Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

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210

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211

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lbqHFdb iSD\bevgRH gR b ]DSfRgbqHFdRH iSHdSDFgRH iSRba\H^HgbH 0H`^\ lHf \RiSRFDfb nRSfu gDrb [\^R`gbdb gDrb bFd\FFl\R\H^u aDgbfDxlFy FR\HSrHggR gH^RFlDlRqgR ;ReHH lR]R aDgbfDlvFy bfb beb ba\qDlv b[ iSRFlR gH[HaRiDFgR dDdRc-gb[\^v aDdeyluc ^S\] iSbrvHl

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SDaSHrbeD Sy^ \RiSRFR\ qlR [RlHe FdDaDlv D\lRS \ F\RHf iSRba\H^Hgbb" F\fHe eb Rg wlR F^HeDlv" b gDdRgHp iRqHf\ Hf\ wlR \^DeRFv beb gH \^D-

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iHggRH agDqHgbH ^ey [\^R`gbdD Rg \FdSu\DHl d\[gx l\RSqHFl\D D\lRSD b Fe\`bl iSbfHSRf ^ey \FH[ RFlDevgu[

Oj_klhfZlby ih hl_q_kl\_gghc bklhjbb – ]] F K 444–445.

25. AZibkdZ < I Fhkdh\kdh]h b < < <hjhgph\Z

I G Ihki_eh\m

Zij_ey ]

K_dj_lZjx PD DIKK lh\ Ihki_eh\m I G

=eZ\guc j_^Zdlhj ;KW ZdZ^_fbd <\_^_gkdbc h[jZlbeky \ Hl^_e ijh iZ]Zg^u b Z]blZpbb PD DIKK k ijhkv[hc jZkkfhlj_lv ih^]hlh\e_gguc wgpbdehi_^b_c kibkhd hljbpZl_evguo i_jkhgZebc dhlhju_ ij_^iheZ]Z _lky him[ebdh\Zlv \ – lhfZo ;KW

;ueh ijbagZgh p_e_khh[jZaguf agZqbl_evgmx qZklv hljbpZl_evguo i_jkhgZebc ba kibkdZ bkdexqblv

212

Ij_^klZ\ey_f gZ <Zr_ jZkkfhlj_gb_ kibkhd hljbpZl_evguo i_j-

khgZebc kijZ\db h dhlhjuo ke_^h\Zeh [u him[ebdh\Zlv b kibkhd i_jkh gZebc h dhlhjuo ih gZr_fm fg_gbx fh`gh ibkZlv \ wgpbdehi_^bb g_ hkh[h Z ebrv \ h[sbo fZl_jbZeZo

< Fhkdh\kdbc < <hjhgph\

26. Kibkhd hljbpZl_evguo i_jkhgZebc hl^_evgu_ kijZ\db h dhlhjuo im[ebdh\Zlv \ wgpbdehi_^bb g_ ke_^m_l

DZe_^bg : F – [_eh]\Zj^_ckdbc ]_g_jZe DZf_g_\ E ; – \jZ] gZjh^Z

Dbrdbg G F – dZ^_l qe_g <j_f_ggh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z Dhdhrdbg N N - dZ^_l qe_g <j_f_ggh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z Dhgh\Zeh\ – qe_g <j_f_ggh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z

Djufh\ : F – [_eh]\Zj^_ckdbc ]_g_jZe

Emdhfkdbc : K – [_eh]\Zj^_ckdbc ]_g_jZe Ev\h\ < G – h[_j-ijhdmjhj Kbgh^Z

Ev\h\ G G – dZ^_l

FZdeZdh\ < : – ihkhe <j_f_ggh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z \ IZjb`_ DZlZyfZ L – yihgkdbc j_Zdpbhgguc iheblbq_kdbc ^_yl_ev FZkeh\ K : – ijZ\uc wk_j qe_g <j_f_ggh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z G_djZkh\ G < – dZ^_l qe_g <j_f_ggh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z I_i_ey_\ : < – dheqZdh\_p

I_r_ohgh\ : < – qe_g <j_f_ggh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z Jh^bq_\ N B – qe_g <j_f_ggh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z Judh\ : B – \jZ] gZjh^Z

K_f_gh\ = B – dheqZdh\_p

L_j_s_gdh F B – qe_g <j_f_ggh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z Ljhpdbc E > – \jZ] gZjh^Z

Rb^eh\kdbc K B – hdly[jbkl qe_g <j_f_ggh]h dhfbl_lZ =hkm^Zj- kl\_gghc ^mfu

Rbg]Zj_\ : B – dZ^_l qe_g <j_f_ggh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z Rbih\ > G – hdly[jbkl

Rdmjh : = – [_eh]\Zj^_ckdbc ]_g_jZe

………….

