma__ Bgklblml_ jmkkdhc ebl_jZlmju :dZ^_fbb gZmd KKKJ >ey ojZg_gby b gZmqghc jZajZ[hldb l\hjq_kdh]h gZke_^by \_ebdbo ibkZ l_e_c h[jZah\Zgu ki_pbZevgu_ gZmqgu_ mqj_`^_gby

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< k\h_ \j_fy p_gg_crmx dhee_dpbx dZjlbg jmkkdbo om^h`gbdh\ i_ j_^Ze \ fma_c ba\_klguc om^h`gbd B ;jh^kdbc jy^ k\hbo kdmevilmjguo

jZ[hl ij_ih^g_k \ ^Zj ]hkm^Zjkl\m kdmevilhj K F_jdmjh\ < P_gljZev

guc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc Zjob\ ebl_jZlmju b bkdmkkl\Z [_a\haf_a^gh i_j_ ^Zeb \k_ k\hb nhg^u ibkZl_eb G L_e_rh\ dhfihablhj K Ijhdhnv_\

om^h`gbd < K\Zjh] dbghj_`bkk_j B KZ\q_gdh Zjlbklu B ;_jk_g_\ < <Zgbg b ^j

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GZke_^gbdb ibkZl_e_c b jZ[hlgbdh\ bkdmkkl\Z kh]eZkgh aZdhgm ihev amxlky Z\lhjkdbf ijZ\hf b ihemqZxl ]hghjZj aZ ijhba\_^_gby k\hbo jh^kl\_ggbdh\ Fgh]bf ba gbo ]hkm^Zjkl\h gZagZqbeh i_jkhgZevgu_ i_gkbb L_f g_ f_g__ hgb ij_\jZsZxl fZl_jbZeu l\hjq_kdh]h gZke_^by y\eyxsb_ky ih kms_kl\m h[s_kl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx \ ij_^f_lu lhj]h\eb

=hkm^Zjkl\h \ugm`^_gh aZljZqb\Zlv [hevrb_ kj_^kl\Z ^ey ijbh[j_ l_gby ijhba\_^_gbc bkdmkkl\Z b jmdhibkguo fZl_jbZeh\ ih p_gZf ijh ba\hevgh ij_^eh`_gguf bo \eZ^_evpZfb AZ –1958 ]] Fbgbkl_jkl\h

dmevlmju KKKJ aZdmibeh m qZklguo ebp ijhba\_^_gbc bah[jZabl_evgh]h bkdmkkl\Z ^ey fma__\ kljZgu gZ kmffm 490 luk jm[e_c

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xjb^bq_kdb hnhjfblv ijhp_^mjm i_j_^Zqb GZke_^gbdb J =ebwjZ ihke_

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243

Bkdmkkl\h\_^ B ;Z[_gqbdh\ k^Ze \ Zjob\ bgl_j_kgu_ ^hdmf_glu ih bklhjbb kh\_lkdh]h bkdmkkl\Z gh ihke_ _]h kf_jlb gZke_^gbdb aZ[jZeb wlb ^hdmf_glu h[jZlgh

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250 luk jm[e_c

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GZke_^gbdb kdmevilhjZ < Fmobghc kh]eZrZxlky hl^Zlv \ Lj_lvydh\ kdmx ]Ze_j_x bf_xsb_ky m gbo kdmevilmjgu_ ijhba\_^_gby ebrv aZ h] jhfgmx kmffm – luk jm[e_c

Khkj_^hlhq_gb_ fgh]bo nhg^h\ \ qZklguo jmdZo \_^_l d lhfm qlh fZ l_jbZeZfb b ^hdmf_glZfb ij_^klZ\eyxsbfb [hevrmx dmevlmjgmx p_g ghklv g_ fh`_l ihevah\Zlvky gZmqgZy h[s_kl\_gghklv

