Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

b ]e\[Rdbf DgDebaRf RFgR\gu[ \RiSRFR\ SDa\blby FR\HlFdR]R f\audDev- gR]R bFd\FFl\D

ISD\^D bxgy

12. IhklZgh\e_gb_ B^_heh]bq_kdhc dhfbkkbb PD DIKK “H[ mkljZg_gbb g_^hklZldh\ \ ba^Zgbb b j_p_gabjh\Zgbb bghkljZgghc om^h`_kl\_gghc ebl_jZlmju”

Zij_ey ]

Kh\_jr_ggh k_dj_lgh

1. Hlf_lblv qlh aZ ihke_^gb_ ]h^u \ gZr_c kljZg_ agZqbl_evgh \ha

jhk \uimkd ijhba\_^_gbc bghkljZgghc om^h`_kl\_gghc ebl_jZlmju qlh kihkh[kl\m_l jZa\blbx gZrbo dmevlmjguo k\ya_c k aZjm[_`gufb kljZ gZfb b bf__l [hevrh_ agZq_gb_ \ b^_cghc `bagb kh\_lkdbo ex^_c

H^gZdh \ ba^Zgbb \ KKKJ bghkljZgghc om^h`_kl\_gghc ebl_jZlmju bf_xlky k_jv_agu_ g_^hklZldb b ]jm[u_ hrb[db dhlhju_ gZghkyl ms_j[ ^_em b^_cgh]h \hkiblZgby ljm^ysboky

Fbgbkl_jkl\h dmevlmju KKKJ b ih^\_^hfkl\_ggu_ _fm ba^Zl_evkl\Z Z lZd`_ ba^Zl_evkl\Z ^jm]bo fbgbkl_jkl\ \_^hfkl\ b hj]ZgbaZpbc ^h imkdZxl k_jv_agu_ hrb[db \ ieZgbjh\Zgbb \uimkdZ bghkljZgghc ebl_ jZlmju klZ\y gZ i_j\uc ieZg dhff_jq_kdb_ p_eb g_^hklZlhqgh mqblu \Zxl b^_cgh_ b om^h`_kl\_ggh_ dZq_kl\h ijhba\_^_gbc g_j_^dh [_ahl \_lkl\_ggh ih^oh^yl d hl[hjm b mklZgh\e_gbx lbjZ`_c ba^Z\Z_fuo bgh kljZgguo dgb] b \uimkdZxl [hevrbfb lbjZ`Zfb dgb]b g_ lhevdh g_ ij_^klZ\eyxsb_ b^_cghc b om^h`_kl\_gghc p_gghklb gh ih^qZk kh\_j r_ggh g_ijb_fe_fu_ ih k\h_c gZijZ\e_gghklb ^ey kh\_lkdh]h qblZl_ey Lhevdh \ l_q_gb_ – ]] p_gljZevgufb b f_klgufb ba^Zl_evkl\Z

fb [ueb \uims_gu “AZibkdb h R_jehd_ Ohefk_” DhgZg >hcey h[sbf lbjZ`hf \ feg wda_fieyjh\ Jy^hf ba^Zl_evkl\ h^gh\j_f_ggh \uimk dZeky [hevrbfb lbjZ`Zfb jhfZg : >xfZ “Dhjhe_\Z FZj]h” Hrb[dhc

Bghba^ZlZ [ue \uimkd fZkkh\uf lbjZ`hf luk wda jhfZgZ >jxhgZ “@_e_aguc dhjhev”.

< lh `_ \j_fy y\gh fZeh ba^Z_lky ijhba\_^_gbc i_j_^h\hc kh\j_f_g- ghc ebl_jZlmju \ dhlhjuo ijZ\^b\h jZkdju\Zxlky bklhjbq_kdb_ ij_h[- jZah\Zgby \ kljZgZo khpbZebafZ hk\h[h^bl_evgh_ ^\b`_gb_ b [hjv[Z gZ- jh^h\ aZ fbj b ^_fhdjZlbx

G_m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh ihklZ\e_gu djblbdZ b j_p_gabjh\Zgb_ bgh kljZgghc om^h`_kl\_gghc ebl_jZlmju \ i_jbh^bq_kdhc i_qZlb DjblbdZ

230

keZ[h jZkdju\Z_l ijhp_kk jhklZ b mdj_ie_gby ijh]j_kkb\ghc ebl_jZlmju fbjZ iehoh agZdhfbl qblZl_e_c k l\hjq_kl\hf i_j_^h\uo aZjm[_`guo ibkZl_e_c <f_kl_ k l_f g_dhlhju_ kh\_lkdb_ djblbdb aZo\Zeb\Zxl ijh ba\_^_gby [mj`mZaguo ibkZl_e_c g_ ^Zxl \k_klhjhgg_c djblbq_kdhc hp_gdb bo l\hjq_kl\Z qlh \_^_l d g_ijZ\bevghc hjb_glZpbb qblZl_e_c

2. KqblZlv qlh ]eZ\ghc aZ^Zq_c ba^Zl_evkl\ \uimkdZxsbo bghkljZg-

gmx om^h`_kl\_ggmx ebl_jZlmjm y\ey_lky ba^Zgb_ dgb] kh^_ckl\mxsbo dhffmgbklbq_kdhfm \hkiblZgbx ljm^ysboky hagZdhfe_gbx bo k ijhba\_-