J_f W – ]_jfZgkdbc nZrbkl

Jb[[_gljhi B – ]_jfZgkdbc nZrbklkdbc ^biehfZl h^bg ba ]eZ\guo \h_gguo ij_klmigbdh\

Jha_g[_j] : – h^bg ba ]eZ\Zj_c ]_jfZgkdh]h nZrbafZ \h_gguc ij_klmigbd

…………

213

IJBF?Q:GBY

1 @^Zgh\ :g^j_c :e_dkZg^jh\bq –1948) – kh\_lkdbc iZjlbcguc b ]hkm^Zjkl\_g- guc ^_yl_ev <h \lhjhc iheh\bg_ -o ]] aZgbfZeky \ PD <DI [ \hijhkZfb b^_heh]bq_

kdhc jZ[hlu

2 Euk_gdh Ljhnbf >_gbkh\bq –1976) – Z]jhghf ZdZ^_fbd :G MdjZbgu :G KKKJ ij_ab^_gl <:KOGBE –1956, 1961– =_jhc KhpbZebklbq_kdh]h Ljm^Z

kha^Zl_ev ik_\^hgZmqgh]h gZijZ\e_gby \ [bheh]bb ?]h ^_yl_evghklv ih^^_j`b\Ze b KlZ ebg b Ojms_\

3 Im[ebdm_fu_ ^hdmf_glu hlghkylky d h^ghfm ba gZb[he__ ljZ]bq_kdbo i_jbh^h\ \ `bagb b l\hjq_kl\_ :ggu :ofZlh\hc < ]. hgZ jZ[hlZy gZ^ “:\lh[bh]jZnbq_kdhc ijhahc” hij_^_ebeZ _]h gZqZeh lhqghc ^Zlhc – Z\]mklZ ]. < wlhl ^_gv [ueh ijbgylh ihklZgh\e_gb_ PD <DI [ “H `mjgZeZo ©A\_a^Zª b ©E_gbg]jZ^ª” aZdj_ib\r__ b m`_klh qb\r__ dhfZg^gh-Z^fbgbkljZlb\guc ijhba\he \ kn_j_ ebl_jZlmju ihkem`b\r__ hkgh\Z

gb_f d r_evfh\Zgbx g_kijZ\_^eb\hc b ]jm[hc djblbd_ djmiguo fZkl_jh\ kh\_lkdhc ebl_ jZlmju \ lhf qbke_ :ofZlh\hc b Ahs_gdh«

:ofZlh\Z :ggZ :g^j__\gZ (1889–1967) – ihwl_kkZ Z\lhj k[hjgbdh\ “<_q_j” (1912) “Q_ldb” Z\lh[bh]jZnbq_dh]h pbdeZ klboh\ “J_d\b_f” (1935– h `_jl\Zo

j_ij_kkbc -o ]] “IhwfZ [_a ]_jhy” iheghklvx [ueZ him[ebdh\ZgZ \ ]

4 ?nZgh\ <Zkbebc Ijhdhnv_\bq (1900–1978) – `b\hibk_p gZjh^guc om^h`gbd KKKJ

:\lhj iZjZ^guo l_fZlbq_kdbo dhfihabpbc [ebadbo d ]jmiih\hfm ihjlj_lm “G_aZ [u\Z_fZy \klj_qZ”, 1936–1937; “I_j_^h\u_ ex^b Fhkd\u \ Dj_fe_” EZmj_Zl =hkm

^Zjkl\_gguo ij_fbbc KKKJ (1941, 1946, 1948, 1950, 1952).