:job\ \_ebdh]h jmkkdh]h om^h`gbdZ Kmjbdh\Z g_ [ue \ k\h_ \j_fy k^Zg \ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ ojZgbebs_ b ihiZe \ jmdb _]h ^hq_jb – `_gu

om^h`gbdZ DhgqZeh\kdh]h Lj_lvydh\kdZy ]Ze_j_y g_h^ghdjZlgh ij_^eZ ]ZeZ dmiblv ijhba\_^_gby Kmjbdh\Z gh gZke_^gbdb ij_^ihqblZxl ^_j `Zlv wlm p_gghklv m k_[y ^hfZ :job\hf om^h`gbdZ ih kms_kl\m ihevam _lky lhevdh jh^kl\_ggbd DhgqZeh\kdh]h – bkdmkkl\h\_^ < D_f_gh\

Him[ebdh\Zgb_ jy^Z ^hdmf_glh\ Kmjbdh\Z klZeh hkgh\hc ^ey _]h ^hd lhjkdhc ^bkk_jlZpbb

G_ k^Zg gZ ojZg_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\m b h[rbjguc Zjob\ : NZ^__\Z >hk lmi d wlhfm Zjob\m bf__l ebrv h^bg q_eh\_d – aZf ij_^k_^Zl_ey dhfbk

kbb ih gZke_^bx ibkZl_ey K Ij_h[jZ`_gkdbc Hg ih k\h_fm mkfhlj_ gbx im[ebdm_l ^hdmf_glu ba Zjob\Z

< qZklguo jmdZo gZoh^ylky Zjob\u ibkZl_e_c : Gh\bdh\Z-Ijb[hy F Ijbr\bgZ < <brg_\kdh]h D Lj_g_\Z < Em]h\kdh]h X Lugygh\Z I IZ\e_gdh b ^jm]bo >Z`_ ibkvfZ : F =hjvdh]h ^h kbo ihj ojZgyl m k_[y ebl_jZlmjh\_^ B =jma^_\ b ^jm]b_ ebpZ

;hevrb_ om^h`_kl\_ggu_ p_gghklb kdmie_ggu_ m gZke_^gbdh\ ibkZ- l_e_c b om^h`gbdh\ gZoh^ylky \ jmdZo m g_dhlhjuo l g dhee_dpbhg_ jh\ Ebl_jZlmjh\_^ B Abev[_jrl_cg \eZ^__l djmig_cr_c \ kljZg_ dhe e_dpb_c dZjlbg jmkkdbo b kh\_lkdbo om^h`gbdh\ IbkZl_eb B :g^jhg

244

gbdh\ b < Eb^bg kmf_eb kh[jZlv p_gg_crb_ ebl_jZlmjgu_ fZl_jbZeu dhlhjufb g_ h[eZ^Zxl ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ [b[ebhl_db b ojZgbebsZ

<k_ wlb nZdlu klZeb \hafh`gufb lhevdh ihlhfm qlh m gZk g_l ^he` gh]h ihjy^dZ \ mq_l_ \uy\e_gbb b bkihevah\Zgbb l\hjq_kdh]h gZke_^by ibkZl_e_c b jZ[hlgbdh\ bkdmkkl\ OjZg_gb_ l\hjq_kdh]h gZke_^by ^_yl_ e_c dmevlmju \ qZklguo jmdZo \_^_l d ihjq_ Z aZqZklmx b mljZl_ fZl_ jbZeh\ b ^hdmf_glh\ ij_^klZ\eyxsbo [hevrhc bgl_j_k ^ey kh\_lkdhc gZmdb b dmevlmju