^_gbyfb deZkkbdh\ fbjh\hc om^h`_kl\_gghc ebl_jZlmju jZkrbj_gbx bo dmevlmjgh]h djm]hahjZ b jZa\blbx om^h`_kl\_ggh]h \dmkZ; ba^Zgb_ ijhba-

\_^_gbc hljZ`Zxsbo \Z`g_crb_ ijhp_kku h[s_kl\_ggh]h jZa\blby jhkl ijh]j_kkb\guo ^_fhdjZlbq_kdbo kbe [hjv[m gZjh^h\ aZ fbj b ^_fhdjZ-

lbx < wlbo p_eyo ^he`_g hkms_kl\eylvky kljh]bc b \aukdZl_evguc hl[hj ijhba\_^_gbc ih bo b^_cguf b om^h`_kl\_gguf ^hklhbgkl\Zf«

5. Ij_^eh`blv PD dhfiZjlbc khxaguo j_kim[ebd djZcdhfZf b h[

dhfZf DIKK h[_ki_qblv dhgljhev aZ \uimkdhf f_klgufb ba^Zl_evkl\Z fb dgb] bghkljZgguo Z\lhjh\«

7. H[yaZlv j_^Zdpbx `mjgZeZ “BghkljZggZy ebl_jZlmjZ” l QZdh\-

kdh]h kbkl_fZlbq_kdb j_p_gabjh\Zlv ba^Zxsb_ky \ Kh\_lkdhf Khxa_ dgb]b bghkljZgguo Z\lhjh\ h[_ki_qb\ \ukhdbc b^_cguc mjh\_gv im[eb dm_fuo fZl_jbZeh\

<hijhku b^_heh]bq_kdhc jZ[hlu F K 247–249.

13. IhklZgh\e_gb_ Dhfbkkbb PD DIKK “H g_ijZ\bevghf ih^oh^_ d i_j_ba^Zgbx khqbg_gbc K ?k_gbgZ”

bxgy ]

Kh\_jr_ggh k_dj_lgh

AZ ihke_^gb_ ^\Z-ljb ]h^Z jZaebqgufb ba^Zl_evkl\Zfb kljZgu \uim

s_gu fgh]hqbke_ggu_ k[hjgbdb ijhba\_^_gbc K ?k_gbgZ h[sbc lbjZ` dhlhjuo ij_\ukbe luk wda_fieyjh\ Ijb wlhf gZjy^m k ^_ckl\b

l_evgh ihwlbq_kdbfb ijhba\_^_gbyfb ihk\ys_ggufb jmkkdhc ijbjh^_ b Jh^bg_ \ k[hjgbdb g_j_^dh \dexqZxlky klbob ijhgbdgmlu_ miZ^hqgb q_kdbfb j_eb]bhagufb gZkljh_gbyfb hljZ`Z\rbfb b^_cgmx g_aj_ ehklv b jZkl_jygghklv ihwlZ g_ ihgbfZ\r_]h kfukeZ i_j_kljhcdb kljZ gu gZ khpbZebklbq_kdbo gZqZeZo K[hjgbdb \uimkdZxlky dZd ijZ\beh [_a khijh\h^bl_evguo klZl_c b dhff_glZjb_\ <k_ wlh hljbpZl_evgh kdZ au\Z_lky gZ dhffmgbklbq_kdhf \hkiblZgbb kh\_lkdbo ex^_c hkh[_ggh fheh^_`b

231

< p_eyo mihjy^hq_gby ba^Zgby ijhba\_^_gbc K ?k_gbgZ PD DIKK ihklZgh\ey_l

1.KqblZlv g_p_e_khh[jZaguf \uimkd \ –19 ]] gh\uo k[hjgb dh\ ijhba\_^_gbc K ?k_gbgZ

Ih^]hlh\dm d \uimkdm q_luj_olhfgh]h Kh[jZgby khqbg_gbc K ?k_- gbgZ \ ba^Zl_evkl\_ “Kh\_lkdZy Jhkkby” ij_djZlblv

2.<haeh`blv gZ Bgklblml fbjh\hc ebl_jZlmju :dZ^_fbb gZmd KKKJ

Khxa ibkZl_e_c KKKJ b =hkeblba^Zl ih^]hlh\dm gZmqgh khklZ\e_ggh]h b ijhdhff_glbjh\Zggh]h Kh[jZgby khqbg_gbc K ?k_gbgZ kh \klmibl_ev ghc klZlv_c jZkdju\Zxs_c kbevgu_ klhjhgu b g_^hklZldb \ l\hjq_kdhf gZke_^bb ihwlZ

Ba^Zgb_ Kh[jZgby khqbg_gbc K ?k_gbgZ hkms_kl\blv \ =hkeblba^Zl_ \ –60-o ]]

B^_heh]bq_kdb_ dhfbkkbb PD DIKK – >hdmf_glu F K

14. AZibkdZ Hl^_eZ ijhiZ]Zg^u b Z]blZpbb PD DIKK ih khxaguf j_kim[ebdZf “H k_jv_aguo g_^hklZldZo \ kh^_j`Zgbb `mjgZeZ©H]hg_dª”

k_gly[jy ]

PD DIKK

@mjgZe “H]hg_d” y\ey_lky kZfuf fZkkh\uf beexkljbjh\Zgguf kh \_lkdbf _`_g_^_evgbdhf _]h lbjZ` khklZ\ey_l luk wda K\ur_ 70 luk wda `mjgZeZ jZkijhkljZgy_lky aZ jm[_`hf