5 Wcgrl_cg :ev[_jl –1955) – nbabd-l_hj_lbd h^bg ba hkgh\Zl_e_c kh\j_f_gghc

nbabdb ihq_lguc qe_g Jhkkbckdhc :G b :G KKKJ Jh^beky \ =_jfZgbb <

] wfb]jbjh\Ze \ KR: Kha^Ze l_hjbx hlghkbl_evghklb Z\lhj ljm^h\ ih d\Zglh\hc l_hjbb k\_lZ aZdhgZ nhlhobfbb H^bg ba bgbpbZlhjh\ kha^Zgby ]hkm^Zjkl\Z BajZbev Gh [_e_\kdZy ij_fby ] ijbkm`^_gZ aZ hldjulb_ aZdhgh\ nhlhwnn_dlZ

6<_jlbgkdbc :e_dkZg^j GbdheZ_\bq –1957) – Zjlbkl wkljZ^u K ] – \ wfb]jZpbb <_jgmeky \ KKKJ \ ] EZmj_Zl =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ij_fbb KKKJ

7JZ[hlZ KlZebgZ “Wdhghfbq_kdb_ ijh[e_fu khpbZebafZ \ KKKJ” [ueZ gZibkZgZ ihke_

khklhy\r_cky hk_gvx ] ^bkdmkkbb ih iheblwdhghfbb < jZ[hl_ jZkkfZljb\Zebkv l_hj_lbq_kdb_ ijh[e_fu wdhghfbdb khpbZebafZ k p_evx h[hkgh\Zgby ijZ\bevghklb ijh\h^bfh]h dmjkZ ih jmdh\h^kl\m kljZghc

8 FmobgZ <_jZ B]gZlv_\gZ (1889–1953) – kdmevilhj gZjh^guc om^h`gbd KKKJ (1943), ^_ckl\bl_evguc qe_g :O KKKJ Kbf\hehf gh\h]h h[s_kl\_ggh]h kljhy klZeZ __ dhfihabpby “JZ[hqbc b dheohagbpZ” (1935–1937).

214

= E : < : V

“HLL?I?EV” < KH<?LKDHC DMEVLMJ?.

K_j_^bgZ -o – k_j_^bgZ -o ]]

<<?>?GB? D >HDMF?GL:F

Kh kf_jlvx B < KlZebgZ b djbabkhf \eZklb \ kljZg_ gZqbgZ_l jZk rZlu\Zlvky h^bg ba djZ_m]hevguo dZfg_c \ nmg^Zf_gl_ ³]hkm^Zj-

kl\_ggh]h khpbZebafZ´ – lhlZevguc dhgljhev \eZkl_c gZ^ ^moh\ghc `ba

gvx b h[jZahf fure_gby ex^_c JZkdj_ihs_gb_ fZkkh\h]h khagZgby y\behkv hkgh\hc ^ey ihablb\guo k^\b]h\ ijZdlbq_kdb \h \k_o kn_jZo h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb

< ]eZ\_ ij_^klZ\e_gu ^hdmf_glu k\b^_l_evkl\mxsb_ h i_j_f_gZo \ kbkl_f_ h[jZah\Zgby <g_^jy_lky -e_lg__ h[mq_gb_ \ kj_^g_c rdhe_

hlf_gy_lky ieZlZ aZ h[mq_gb_ klZjr_deZkkgbdh\ b klm^_glh\. K dhgpZ 1950-o ]] gZqbgZ_lky j_nhjfZ rdheu ijhke_^blv hkgh\gu_ gZijZ\e_ gby f_lh^u b h[sb_ blh]b dhlhjhc fh`gh ih ^hdmf_glZf ‹ 8.

Kj_^b ijh[e_f dhlhju_ gZreb hljZ`_gb_ \ ]eZ\_ ke_^m_l hlf_lblv lZd`_ khklhygb_ _kl_kl\_gguo b l_ogbq_kdbo gZmd GZ bo jZa\blb_ kZfh_ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh_ \ebygb_ hdZaZeZ fbjh\Zy gZmqgh-l_ogbq_kdZy j_\hex

pby ;hevrhc ih[_^hc kh\_lkdhc gZmdb klZeZ dhkfbq_kdZy ijh]jZffZ^hd ‹ L_fm ^hihegyxl fZl_jbZeu h[ ba\_klguo kh\_lkdbo mq_guo

^hd ‹ 5).