«H[ty\e_gb_ l\hjq_kdh]h gZke_^by \u^Zxsboky ^_yl_e_c ebl_jZlm ju b bkdmkkl\Z ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf ^hklhygb_f h[_ki_qbl khojZg_gb_ dmev lmjguo p_gghkl_c b bkihevah\Zgb_ bo \ bgl_j_kZo dmevlmju WlZ f_jZ ebd\b^bjm_l aehmihlj_[e_gby \ ojZg_gbb b im[ebdZpbb l\hjq_kdh]h gZ ke_^by b \ lh `_ \j_fy g_ gZg_k_l k_jv_agh]h fZl_jbZevgh]h ms_j[Z gZ ke_^gbdZf ibkZl_e_c om^h`gbdh\ b dhfihablhjh\ Hgb kh]eZkgh kms_ kl\mxs_fm aZdhgm h[ Z\lhjkdhf ijZ\_ [m^ml \ l_q_gb_ e_l ihemqZlv 50 Z\lhjkdh]h ]hghjZjZ aZ im[ebdZpbx wlbo fZl_jbZeh\ b ^hdmf_glh\

< p_eyo mihjy^hq_gby ^_eZ i_j_^Zqb \ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ ojZgbebsZfma_b \uklZ\db Zjob\u ijhba\_^_gbc bah[jZabl_evgh]h bkdmkkl\Z hklZ\rboky ihke_ kf_jlb om^h`gbdh\ b kdmevilhjh\ g_h[oh^bfh hkm s_kl\eylv ijbgm^bl_evguc \udmi wlbo ijhba\_^_gbc ih p_g_ mklZgh\ e_gghc khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb hj]ZgbaZpbyfb LZdZy f_jZ ij_^mkfhlj_gZ AZdhghf h[ Z\lhjkdhf ijZ\_ H^gZdh wlZ klZlvy aZdhgZ ijZdlbq_kdb hj]Z gZfb dmevlmju ihqlb g_ ijbf_gy_lky

;ueh [u p_e_khh[jZagh ihjmqblv Fbgbkl_jkl\m dmevlmju KKKJ b Fb gbkl_jkl\m nbgZgkh\ KKKJ k ijb\e_q_gb_f KhxaZ om^h`gbdh\ KKKJ ih^-

]hlh\blv Iheh`_gb_ h ihjy^d_ ijbgm^bl_evgh]h \udmiZ ijhba\_^_gbc bah[jZabl_evgh]h bkdmkkl\Z ij_^klZ\eyxsbo h[s_kl\_gguc bgl_j_k

B^_heh]bq_kdb_ dhfbkkbb PD DIKK« K 164–167

19. Ijh_dl ihklZgh\e_gby PD DIKK “H[ memqr_gbb jZ^bh\_sZgby ^ey gZk_e_gby Kh\_lkdh]h KhxaZ b gZ aZjm[_`gu_ kljZgu”

^_dZ[jy ]

< ihke_^gb_ ]h^u memqrbehkv kh^_j`Zgb_ b jZkrbjbeky h[t_f jZ ^bh\_sZgby \ g_kdhevdh jZa m\_ebqbeZkv ijb_fgZy jZ^bhk_lv b agZqb l_evgh \ujhkeZ fhsghklv gZrbo jZ^bhklZgpbc < kljZg_ bf__lky k\ur_fbeebhgh\ ljZgkeypbhgguo jZ^bhlhq_d, b lhevdh aZ ihke_\h_ggu_

245

]h^u ljm^ysb_ky KKKJ ijbh[j_eb [he__ fbeebhgh\ jZ^bhijb_fgb dh\ L_i_jv ihqlb \k_ gZk_e_gb_ Kh\_lkdh]h KhxaZ _`_^g_\gh kemrZ_l ih jZ^bh iheblbq_kdmx bgnhjfZpbx fZl_jbZeu ba ]Za_l fmaudZevgu_ ebl_jZlmjgu_ b ^jm]b_ ijh]jZffu« DjZcg_ f_^e_ggh \g_^jyxlky fgh ]hijh]jZffgZy ljZgkeypby ih ijh\h^Zf b gh\_crb_ ^hklb`_gby l_ogbdb \ h[eZklb Z\lhfZlbaZpbb b f_oZgbaZpbb mijZ\e_gby b iblZgby jZ^bhma eh\ hkh[_ggh \ k_evkdhc f_klghklb =hkm^Zjkl\_gguc dhfbl_l ih jZ^bh \_sZgbx b l_e_\b^_gbx ijb Kh\_l_ Fbgbkljh\ KKKJ \uieZqb\Zy _`_ ]h^gh hj]ZgZf k\yab ^h ihemfbeebZj^Z jm[e_c aZ wdkiemZlZpbx l_ogbq_ kdbo kj_^kl\ g_ ke_^bl aZ jZ[hlhc jZ^bhklZgpbc b g_ hdZau\Z_l k_jv_a gh]h \ebygby gZ bkihevah\Zgb_ b jZa\blb_ kj_^kl\ \_sZgby