@mjgZe ijba\Zg mf_eh ijhiZ]Zg^bjh\Zlv kh\_lkdbc h[jZa `bagb fgh]hh[jZagmx b yjdmx `bagv gZr_c kljZgu ?]h fZl_jbZeu ^he`gu kh-

^_j`Zlv `b\mx ojhgbdm dhffmgbklbq_kdh]h kljhbl_evkl\Z

H^gZdh ZgZeba kh^_j`Zgby ghf_jh\ `mjgZeZ \ur_^rbo \ wlhf ]h^m, ihdZau\Z_l qlh “H]hg_d” k wlbfb aZ^ZqZfb kijZ\ey_lky iehoh @mjgZe

\k_ [hevr_ hlklZ_l hl `bagb <f_klh hk\_s_gby \Z`g_crbo kh[ulbc ijhbkoh^ysbo \ kljZg_ b aZ jm[_`hf \ g_f g_ihf_jgh fgh]h f_klZ hl \h^blky \kydh]h jh^Z iml_\uf hq_jdZf ijbdexq_gq_kdbf jZkkdZaZf b jZaebqguf f_ehqZf g_ bf_xsbf \hkiblZl_evgh]h agZq_gby

J_r_gby ihke_^gbo ie_gmfh\ PD DIKK5 ljm^ kh\_lkdbo ex^_c ih ij_l\hj_gbx bo \ `bagv \ `mjgZe_ ihqlb g_ gZoh^yl hljZ`_gby AZ l_ dmsbc ]h^ \ “H]hgvd_” ihy\beky \k_]h h^bg fZl_jbZe h ieZgZo b i_j

ki_dlb\Zo jZ[hlu kh\gZjohah\ keZ[h ihdZau\Zebkv mki_ob \ ^_e_ kljhb l_evkl\Z gh\uo ijhfure_gguo ij_^ijbylbc we_dljhklZgpbc Hldjulbx b \klmie_gbx \ kljhc djmig_cr_c \ fbj_ <he`kdhc ]b^jhwe_dljhklZg

232

pbb bf_gb < B E_gbgZ `mjgZe ihk\ylbe ebrv ljb kgbfdZ M[hjdm mjh

`Zy aZ]hlh\db a_jgZ b h\hs_c d dhlhjuf ijbdh\Zgh k_cqZk \gbfZgb_ \k_c kljZgu `mjgZe, ih kms_kl\m, h[oh^bl fheqZgb_f < g_f g_ ihy\b

ehkv gb h^gh]h kdhevdh-gb[m^v agZqbl_evgh]h fZl_jbZeZ h j_hj]ZgbaZ pbb FLK6 b h[ bkihevah\Zgbb l_ogbdb dheohaZfb

D hk\_s_gbx lZdbo [hevrbo \gmljbiheblbq_kdbo kh[ulbc dZd \u [hju \ <_joh\guc Kh\_l KKKJ i_j\Zy k_kkby <_joh\gh]h Kh\_lZ ijb gy\rZy qj_a\uqZcgh \Z`gu_ j_r_gby -e_lb_ <hhjm`_gguo Kbe KKKJ

b jy^Z ^jm]bo “H]hg_d” ih^hr_e nhjfZevgh dZd d jy^h\uf kh[ulbyf

@mjgZe keZ[h b g_hi_jZlb\gh hk\_sZ_l f_jhijbylby Kh\_lkdh]h ijZ \bl_evkl\Z ih ij_^hl\jZs_gbx Z]j_kkb\guo Zdpbc aZiZ^guo ^_j`Z\ <klj_qZ ll G K Ojms_\Z b FZh Paw-^mgZ gZqZeh Z\]mklZ ] hlf_

q_gZ `mjgZehf ebrv ^\mfy kgbfdZfb F_`^m l_f ^Z`_ \ [mj`mZaguo ]Za_lZo gZ AZiZ^_ ihy\behkv fgh`_kl\h kgbfdh\ b aZf_lhd ihk\ys_gguo wlhc \klj_q_

Wlb fZl_jbZeu g_ [ueb him[ebdh\Zgu ih lhc ijbqbg_ qlh kljZgbpu `mjgZeZ [ueb aZgylu im[ebdZpb_c iml_\uo hq_jdh\ b beexkljZpbc h aZ]jZgbqguo ih_a^dZo jZ[hlgbdh\ `mjgZeZ b ^_l_dlb\gh]h jhfZgZ E H\Zeh\Z “F_^gZy im]h\bpZ” ihkljh_ggh]h gZ g_ijZ\^hih^h[guo kb

lmZpbyo bkdZ`Zxs_]h h[jZau kh\_lkdbo ex^_c b, ih kms_kl\m, jZkkqb- lZggh]h gZ h[u\Zl_ey