< l_fZlbq_kdhc jm[jbd_ ihk\ys_gghc \hijhkZf ebl_jZlmju b bkdmk kl\Z ihf_s_gu dZd ^bj_dlb\gu_ ^hdmf_glu hij_^_eyxsb_ kljZl_]bq_ kdmx ebgbx \ h[eZklb b^_heh]bb b dmevlmju lZd b f_fmZju hlju\db ba ^g_\gbdh\ njZ]f_glu ba \uklmie_gbc l\hjq_kdhc bgl_eeb]_gpbb G_dh lhju_ Zki_dlu l_fu hk\_s_gu \h njZ]f_glZo om^h`_kl\_gguo ijhba\_^_-

gbc < p_ehf ih^[hj ^hdmf_glh\ hkms_kl\eyeky k lZdbf jZkq_lhf qlh[u ihfhqv klm^_glZf ba[_`Zlv h^ghklhjhgg_]h \hkijbylby wlh]h ijhlb\hj_-

qb\h]h i_jbh^Z \ bklhjbb kh\_lkdhc dmevlmju ^hd ‹ 9, 10, 34).

215

G_h^ghebg_cghklv bklhjbq_kdh]h ijhp_kkZ \h fgh]hf k\yaZgZ k ebq ghklvx G K Ojms_\Z H _]h jheb \ jZa\blbb dmevlmju kljZgu b hlgh r_gbyo k l\hjq_kdhc bgl_eeb]_gpb_c k\b^_l_evkl\mxl ^g_\gbdh\u_ aZ ibkb om^h`gbdZ W ;_exlbgZ ³IjZ\^Z [_a dhlhjhc gZf g_ `blv´ hlju\ db ba om^h`_kl\_gguo \hkihfbgZgbc < L_g^jydh\Z ³GZ [eZ`_gghf hkl jh\_ dhffmgbafZ´ \uklmie_gby kZfh]h G K Ojms_\Z ^hd ‹ 30, 32).

Hij_^_eblv j_Zevghklv i_jki_dlb\ klhysbo i_j_^ kljZghc \ ]h^u ³hll_i_eb´ \ dZdhc-lh f_j_ ihfh`_l ih^[hjdZ fZl_jbZeh\ h ^_yl_ev-

ghklb hj]Zgh\ D=; Hl^_eZ dmevlmju PD DIKK B^_heh]bq_kdhc dh- fbkkbb PD DIKK Dhgljhev aZ ba^Zgb_f b j_p_gabjh\Zgb_f bghkljZg- ghc om^h`_kl\_gghc ebl_jZlmju jZ^bh\_sZgb_f j_i_jlmZjhf ]jZffh- nhgguo ieZklbghd jZ[hlhc [mdbgbklbq_kdbo fZ]Zabgh\ b l ^ g_ hklZ\- ey_l khfg_gbc \ lhf qlh kn_jZ dmevlmju ih-ij_`g_fm hklZ\ZeZkv Zj_ghc b^_heh]bq_kdhc [hjv[u ^hd ‹ 16, < ahg_ dhgljhey gZoh^bebkv i_ jbh^bq_kdb_ ba^Zgby fZl_jbZeu h `mjgZeZo ³H]hg_d´ b ³AgZgb_ – kb eZ´ b ^Z`_ ^Z\gh mr_^rb_ ba `bagb deZkkbdb kh\_lkdhc ebl_jZlmju – < FZydh\kdbc b K ?k_gbg ^hd ‹ 7, 13, 14, >\mkfuke_gghklv ih

eh`_gby h[j_dZeZ fgh]bo ba\_klguo ^_yl_e_c dmevlmju gZ dhgnhjfbaf b jhdh\u_ j_r_gby < ]eZ\_ ij_^eZ]Z_lky ih^[hjdZ fZl_jbZeh\ ihk\ys_g guo : NZ^__\m F Iebk_pdhc B Wj_g[mj]m < =jhkkfZgm ^hd ‹ 21,

JZaf_s_g jy^ ^hdmf_glh\ k\yaZgguo k ijbkm`^_gb_f Gh[_e_\kdhc ij_fbb ibkZl_ex ; IZkl_jgZdm ^hd ‹ 23–27).