=eZ\ghc ijbqbghc k_jv_aguo g_^hklZldh\ \ jZ^bh\_sZgbb y\ey_lky g_m^h\e_l\hjbl_evguc ih^[hj ih^]hlh\dZ b \hkiblZgb_ dZ^jh\ jZ^bh jZ[hlgbdh\ < jZ^bh\_sZgb_ g_j_^dh gZijZ\eyxlky ex^b ijh\Zeb\rb_ ky \ i_qZlb b gZ ^jm]bo mqZkldZo b^_heh]bq_kdhc jZ[hlu G_dhlhju_ jZ [hlgbdb jZ^bh iehoh agZxl `bagv g_ [u\Zxl gZ ij_^ijbylbyo b \ dhe ohaZo iehoh k\yaZgu k jZ^bhkemrZl_eyfb g_ bamqZxl ]em[hdh bo aZijh ku g_\gbfZl_evgh hlghkylky d ij_^eh`_gbyf b ibkvfZf ljm^ysboky mljZlbeb qm\kl\h gh\h]h f_rZxl ijb\e_q_gbx \ jZ^bh\_sZgb_ fheh ^uo l\hjq_kdbo kbe g_ ih\urZxl k\hc b^_cguc mjh\_gv b ijhn_kkbh gZevgh_ fZkl_jkl\h < dhee_dlb\Zo jZ^bhdhfbl_lh\ gbadZ ^bkpbiebgZ keZ[h jZa\blZ djblbdZ b kZfhdjblbdZ Ba-aZ hlkmlkl\by ^he`gh]h dhg

ljhey fgh]b_ jZ[hlgbdb ijbdju\Zykv ki_pbnbdhc jZ^bh h[uqgh kZfb ibrml i_j_^Zqb ih ex[hfm \hijhkm \f_klh ijb\e_q_gby \g_rlZlguo d\Zebnbpbjh\Zgguo Z\lhjh\ Ihwlhfm qZklh \ j_^Zdpbyo p_gljZevgh]h b f_klgh]h \_sZgby [hevrmx qZklv ]hghjZjZ ihemqZxl rlZlgu_ khljm^ gbdb b bf_xlky nZdlu j\Zq_kdbo gZkljh_gbc

…PD DIKK hlf_qZ_l qlh jZ^bh _s_ g_ aZgyeh gZ^e_`Zs_]h f_klZ \ ^_yl_evghklb iZjlbcguo hj]ZgbaZpbc keZ[h bkihevam_lky bfb \ fZkkh\h- iheblbq_kdhc b dmevlmjgh-\hkiblZl_evghc jZ[hl_ kj_^b gZk_e_gby Fgh-

]b_ h[dhfu djZcdhfu DIKK b PD dhfiZjlbc khxaguo j_kim[ebd g_ h[_ki_qbeb ihklhyggh]h dhgljhey aZ kh^_j`Zgb_f ijh]jZff jZ^bh\_sZ-

gby b j_]meyjguo \uklmie_gbc ih jZ^bh jmdh\h^bl_e_c f_klguo hj]Zgb- aZpbc k hl\_lZfb gZ \hijhku gZk_e_gby