< jZ[hl_ j_^Zdpbhgghc dhee_]bb `mjgZeZ mdhj_gbeZkv g_ijZ\bevgZy ijZdlbdZ im[ebdZpbb fZl_jbZeh\ ih^]hlh\e_gguo ij_bfms_kl\_ggh rlZlgufb khljm^gbdZfb b dhjj_kihg^_glZfb dhlhju_ ihk_lbeb l_ beb bgu_ kljZgu Wlb hq_jdb dZd ijZ\beh \_ebdb ih h[t_fm LZd \ ^_\ylb

ihke_^gbo ghf_jZo `mjgZeZ hq_jdb ]eZ\gh]h j_^ZdlhjZ lh\ Khnjhgh\Z h _]h ih_a^d_ \ kljZgu X`ghc :f_jbdb aZgyeb ihehku7 Hq_jdb khijh

\h`^Zebkv p\_lgufb nhlh]jZnbyfb gZ h[eh`dZo q_luj_o ghf_jh\ b fgh`_kl\hf p\_lguo b lhgh\uo nhlh]jZnbc \ lhf qbke_ gZ \deZ^dZo Hq_jdb l Khnjhgh\Z g_]em[hdb ih kh^_j`Zgbx ghkyl hibkZl_evguc oZjZdl_j b g_ hljZ`Zxl ih^ebgghc `bagb gZjh^h\ EZlbgkdhc :f_jbdb

K_jv_agu_ g_^hklZldb bf_xlky lZd`_ \ hnhjfe_gbb `mjgZeZ J_^Zdpby g_j_^dh l_jy_l qm\kl\h f_ju im[ebdmy [_a \kydhc gZ^h[ghklb [hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h nhlhkgbfdh\ gZ aZjm[_`gu_ l_fu b g_ ijhy\eyy g_h[oh^bfhc bgbpbZlb\u b om^h`_kl\_ggh]h \dmkZ \ ih^[hj_ beexkljZpbc h kh\_lkdhc `bagb LZd gZijbf_j gZ h[eh`d_ ‹ gZi_qZlZgZ g_\ujZabl_evgZy nhlh

]jZnby klZe_\ZjZ k bafh`^_gguf ihdjuluf ihlhf ebphf gZ h[eh`d_ ‹ him[ebdh\Zg g_\ujZabl_evguc kgbfhd ^ufdh\kdbo b]jmr_d

<k_ wlb g_^hklZldb \ kh^_j`Zgbb `mjgZeZ “H]hg_d” ih\e_drb_ aZ kh[hc kgb`_gb_ _]h b^_cgh-om^h`_kl\_ggh]h mjh\gy y\eyxlky ke_^kl\b _f g_ijZ\bevghc hj]ZgbaZpbb jZ[hlu j_^dhee_]bb `mjgZeZ b hrb[hd \

233

jmdh\h^kl\_ `mjgZehf kh klhjhgu ]eZ\gh]h j_^ZdlhjZ l Khnjhgh\Z J_^- dhee_]by jZ[hlZ_l nhjfZevgh g_ hdZau\Z_l ^hklZlhqgh Zdlb\gh]h \eby-

gby gZ kh^_j`Zgb_ `mjgZeZ gZ __ aZk_^Zgbyo g_ [u\Z_l djblbq_kdh]h jZa[hjZ fZl_jbZeh\ ]hlh\ysboky b \ur_^rbo ghf_jh\ g_ \kdju\Zxlky g_^hklZldb \ hj]ZgbaZpbb jZ[hlu j_^Zdpbhggh]h ZiiZjZlZ

B^_heh]bq_kdb_ dhfbkkbb PD DIKK K –90.

15. AZibkdZ =eZ\eblZ KKKJ³H nZdlZo jZkijhkljZg_gby [mdbgbklbq_kdbfb fZ]ZabgZfb iheblbq_kdb \j_^guo ba^Zgbc”

k_gly[jy ]

PD DIKK

Ijb dhgljhe_ [mdbgbklbq_kdhc ebl_jZlmju \ ] Fhkd\_ hj]ZgZfb p_g amju mklZgh\e_gu nZdlu kdmidb b ijh^Z`b gZk_e_gbx dgb`gufb fZ]Z abgZfb ‹ 7, 9, 14, 28, 32, 34, 45, 79, “:dZ^_fdgb]Z” b ^j iheblbq_kdb

\j_^guo ba^Zgbc

Ijh\_jdZ ihdZaZeZ qlh g_dhlhju_ [mdbgbklbq_kdb_ fZ]Zabgu y\ey xlky dZgZehf ^ey jZkijhkljZg_gby Zglbkh\_lkdhc ijhiZ]Zg^u ijhgbd gh\_gby [mj`mZagh-j_Zdpbhgghc [mev\Zjgh-ihjgh]jZnbq_kdhc ebl_jZ

lmju < qbke_ kgyluo k ijh^Z`b p_gamjhc ba^Zgbc [ueb ^_kylv dgb] kh^_j`Zsbo ]jm[u_ \uiZ^u ijhlb\ < B E_gbgZ h^bggZ^pZlv ijhba\_