Im[ebdm_fu_ ^hdmf_glu h gZkljh_gbyo kj_^b l\hjq_kdhc bgl_eeb- ]_gpbb ^hd ‹ 1, 27, 29, m]em[eyxl ij_^klZ\e_gby h[ h]jhfghf

l\hjq_kdhf ihl_gpbZe_ kh\_lkdbo ibkZl_e_c b fZkl_jh\ bkdmkkl\ bo klj_fe_gbb ljm^blvky gZ [eZ]h hl_q_kl\_gghc dmevlmju \hij_db kh[kl \_gguf h[b^Zf NjZ]f_glu kl_gh]jZffu aZk_^Zgby B^_heh]bq_kdhc dh fbkkbb PD DIKK k mqZklb_f fheh^uo ibkZl_e_c om^h`gbdh\ dhfihab lhjh\ Fhkd\u ih^l\_j`^Zxl wlhl \u\h^ ^hd ‹ 31).

>HDMF?GLU

G:MD: B H;J:AH<:GB?

1. Ba bgnhjfZpbb Fbgbkl_jkl\Z ijhk\_s_gby JKNKJ \ PD DIKK h khklhygbb b^_cgh- \hkiblZl_evghc jZ[hlu \ <MAZo

ghy[jy ]

< jy^_ bgklblmlh\ ijhy\behkv klj_fe_gb_ qZklb klm^_glh\ d kha^Zgbx \kydh]h jh^Z bgbpbZlb\guo ]jmii g_ gZoh^ysboky ih^ dhgljhe_f iZjlbcguo

216

hj]ZgbaZpbc b jmdh\h^bl_e_c dZn_^j nZdmevl_lh\ b bgklblmlZ LZd gZ bklh jbdh-nbeheh]bq_kdhf nZdmevl_l_ E_gbg]jZ^kdh]h bgklblmlZ bf =_jp_gZ

]jmiiZ klm^_glh\ ih^]hlh\beZ b ih\_kbeZ \ dhjb^hj_ nZdmevl_lZ kl_ggmx ]Za_lm ih^ gZa\Zgb_f “Eblnjhgl” \ dhlhjhc ba^Zl_eb ihf_klbeb klZlvb k djb

lbdhc khpbZebklbq_kdh]h j_ZebafZ <h fgh]bo bgklblmlZo \ lhf qbke_ Fhk dh\kdhf E_gbg]jZ^kdhf M^fmjlkdhf <eZ^bfbjkdhf b ^j [ueb ihiuldb hj]ZgbaZpbb ^bkdmkkbc ih dgb]_ >m^bgp_\Z “G_ oe_[hf _^bguf” BgbpbZ-

lhju wlbo ^bkdmkkbc dZd ijZ\beh kkueZebkv gZ j_dhf_g^Zpbx DhgklZglbgZ Kbfhgh\Z \ukdZaZggmx bf gZ kh\_sZgbb dZn_^j ebl_jZlmju ijb F=M

< E_gbg]jZ^kdhf bgklblml_ bf =_jp_gZ ]jmiiZ klm^_glh\ \ h[oh^

jmdh\h^kl\Z nZdmevl_lZ b iZjlbcguo hj]ZgbaZpbc \u\_kbeZ h[ty\e_gby h rbjhdhc ^bkdmkkbb ih \hijhkm h k\h[h^ghf ihk_s_gbb e_dpbc

GZ klm^_gq_kdhf kh[jZgbb kha\Zgghf \f_klh gZa\Zgghc ^bkdmkkbb \ghkbebkv ij_^eh`_gby h kha^Zgbb klm^_gq_kdbo dhfbl_lh\ ih aZ\_^h\Z gbx klm^_gq_kdbfb ^_eZfb b aZsbl_ bgl_j_kh\ klm^_glh\ i_j_^ Z^fbgb kljZpb_c b dZn_^jZfb \ukdZau\Zebkv \hajZ`_gby ijhlb\ lh]h qlh[u ^_dZg nZdmevl_lZ ij_^k_^Zl_evkl\h\Ze gZ h[s_f kh[jZgbb nZdmevl_lZ ijhlb\ lh]h qlh[u ij_^hklZ\blv keh\h ^bj_dlhjm b l ^