< p_eyo dhj_ggh]h memqr_gby jZ^bh\_sZgby ih\ur_gby _]h JHEB \ dhffmgbklbq_kdhf kljhbl_evkl\_ b \ ijhiZ]Zg^_ gZ aZjm[_`gu_ kljZgu PD DIKK ihklZgh\ey_l

1. H[yaZlv =hkm^Zjkl\_gguc dhfbl_l ih jZ^bh\_sZgbx b l_e_\b^_-

gbx ijb Kh\_l_ Fbgbkljh\ KKKJ mkljZgblv hlf_q_ggu_ g_^hklZldb b j_rbl_evgh memqrblv jZ^bhi_j_^Zqb ^ey gZk_e_gby Kh\_lkdh]h KhxaZ b gZ aZjm[_`gu_ kljZgu ih\ukb\ b^_cgh-iheblbq_kdbc om^h`_kl\_gguc

246

b l_ogbq_kdbc mjh\_gv jZ^bh\_sZgby Kbkl_fZlbq_kdb ijhiZ]Zg^bjh\Zlv ih jZ^bh gZf_q_ggmx ;;, kt_a^hf DIKK ijh]jZffm dhffmgbklbq_kdh]h kljhbl_evkl\Z \gmlj_ggxx b \g_rgxx iheblbdm Kh\_lkdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl \Z ihdZau\Zlv [hjv[m kh\_lkdh]h gZjh^Z aZ \uiheg_gb_ k_fbe_lg_]h ieZ-

gZ jhkl kbe dhffmgbafZ b jZah[eZqZlv ZglbgZjh^gmx kmsghklv dZiblZ ebklbq_kdh]h kljhy

2. MklZgh\blv qlh [_k_^u dhff_glZjbb h[ahju \uklmie_gby m fbd

jhnhgZ hl\_lu gZ \hijhku b ibkvfZ ljm^ysboky ^he`gu [ulv djZldbfb dhgdj_lgufb b ghkblv [h_\hc gZklmiZl_evguc b jZatykgbl_evguc oZ jZdl_j J_dhf_g^h\Zlv kbkl_fZlbq_kdb ijh\h^blv \uklmie_gby ih jZ^bh\ hij_^_e_ggu_ ^gb b qZku jmdh\h^ysbo jZ[hlgbdh\ ba\_klguo h[s_ kl\_gguo ^_yl_e_c i_j_^h\uo ex^_c ijhfure_gghklb b k_evkdh]h oh ayckl\Z ^_imlZlh\ Kh\_lh\ ibkZl_e_c im[ebpbklh\ mq_guo H[yaZlv fbgbkljh\ b bo aZf_klbl_e_c ij_^k_^Zl_e_c kh\gZjohah\ jmdh\h^bl_e_c iZjlbcguo kh\_lkdbo b h[s_kl\_gguo hj]ZgbaZpbc ]eZ\guo j_^Zdlhjh\ ]Za_l b `mjgZeh\ j_]meyjgh \uklmiZlv ih jZ^bh k hl\_lZfb gZ \hijhku ljm^ysboky«

3. Ih\ukblv jhev jZ^bh\_sZgby \ wkl_lbq_kdhf \hkiblZgbb gZjh^Z

memqrblv dZq_kl\h om^h`_kl\_gguo ijh]jZff agZdhfblv kemrZl_e_c k \u^Zxsbfbky ijhba\_^_gbyfb kh\_lkdhc b fbjh\hc fmaudZevghc dmev lmju b gZjh^gh]h l\hjq_kl\Z ihklhyggh ijb\e_dZlv d mqZklbx \ jZ^bh \_sZgbb gh\u_ bkihegbl_evkdb_ kbeu <\_klb \ kbkl_fm j_]meyjgu_ i_ j_^Zqb om^h`_kl\_gguo ijh]jZff ih aZy\dZf kemrZl_e_c \ i_j\mx hq_ j_^v ih ijhkv[_ dhee_dlb\h\ i_j_^h\uo ij_^ijbylbc kljh_d dheohah\ kh\ohah\ gZmqguo mqj_`^_gbc