^_gbc ihjhqZsbo D FZjdkZ b fZjdkbaf ljb dgb]b ijhkeZ\eyxsb_ nZrbaf h^bggZ^pZlv q_jghkhl_ggh-Zglbk_fblkdbo b kbhgbklkdbo ba^Z gbc r_klgZ^pZlv dgb] j_eb]bhagh-fbklbq_kdh]h kh^_j`Zgby ljbgZ^pZlv [mev\Zjgh-ihjgh]jZnbq_kdbo ba^Zgbc Z lZd`_ [hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h aZ

ij_s_gghc ebl_jZlmju ih^e_`Zs_c batylbx ih kibkdZf b ijbdZaZf =eZ\eblZ KKKJ

Kj_^b batyluo ba^Zgbc

dgb]Z [u\r_]h ij_ab^_glZ Q_ohkeh\Zpdhc [mj`mZaghc j_kim[ebdb FZkZjbdZ “Fbjh\Zy j_\hexpby” ba^ZggZy \ IjZ]_ \ ]h^m :\lhj g_-

gZ\b^bl fheh^mx Kh\_lkdmx j_kim[ebdm ihwlhfm g_ kdmiblky gZ ]jya- gu_ bafure_gby b aeh[gu_ \ujZ`_gby gZijZ\e_ggu_ ijhlb\ <. B E_- gbgZ b iZjlbb [hevr_\bdh\

234

[jhrxjZ “;m^ms__ ‹ K[hjgbd klZl_c gZ aeh[m ^gy” ba^ZggZy \ 1917 ] \ dhlhjhc aZsbsZ_lky iheblbdZ <j_f_ggh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z b ih- f_s_gu aehklgu_ \uiZ^u ijhlb\ Dhffmgbklbq_kdhc iZjlbb b < B E_- gbgZ

`mjgZe “Ljm^” aZ ] kh^_j`Zsbc Zglb[hevr_\bklkdb_ b Zglbkh- \_lkdb_ \ukdZau\Zgby

dgb]Z “AZ ^\Z ]h^Z” k[hjgbd klZl_c ba ]Za_lu “BkdjZ” kh klZlvyfb Ljhpdh]h

`mjgZe “KiZjlZd” aZ ] ghf_jZ kh^_j`Zsb_ klZlvb ;m oZjbgZ JZ^_dZ Lhfkdh]h

P_gamjhc batylu “@blby k\yluo gZ jmkkdhf yaud_ baeh`_ggu_ ih jmdh\h^kl\m q_lvb-fbg_c k\ >fbljby Jhklh\kdh]h”, “<_kvfZ djZldh_ b

^mr_ihe_agh_ jZafure_gb_ h [h]_ fbj_ q_eh\_d_ ae_ b k_fb kf_jlguo ]j_oZo”, “Ihq_fm ]hkih^v g_ mgbqlh`be kf_jlb gZ a_fe_”, “Qlh lZdh_

pZjkl\b_ [h`b_” b ^j

< fZ]Zabg_ “EZ\dZ ibkZl_ey” jZ[hlgbdZfb p_gamju kgylZ k ijbeZ\dZ lhj]h\h]h aZeZ dgb]Z “=h^ ljb^pZlv lj_lbc :evfZgZo q_l\_jluc”, 1950 ] \ dhlhjhc ijb\h^ylky iheh`bl_evgZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ ;_jbb b _]h \ukdZau\Zgby

Kj_^b batylhc \ [mdbgbklbq_kdbo fZ]ZabgZo bghkljZgghc ebl_jZlmju hkh[h_ f_klh aZgbfZxl dhfbdku ihebp_ckdh-^_l_dlb\gu_ wjhlbdh-ihj-

gh]jZnbq_kdb_ jhfZgu Zglbkh\_lkdZy ebl_jZlmjZ Fgh]b_ ba wlbo dgb] j_^dh ihiZ^Zxl \ lhj]h\uc aZe l d bf__lky ihklhyggZy deb_glmjZ ih

dmiZxsZy bo g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh m lh\Zjh\_^h\-kdmisbdh\ fZ]Zabg “:dZ ^_fdgb]Z”).

Ijbf_jhf Zglbkh\_lkdhc de_\_lgbq_kdhc ebl_jZlmju h[gZjm`_gghc \ fZ]Zabg_ “:dZ^_fdgb]Z” fh`_l kem`blv jhfZg JbrZjZ “626 AhgZ dZ-

gZeZ” ba^Zgguc \ FZjk_e_ Wlhl jhfZg ihehg \ufure_gguo hibkZgbc “^_yl_evghklb kh\_lkdhc jZa\_^db” \ ?]bil_ < dgb]_ E LZjjhm “Y [ue Zf_jbdZgkdbf khe^Zlhf” ba^Zgghc \ IZjb`_ kh^_j`Zlky Zglbkh\_lkdb_

bafure_gby h ih^ju\ghc ^_yl_evghklb KKKJ \ Kh_^bg_gguo RlZlZo :f_jbdb b bkihevah\Zgbb kh\_lkdhc jZa\_^dhc ^ey wlbo p_e_c Zf_jb-

dZgkdhc dhfiZjlbb

Kj_^b bghkljZgghc ebl_jZlmju ijbh[j_l_gghc fZ]Zabghf “:dZ^_f- dgb]Z” ihiZ^Zxlky dgb]b ih bkdmkkl\m ]b]b_g_ dhlhju_ gZ i_j\uc

\a]ey^ g_ bf_xl gbq_]h h[s_]h k iheblbdhc h^gZdh ijhiZ]Zg^bjmxl nZrbaf dmevl nxj_jZ jZkh\mx l_hjbx GZijbf_j \ dgb]_ =hnfZgZ “Bkdmkkl\h ^ey gZjh^Z” ba^Zgghc \ gZpbklkdhc =_jfZgbb \ ] \

q_klv -e_lby kh ^gy jh`^_gby =ble_jZ \hko\Zey_lky _]h ex[h\v d bk dmkkl\m b aZkem]b \ jZa\blbb g_f_pdh]h bkdmkkl\Z