<Fhkdh\kdhf ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghf i_^Z]h]bq_kdhf bgklblml_ bf E_gbgZ –

ghy[jy ]jmiiZ klm^_glh\ ,9 dmjkZ nbabdh-fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h nZdmevl_lZ kZfhqbggh jZa\_kbeZ b jZahkeZeZ ih ^jm]bf bgklblmlZf h[ty\e_gby h rb- jhdhc ^bkdmkkbb h \uklZ\d_ dZjlbg IbdZkkh Ijb aZij_s_gbb ba-aZ g_ih^-

]hlh\e_gghklb wlhc ^bkdmkkbb klm^_glu ^_jadh \_eb k_[y ih hlghr_gbx d ^bj_dlhjm bgklblmlZ b iulZebkv ^bkdmkkbx ijh\_klb y\hqguf ihjy^dhf !

Baebrg__ klj_fe_gb_ d rbjhdbf ^bkdmkkbyf g_ k\yaZgguf k j_amev-

lZlZfb \uiheg_gguo gZmqguo jZ[hl bf__l f_klh b \ kj_^_ ijhn_kkhj kdh-ij_ih^Z\Zl_evkdh]h khklZ\Z

<k_ wlb nZdlu y\eyxlky k\b^_l_evkl\hf lh]h qlh gZjy^m k ih\ur_gb_f iheblbq_kdhc Zdlb\ghklb klm^_glh\ b ij_ih^Z\Zl_e_c i_^Z]h]bq_kdbo bgklb-

lmlh\ dhlhjh_ y\ey_lky iheh`bl_evguf nZdlhjhf gZr_c jZ[hlu Zdlb\b- abjmxlky b g_a^hjh\u_ gZkljh_gby qZklb klm^_glh\ b ij_ih^Z\Zl_e_c !

<hijhku bklhjbb ‹ K –13.

2. IRFlDgR\eHgbH &R\HlD 0bgbFlSR\ &&&3

“2[ RlfHgH ieDlu aD R[\qHgbH \ FlDSrb[ deDFFD[ FSH^gb[ rdRe \ FSH^gb[ FiHpbDevgu[ b \uFrb[ \qH[gu[ aD\H^Hgby[ &&&3”

bxgy ]

&R\Hl 0bgbFlSR\ &RxaD &&3 iRFlDgR\be

% pHey[ FRa^Dgby gDb[ReHH [eD]RiSbylgu[ \FeR\bc ^ey RF\sHFl\eH- gby \ FlSDgH \FHR[sH]R FSH^gH]R R[SDaR\Dgby b iRe\qHgby fReR^H`vx

217

\uFrH]R R[SDaR\Dgby RlfHgblv F FHgly[Sy ] ieDl\ aD R[\qHgbH \ FlDSrb[ FiHpbDevgu[ b \uFrb[ \qH[gu[ aD\H^Hgby[ &&&3

+DSR^gRH R[SDaR\DgbH \ &&&3 &[ ^Rd\fHglR\ –1973. M., 1974. C. 192.

3. Ba FRR[sHgby 7$&& R aDi\FdH iHS\R]R

FR\HlFdR]R Fi\lgbdD AHfeb

Rdly[Sy ]

% lHqHgbH Sy^D eHl \ &R\HlFdRf &RxaH \H^\lFy gD\qgR-bFFeH^R\DlHevFdbH b RiulgR-dRgFlS\dlRSFdbH SD[Rlu iR FRa^Dgbx bFd\FFl\Hggu[ Fi\lgbdR\ AHfeb

.Dd \`H FRR[sDeRFv \ iHqDlb iHS\uH i\Fdb Fi\lgbdR\ \ &&&3 [ueb gDfHqHgu b RF\sHFl\eHgu \ FRRl\HlFl\bb F iSR]SDffRc gD\qgu[ bFFeH^R\Dgbc 0H`^\gDSR^gR]R ]HRnbabqHFdR]R ]R^D