Hj]Zgbah\Zlv j_]meyjgu_ i_j_^Zqb Mgb\_jkbl_lZ dmevlmju ih jZ^bh ijb\e_dZy d mqZklbx \ gbo ^_yl_e_c bkdmkkl\Z ebl_jZlmju gZmdb

« =eZ\ghc aZ^Zq_c jZ^bhi_j_^Zq ^ey ^_l_c b fheh^_`b ^he`gZ [ulv ihfhsv \ ih^]hlh\d_ fheh^uo iZljbhlh\ b^_cgh \hhjm`_gguo [hjph\ aZ dhffmgbaf g_ijbfbjbfuo d [mj`mZaghc b^_heh]bb JZ^bh\_-

sZgb_ ^he`gh kh^_ckl\h\Zlv jZa\blbx kZfh^_yl_evghklb bgbpbZlb\u ex[hagZl_evghklb kemrZl_e_c \hkiblZgbx bo \ ^mo_ \ukhdhc b^_cgh klb dhffmgbklbq_kdh]h hlghr_gby d ljm^m kljh]h]h kh[ex^_gby ghjf khpbZebklbq_kdh]h h[s_`blby b fhjZeb gh\h]h h[s_kl\Z

7. H[_ki_qblv \ jZ^bhi_j_^ZqZo gZ aZjm[_`gu_ kljZgu ijhiZ]Zg^m

b^_c fbjZ b ^jm`[u f_`^m gZjh^Zfb dhffmgbklbq_kdhc b^_heh]bb ij_bfms_kl\ khpbZebafZ i_j_^ dZiblZebafhf ihdZa kh\_lkdh]h q_eh\_dZ b _]h h[jZaZ `bagb ihklhygghc aZ[hlu Dhffmgbklbq_kdhc iZjlbb b Kh \_lkdh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z h[ m^h\e_l\hj_gbb g_ij_ju\gh jZklmsbo fZl_ jbZevguo b ^moh\guo ihlj_[ghkl_c kh\_lkdh]h q_eh\_dZ GZ dhgdj_lguo nZdlZo jZkdju\Zlv ZglbgZjh^gmx kmsghklv dZiblZebklbq_kdh]h kljhy b

247

jZatykgylv g_ba[_`ghklv kf_gu dZiblZebklbq_kdh]h kihkh[Z ijhba\h^ kl\Z gh\uf [he__ ijh]j_kkb\guf khpbZebklbq_kdbf kihkh[hf ijhba \h^kl\Z Rbjhdh \_klb dhgljijhiZ]Zg^m k\h_\j_f_ggh ^Z\Zlv hlihj Zg lbkh\_lkdbf b Zglbdhffmgbklbq_kdbf \uklmie_gbyf j_Zdpbhgghc i_qZ lb b jZ^bh

< jZ^bhi_j_^ZqZo mqblu\Zlv dhgdj_lgu_ bklhjbq_kdb_ hkh[_gghklb dZ`^hc kljZgu gZ dhlhjmx \_^_lky jZ^bh\_sZgb_ b bkoh^blv ij_`^_ \k_]h ba aZ^Zq

Z gZ bfi_jbZebklbq_kdb_ kljZgu ijhiZ]Zg^bjh\Zlv iheblbdm fbjgh

]h khkms_kl\h\Zgby b j_r_gby \k_o kihjguo \hijhkh\ fbjgufb kj_^kl \Zfb b^_c ^jm`[u b khljm^gbq_kl\Z f_`^m \k_fb gZjh^Zfb ihklhyggh jZah[eZqZlv klhjhggbdh\ iheblbdb “k ihabpbb kbeu b ijhih\_^gbdh\

©oheh^ghc \hcguª”;