LZdh_ g_ghjfZevgh_ iheh`_gb_ bf_xs__ky \ ijZdlbd_ jZ[hlu [mdb gbklbq_kdbo fZ]Zabgh\ ih gZr_fm fg_gbx fh`gh h[tykgblv lhevdh

235

l_f qlh Fbgbkl_jkl\h dmevlmju KKKJ kh\_jr_ggh g_ dhgljhebjm_l wlhl \Z`guc mqZklhd b^_heh]bq_kdh]h njhglZ

< ] =eZ\dgb]hlhj]hf Fbgbkl_jkl\Z dmevlmju KKKJ ba^ZgZ Bg kljmdpby “H ihdmid_ b ijh^Z`_ [mdbgbklbq_kdbo b Zglbd\Zjguo dgb] b

^jm]bo ijhba\_^_gbc i_qZlb” H^gZdh ba-aZ hlkmlkl\by dhgljhey kh klh

jhgu Fbgbkl_jkl\Z dmevlmju KKKJ wlZ Bgkljmdpby jZ[hlgbdZfb [mdb gbklbq_kdbo fZ]Zabgh\ ]jm[h gZjmrZ_lky b \bgh\gu_ hklZxlky [_agZdZ aZggufb

B^_heh]bq_kdb_ dhfbkkbb PD DIKK« K 91–94.

16. AZibkdZ Hl^_eZ dmevlmju PD DIKK “H g_\_jghf bah[jZ`_gbb [mj`mZaghc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb \ kh\j_f_gghf kh\_lkdhf bkdmkkl\_ b ebl_jZlmj_”

ghy[jy ]

PD DIKK

KqblZ_f g_h[oh^bfuf ^heh`blv PD DIKK h g_^hklZldZo b ba\jZs_ gbyo \ hk\_s_gbb gZr_c ebl_jZlmjhc b bkdmkkl\hf kh\j_f_gghc [mj`m Zaghc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb qlh gZghkbl k_jv_aguc ms_j[ ^_em \hkiblZgby kh\_lkdbo ex^_c \ ^mo_ g_ijbfbjbfhklb d [mj`mZaghc b^_heh]bb [mj `mZaghfm kljhx b h[jZam `bagb

…Bkoh^y ij_`^_ \k_]h ba qbklh dhff_jq_kdbo khh[jZ`_gbc ba^Z

l_evkl\Z aZ ihke_^gb_ ]h^u \uimkdZeb fZkkh\ufb lbjZ`Zfb jZa\e_dZ l_evgu_ ih^qZk b^_cgh khfgbl_evgu_ ijhba\_^_gby ^Zxsb_ h^ghklh jhgg__ b bkdZ`_ggh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h kh\j_f_gghc `bagb [mj`mZaguo kljZg Ebl_jZlmjgZy djblbdZ g_ lhevdh g_ ^Z\ZeZ hlihj wlbf g_\_jguf l_g^_gpbyf Z g_j_^dh hlklmiZeZ hl ijbgpbibZevguo ihabpbc aZo\Zeb \ZeZ b^_cgh-qm`^u_ ijhba\_^_gby [mj`mZaguo ibkZl_e_c LZdZy ijbfb

j_gq_kdZy d [mj`mZaghc b^_heh]bb ihabpby \ua\ZeZ kijZ\_^eb\uc ijh l_kl ijh]j_kkb\guo ^_yl_e_c aZjm[_`ghc dmevlmju DZgZ^kdbc ibkZl_ev >Zckhg DZjl_j k \hafms_gb_f ibkZe \ j_^Zdpbx `mjgZeZ “Kh\_lkdZy

ebl_jZlmjZ” qlh \ kh\_lkdhc djblbd_ “jZa^m\Z_lky dmevl \_^msbo [mj

`mZaguo om^h`gbdh\ Ijb wlhf mimkdZ_lky ba \b^Z lhl nZdl qlh hgb \k_]^Z kem`beb b ijh^he`Zxl kem`blv ijZ\ysbf deZkkZf \ kljZgZo dZiblZebafZ”.

236

…Hkm`^_ggh_ h[s_kl\_gghklvx gbadhihdehgkl\h i_j_^ [mj`mZaguf h[jZahf `bagb dmevlmjhc b bkdmkkl\hf ih^qZk \ aZfZkdbjh\Zgghc Z bgh]- ^Z b \ ijyfhc nhjf_ \hajh`^Z_lky \ ba\_klguo djm]Zo gZr_c bgl_eeb]_g-

pbb <hagbdgh\_gb_ ih^h[guo gZkljh_gbc hij_^_ey_lky \ agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb k_jv_agufb g_^hklZldZfb \ hj]ZgbaZpbb aZ]jZgbqguo ih_a^hd jZ[hlgbdh\ kh\_lkdh]h bkdmkkl\Z Z lZd`_ \ ijZdlbd_ aZ]jZglmjbafZ