% SHa\evlDlH [RevrRc gDiSy`HggRc SD[Rlu gD\qgR-bFFeH^R\DlHev- Fdb[ bgFlbl\lR\ b dRgFlS\dlRSFdb[ [xSR FRa^Dg iHS\uc \ fbSH bcd\F-

Fl\Hgguc Fi\lgbd AHfeb Rdly[Sy O ] \ &&&3 iSRba\H^Hg \FiHrguc aDi\Fd iHS\R]R Fi\lgbdD IR iSH^\DSblHetguf ^Dgguf SDdHlD-gRFblHev

FRR[sbeD Fi\lgbd\ gHR[[R^bf\x RS[blDevg\x FdRSRFlv RdReR 000

fHlSR\ \ FHd\g^\ % gDFlRysHH \SHfy Fi\lgbd RibFu\DHl weebilbqHFdbH lSDHdlRSbb \RdS\] AHfeb b H]R iReHl fR`gR gD[ex^Dlv \ e\qD[ \RF[R-

^ysH]R b aD[R^ysH]R &RegpD iSb iRfRsb iSRFlHcrb[ RilbqHFdb[ bgFlS\fHglR\ [bgRdeHc iR^aRSgu[ lS\[ b l i

&R]eDFgR SDFqHlDf dRlRSuH FHcqDF \lRqgyxlFy iSyfufb gD[ex^Hgbyfb Fi\lgbd [\^Hl ^\b]DlvFy gD \uFRlD[ ^R dbeRfHlSR\ gD^ iR\HS[gRFlvx AHfeb \SHfy R^gR]R iRegR]R R[RSRlD Fi\lgbdD [\^Hl qDF fbg\l \]Re gDdeRgD RS[blu d ieRFdRFlb wd\DlRSD SD\Hg ƒ &i\lgbd bfHHl nRSf\ rDSD ^bDfHlSRf Ff b \HFRf d] +D gHf \FlDgR\eHgu ^\D SD^bRiHSH^DlqbdD gHiSHSu\gR bae\qDxsbH SD^bRFb]gDeu F qDFlRlRc b fH]D]HSp^ebgD \Regu RdReR b fHlSD FRRl\HlFl\HggR 0RsgRFlb iHSH^DlqbdR\

R[HFiHqb\Dxl \\HSHgguc iSbHf SD^bRFb]gDeR\ rbSRdbf dS\]Rf SD^bR- ex[blHeHc &b]gDeu bfHxl \b^ lHeH]SDngu[ iRFueRd ^eblHevgRFlvx RdReR

FHd F iD\aRc lDdRc `H ^eblHevgRFlb

ISD\^D Rdly[jy

4.KijZ\dZ D=; gZ ZdZ^_fbdZ E > EZg^Zm1

^_dZ[jy ]

Kh\_jr_ggh k_dj_lgh

EZg^Zm E > ]. jh`^_gby mjh`_g_p ]hj ;Zdm _\j_c [_kiZj

lbcguc aZ\_^mxsbc l_hj_lbq_kdbf hl^_ehf BgklblmlZ nbabq_kdbo ijh[e_f :dZ^_fbb gZmd KKKJ

218

EZg^Zm jh^beky \ k_fv_ bg`_g_jZ Hl_p _]h \ ] Zj_klh\u\Zeky aZ \j_^bl_evkl\h qlh EZg^Zm kdju\Z_l !

EZg^Zm y\ey_lky \_kvfZ djmiguf mq_guf k fbjh\uf bf_g_f \ h[eZk lb l_hj_lbq_kdhc nbabdb kihkh[guf ih fg_gbx fgh]bo ki_pbZebklh\ d gh\uf hldjulbyf \ gZmd_ H^gZdh _]h gZmqgZy b hkh[_ggh ijZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ k\h^blky ]eZ\guf h[jZahf d \uiheg_gbx dhgdj_lguo aZ^Zgbc dhlhju_ hg \uihegy_l ^h[jhkh\_klgh !