[ gZ dhehgbZevgu_ aZ\bkbfu_ b keZ[hjZa\blu_ kljZgu ihklhyggh

ihdZau\Zlv qlh gZjh^u wlbo kljZg bf_xl \ ebp_ Kh\_lkdh]h KhxaZ b ^jm]bo khpbZebklbq_kdbo ]hkm^Zjkl\ gZ^_`gh]h aZsblgbdZ \ bo [hjv[_ ijhlb\ dhehgbZebafZ aZ g_aZ\bkbfhklv b \k_klhjhgg__ jZa\blb_ gZpbh gZevghc wdhghfbdb b dmevlmju Rbjhdh hk\_sZlv [_kdhjuklgmx ih fhsv Kh\_lkdh]h KhxaZ keZ[hjZa\bluf kljZgZf b jZah[eZqZlv obsgbq_ kdmx iheblbdm bfi_jbZebklbq_kdbo fhghihebc

\ gZ khpbZebklbq_kdb_ kljZgu ijhiZ]Zg^bjh\Zlv hiul kljhbl_evkl\Z

dhffmgbafZ \ Kh\_lkdhf Khxa_ ihdZau\Zlv ij_\hkoh^kl\h fbjh\hc kh pbZebklbq_kdhc kbkl_fu gZ^ dZiblZebklbq_kdhc kbkl_fhc jZa\blb_ \k_ klhjhgg_]h khljm^gbq_kl\Z f_`^m kljZgZfb khpbZebafZ gZ hkgh\_ ijbg pbih\ ijhe_lZjkdh]h bgl_jgZpbhgZebafZ h[h]Zs_gb_ ^moh\ghc `bagb khpbZebklbq_kdbo gZpbc

B^_heh]bq_kdb_ dhfbkkbb PD DIKK« K 212–218.

20. Ba ijbdZaZ ij_^k_^Zl_ey D=; ijb Kh\_l_ Fbgbkljh\ KhxaZ KKJ “H[ mkbe_gbb [hjv[u hj]Zgh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc [_ahiZkghklb k \jZ`^_[gufb ijhy\e_gbyfb Zglbkh\_lkdbo we_f_glh\”

]

«< ihke_^gb_ ]h^u \ g_dhlhjuo ]hjh^Zo kljZgu ijhbahreb fZkkh \u_ [_kihjy^db khijh\h`^Z\rb_ky ih]jhfZfb Z^fbgbkljZlb\guo a^Z gbc mgbqlh`_gb_f h[s_kl\_ggh]h bfms_kl\Z gZiZ^_gb_f gZ ij_^klZ \bl_e_c \eZklb b ^jm]bfb [_kqbgkl\Zfb AZqbgsbdZfb wlbo [_kihjy^dh\ dZd ijZ\beh [ueb m]heh\gh-omeb]Zgkl\mxsb_ we_f_glu h^gZdh \ oh^_

248

[_kihjy^dh\ \kieu\Zeb gZ ih\_joghklv b ijhy\eyeb ih\ur_ggmx Zdlb\ ghklv \jZ`^_[gh gZkljh_ggu_ ebpZ [u\rb_ g_f_pdb_ dZjZl_eb b ihkh[ gbdb p_jdh\gbdb b k_dlZglu dhlhju_ \ jy^_ kemqZ_\ k\hbfb ^_ckl\byfb klj_fbebkv ijb^Zlv klbobcgh \hagbdrbf kh[ulbyf dhgljj_\hexpbhg gmx gZijZ\e_gghklv

IjbdZau\Zx

1. <k_fm jmdh\h^ys_fm b hi_jZlb\ghfm khklZ\m hj]Zgh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_g

ghc [_ahiZkghklb g_ hkeZ[eyy [hjv[u k ih^ju\ghc ^_yl_evghklvx jZa\_ ^hd dZiblZebklbq_kdbo kljZg b bo Z]_glmju ijbgylv f_ju d j_rbl_evgh fm mkbe_gbx Z]_glmjgh-hi_jZlb\ghc jZ[hlu ih \uy\e_gbx b ij_k_q_gbx