DZd ihdZau\Z_l hiul k ^_e_]Zpbyfb b hl^_evgufb ^_yl_eyfb kh\_l kdhc dmevlmju Z lZd`_ k fgh]hqbke_ggufb lmjbklkdbfb ]jmiiZfb hl ijZ\eyxsbfbky aZ ]jZgbpm \ lhf qbke_ b \ [mj`mZagu_ kljZgu g_ \_ ^_lky, ih kms_kl\m, gbdZdhc jZatykgbl_evghc jZ[hlu dZd \ ih^]hlh\b

l_evguc i_jbh^ lZd b \h \j_fy kZfbo ih_a^hd

Ijb wlhf [_]eh_ agZdhfkl\h kh kljZghc ijb\h^bl g_j_^dh d lhfm qlh \hkijbgbfZ_lky lhevdh iZjZ^gZy ihdZagZy klhjhgZ `bagb mkbe_ggh gZ \yau\Z_fZy [mj`mZaghc ijhiZ]Zg^hc b hklZxlky g_aZf_q_ggufb ^_ckl \bl_evgu_ ijhlb\hj_qby [mj`mZagh]h fbjZ

Ihwlhfm \ jZkkdZaZo fgh]bo ^_yl_e_c bkdmkkl\Z b lmjbklh\ ijb_a-

`Zxsbo ba ih_a^hd \ [mj`mZagu_ kljZgu ij_h[eZ^Zxl \hklhj`_ggu_ bglhgZpbb kdZau\Z_lky ^mo gbadhihdehgkl\Z

OZjZdl_jgu \ wlhf hlghr_gbb \uklmie_gby \ ^hf_ jZ[hlgbdh\ dbgh mqZklgbdh\ kh\_lkdhc ^_e_]Zpbb gZ dbghn_klb\Ze_ \ DZggZo. :jlbkldZ

KZfhceh\Z \hkobsZykv \k_f qlh hgZ \b^_eZ \h NjZgpbb b \ IZjb`_ ]h\hjbeZ h lhf qlh wlh [ueb kZfu_ kqZkleb\u_ ^gb \ __ `bagb Z hi_jZ lhj Mjmk_\kdbc ijbau\Ze \k_o h[yaZl_evgh kt_a^blv aZ ]jZgbpm b[h lZf hgb m\b^yl lZdh_ qlh gbdh]^Z g_ kfh]ml ih\b^Zlv m gZk

Wlb gbadhihdehggbq_kdb_ \uklmie_gby \ua\Zeb ijhl_kl \b^guo ^_y l_e_c kh\_lkdhc dmevlmju LZd ibkZl_ev D N_^bg h[uqgh k^_j`Zgguc \

hp_gdZo gZa\Ze bo \hafmlbl_evgufb b hkdhj[bl_evgufb ^ey kh\_lkdh]h q_eh\_dZ

Ke_^m_l kdZaZlv qlh kj_^b jZ[hlgbdh\ bkdmkkl\Z hkh[_ggh fheh^_ `b g_ihf_jgh jZa^ml k_cqZk bgl_j_k d aZjm[_`guf ih_a^dZf Fgh]b_ fheh^u_ bkihegbl_eb f_qlZxl h ih_a^d_ \ dZiblZebklbq_kdb_ kljZgu \kyq_kdb klj_fylky ihiZklv \ khklZ\ dhee_dlb\h\ \u_a`Zxsbo gZ aZjm [_`gu_ ]Zkljheb

Wlb g_\_jgu_ l_g^_gpbb \ \hkiblZgbb fheh^_`b \ ba\_klghc f_j_ h[t ykgyxlky l_f qlh gZr_ bkdmkkl\h b ebl_jZlmjZ g_j_^dh ih^h]j_\Zxl g_ a^hjh\uc bgl_j_k d [mj`mZaghfm h[jZam `bagb bah[jZ`Zy _]h h^ghklh jhgg_ b g_djblbq_kdb Hkh[_ggh ijhy\ey_lky wlh \ j_i_jlmZj_ l_Zljh\ b \ ijZdlbd_ dbghijhdZlZ aZjm[_`guo nbevfh\«

H^ghklhjhgg__ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h `bagb [mj`mZaguo kljZg ^Zxl b g_ dhlhju_ \uims_ggu_ aZ ihke_^g__ \j_fy ^hdmf_glZevgu_ nbevfu, kgy

lu_ gZrbfb hi_jZlhjZfb IhdZaZl_evgu \ wlhf hlghr_gbb p\_lgu_

237

nbevfu “Ih ^hjh]Zf NjZgpbb”, “Ehg^hg”, “Dh]^Z p\_l_l kZdmjZ” bf_x- sb_ ba\_klgh_ ihagZ\Zl_evgh_ agZq_gb_ gh g_ k\h[h^gu_ hl h[t_dlb-

\bklkdbo hrb[hd :\lhju nbevfh\ k mfbe_gb_f ihdZau\Zxl ^\hjpu djZkb\u_ i_caZ`b rmfgu_ b gZjy^gu_ mebpu ]hjh^h\, [h]Zlu_ \bljbgu

fZ]Zabgh\ dhfnhjlZ[_evgmx jZ[hqmx klheh\mx k h[beb_f [ex^ b \bg gZ klheZo j_deZfbjmxl ijh^mdpbx aZ\h^Z J_gh, Z\lhfh[bevgh]h aZ\h^Z