Dhfbl_l ]hk[_ahiZkghklb jZkiheZ]Z_l khh[s_gbyfb fgh]bo Z]_glh\ ba _]h hdjm`_gby b ^Zggufb hi_jZlb\ghc l_ogbdb !

< ] h^bg ba Z]_glh\ ih ih\h^m jZa]h\hjZ k EZg^Zm khh[sbe ke_ ^mxs__

“ EZg^Zm kqblZ_l qlh KR: kZfZy [eZ]hl\hjbl_evgZy kljZgZ DZd-lh hg ijhq_e \ ]Za_lZo qlh dZdhc-lh Zf_jbdZgkdbc mq_guc ih gZpbhgZevgh klb dZ`_lky q_o \ukdZaZe `_eZgb_ m_oZlv \ KKKJ ©Gm b ^mjZd – kdZ aZe EZg^Zm – DZd [u y ohl_e k gbf ihf_gylvkyª”.

EZg^Zm kbkl_fZlbq_kdb hljbpZ_l ijbhjbl_l jmkkdhc b kh\_lkdhc gZm db \h fgh]bo h[eZklyo h q_f g_h^ghdjZlgh \ukdZau\Zeky kj_^b k\h_]h hdjm`_gby

“Y bgl_jgZpbhgZebkl gh f_gy gZau\Zxl dhkfhiheblhf Y g_ jZa^_

eyx gZmdb gZ kh\_lkdmx b aZjm[_`gmx Fg_ kh\_jr_ggh [_ajZaebqgh dlh k^_eZe lh beb bgh_ hldjulb_ Ihwlhfm y g_ fh]m ijbgylv mqZklb_ \ lhf mljbjh\Zgghf ih^q_jdb\Zgbb ijbhjbl_lZ kh\_lkdhc b jmkkdhc gZm db dhlhjh_ k_cqZk ijh\h^blky”…

EZg^Zm kqblZ_l qlh p_evx mfgh]h q_eh\_dZ `_eZxs_]h _ebdh \ha fh`gh kqZkleb\h ijh`blv k\hx `bagv y\ey_lky fZdkbfZevgh kZfhhl kljZg_gb_ hl aZ^Zq dhlhju_ klZ\bl i_j_^ kh[hc ]hkm^Zjkl\h l_f [he__ kh\_lkdh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h dhlhjh_ ihkljh_gh gZ m]g_l_gbb

Ih^h[gh]h jh^Z jZkkm`^_gby g_h^ghdjZlgh nbdkbjh\Zebkv g_kdhev dbfb Z]_glZfb Hgb bf_eb f_klh b \ yg\Zj_ ] dh]^Z EZg^Zm h^ghfm ba k\hbo [ebadbo ex^_c mq_ghfm kdZaZe

“?keb [u g_ -c imgdl gZpbhgZevghklv y g_ aZgbfZeky [u ki_pjZ[h

lhc Z lhevdh gZmdhc hl dhlhjhc y k_cqZk hlklZx Ki_pjZ[hlZ dhlhjmx y \_^m ^Z_l fg_ \ jmdb dZdmx-lh kbem

Gh hlkx^Z ^Ze_dh ^h lh]h qlh[u y ljm^beky “gZ [eZ]h Jh^bgu” b

ij qlh kd\habeh \ l\hbo ibkvfZo dh fg_ LZdb_ ibkvfZ lu fh`_rv ib kZlv \ PD Z f_gy ba[Z\v hl wlh]h Lu agZ_rv qlh fg_ \k_ jZ\gh gZ dZdhf f_kl_ klhbl kh\_lkdZy nbabdZ gZ i_j\hf bfb ^_kylhf Y gba\_^_g ^h mjh\gy “mq_gh]h jZ[Z”, b wlh \k_ hij_^_ey_l ” …

Q_j_a Z]_glmjm b l_ogbdm mklZgh\e_gh qlh EZg^Zm kqblZ_l k_[y “k\h [h^hfukeysbf” q_eh\_dhf bf_xsbf k\hb \a]ey^u ih \hijhkZf \g_r g_c b \gmlj_gg_c iheblbdb gZr_]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z«

219