\jZ`^_[guo ^_ckl\bc Zglbkh\_lkdbo we_f_glh\ \gmljb kljZgu«

2. Memqrblv iheblbq_kdh_ \hkiblZgb_ Z]_glh\ b ^h\_j_gguo ebp >h [blvky lZdh]h iheh`_gby qlh[u Z]_glu b ^h\_j_ggu_ ebpZ [ueb ih-gZklh- ys_fm [^bl_evgu b k\h_\j_f_ggh kb]gZebabjh\Zeb h ebpZo ih^hajbl_ev-

guo gZ ijbgZ^e_`ghklv d Z]_glmj_ jZa\_^hd ijhlb\gbdZ Z lZd`_ klhysbo gZ Zglbkh\_lkdbo ihabpbyo b iulZxsboky ih^hj\Zlv ^h\_jb_ gZjh^Z d iheblbd_ b f_jhijbylbyf ijh\h^bfuf iZjlb_c b Kh\_lkdbf ijZ\bl_evkl \hf h gZf_j_gbyo ij_klmiguo we_f_glh\ kh\_jrblv \jZ`_kdb_ \ueZadb b Zglbh[s_kl\_ggu_ ^_ckl\by \uau\Zlv fZkkh\u_ [_kih-jy^db

3. K\h_\j_f_ggh b hkljh j_Z]bjh\Zlv gZ \k_ ihklmiZxsb_ \ hj]Zgu D=; kb]gZeu h ebpZo b nZdlZo, aZkem`b\Zxsbo q_dbklkdh]h \gbfZgby g_aZf_^ebl_evgh ijh\h^blv Z]_glmjgh-hi_jZlb\gu_ f_jhijbylby ih bo ijh\_jd_

G_h[oh^bfh j_rbl_evgh ij_k_dZlv ex[u_ hldjulu_ \jZ`^_[gu_ ijhy\e_gby Zglbkh\_lkdbo we_f_glh\ hkh[_ggh ebp \ukdZau\Zxsbo l_jjhjbklbq_kdb_ m]jhau b baf_ggbq_kdb_ gZkljh_gby Z\lhjh\ Zglbkh \_lkdbo ebklh\hd b Zghgbfguo ^hdmf_glh\ jZkijhkljZgbl_e_c ijh\hdZ pbhgguo kemoh\ Z dh \kydh]h jh^Z ih^klj_dZl_eyf d fZkkh\uf [_kih jy^dZf ih kh]eZkh\Zgbx k iZjlbcgufb hj]ZgZfb ijbgbfZlv f_ju d bo baheypbb«

8. J_rbl_evgh ih\ukblv mjh\_gv Z]_glmjgh-hi_jZlb\ghc jZ[hlu ih

ij_k_q_gbx \jZ`^_[guo ijhy\e_gbc kh klhjhgu p_jdh\gbdh\ b k_dlZg lh\ h[jZlb\ hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ gZ [uklj_crmx iZjZebaZpbx ^_yl_evghklb g_e_]Zevguo h[sbg b ]jmii < hlghr_gbb jmdh\h^bl_e_c b hj]ZgbaZlh jh\ p_jdh\guo b k_dlZglkdbo nhjfbjh\Zgbc hkms_kl\eylv Zdlb\gu_ q_ dbklkdb_ f_jhijbylby dhlhju_ iha\hebeb [u \ [eb`Zcr__ \j_fy ihegh klvx jZah[eZqblv ijh\h^bfmx bfb Zglbkh\_lkdmx jZ[hlm Z aehklguo ba gbo \ khhl\_lkl\bb k aZdhghf ijb\e_qv d m]heh\ghc hl\_lkl\_gghklb Mkbeblv jZ[hlm ih jZaeh`_gbx p_jdh\guo b k_dlZglkdbo ]jmii b jZah [eZq_gbx Zglbh[s_kl\_gguo ^_ckl\bc bo mqZklgbdh\ > @

249