\ Lhdbh b l ^ < nbevfZo ]h\hjblky b h ly`_ehc `bagb ijhkluo ex^_c h

eZqm]Zo [_^gydh\ b [_ajZ[hlguo Gh ihdZaZgu ij_`^_ \k_]h djZkb\u_ i_caZ`b [h]Zlu_ hkh[gydb jZah^_lu_ ]\Zj^_cpu yjdb_ h]gb j_deZf \_k_eu_ gZjy^gu_ ^_lb B m ajbl_ey g_ba[_`gh hklZ_lky h^ghklhjhgg__ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h[ wlbo kljZgZo < ih]hg_ aZ wdahlbdhc b djZkb\hklvx aZ lmr_\u\Zxlky ^_ckl\bl_evgu_ ijhlb\hj_qby [mj`mZagh]h fbjZ

Hkh[_ggh gZ]ey^gh h[t_dlb\bklkdb_ l_g^_gpbb ijhy\bebkv \ nbevf_ h Ehg^hg_ kgylhf ih hq_jdZf K H[jZaph\Z ]^_ ]eZ\guc Zdp_gl k^_eZg gZ lhf qlh \ :g]ebb `b\ml lZdb_ `_ ex^b dZd m gZk lZd `_ ex[yl jZ ^mxlky h]hjqZxlky b ^jm`Zl f_`^m kh[hc >_lb gZ mebpZo Ehg^hgZ b] jZxl b \_k_eylky lZd `_ dZd b gZ mebpZo Fhkd\u Z \ =Zc^-iZjd_ ]meyxl

\ex[e_ggu_ lZd `_ dZd b \ DjZkghij_kg_gkdhf iZjd_ Wlh kxkxdZgv_ khq_lZ_lky k y\ghc eZdbjh\dhc ijb bah[jZ`_gbb `bagb b [ulZ :g]ebb OZjZdl_jgh qlh h[f_gb\Zykv \i_qZle_gbyfb ihke_ lZdh]h nbevfZ g_dh lhju_ ajbl_eb ]h\hjyl “Qlh `_ hdZau\Z_lky hgb b [_a j_\hexpbb g_

iehoh `b\ml”.

IhdZaZl_evgh qlh \ ijh]j_kkb\guo aZjm[_`guo nbevfZo “FbeZg – ]hjh^ fbeebhg_jh\”, “Ihoblbl_eb \_ehkbi_^h\”, “Jbf \ qZkh\”, “=hk ih^bg lZdkb” dZjlbgu kh\j_f_gghc NjZgpbb b BlZebb gZjbkh\Zgu ]h

jZa^h [he__ ijZ\^b\h b j_Zebklbq_kdb q_f \ gZrbo \b^h\uo nbevfZo h Jbf_ G_Zihe_ IZjb`_ b l ^ ]^_ ij_`^_ \k_]h \uklmiZ_l iZjZ^gZy ih

dZagZy klhjhgZ `bagb

=jm[u_ hrb[db ^himkdZxlky \ dZjlbgZo h dhehgbZevguo b ihemdheh-

gbZevguo kljZgZo Klj_fykv m\Z`bl_evgh ^jm`_kdb jZkkdZaZlv h gbo Z\lhju nbevfh\ l_jyxl qm\kl\h f_ju b jbkmxl b^beebq_kdmx dZjlbgm ijhp\_lZgby deZkkh\h]h fbjZ < nbevf_ “Kh\j_f_ggZy Wnbhiby” ^hdZ-

au\Z_lky qlh ijZ\bl_evkl\h ^_eZ_l \k_ ^ey ijhk\_s_gby h[jZah\Zgby b [eZ]h^_gkl\by gZjh^Z < dZjlbg_ ihdZaZgu gZijbf_j ^_\mrdb ihklm-

ib\rb_ \ dhee_^` b m ajbl_ey kha^Z_lky eh`gh_ \i_qZle_gb_ [m^lh [u \ kljZg_ j_r_gZ ijh[e_fZ jZ\ghijZ\by `_gsbgu :\lhju gZjhqblh ih^-

]hgyxl nbevf h[ Wnbhibb ih^ bah[jZ`_gb_ gZrbo kj_^g_ZabZlkdbo j_k-

im[ebd mljZqb\Zy hsms_gb_ lh]h dZdZy h]jhfgZy jZagbpZ kms_kl\m_l f_`^m gZr_c khpbZebklbq_kdhc kljZghc b gbs_c n_h^Zevghc Wnbh-

ib_c L_ `_ l_g^_gpbb oZjZdl_jgu b ^ey nbevfZ “< ^jm`_kl\_gghf :n ]ZgbklZg_”.

238

G_\_jgh_ h^ghklhjhgg__ \i_qZle_gb_ h [mj`mZaghc ^_ckl\bl_evgh klb ihemqZ_l qblZl_ev b ba g_dhlhjuo ebl_jZlmjguo ijhba\_^_gbc ba iml_\uo aZibkhd b hq_jdh\ \uims_gguo ibkZl_eyfb gZ fZl_jbZe_ aZjm [_`guo ih_a^hd GZjy^m k ihe_agufb \ ihagZ\Zl_evghf hlghr_gbb bg l_j_kgufb dgb]Zfb G =jb[Zq_\Z < <Zkbe_\kdhc G FboZceh\Z ; Ih

e_\h]h F BkdZg^_jh\Z K :glhgh\Z \ wlhc k_jbb ihy\behkv ^h\hevgh fgh]h ijhba\_^_gbc imkluo b [_kkh^_j`Zl_evguo gZibkZgguo djZcg_ ih\_joghklgh b ^Zxsbo ih^qZk bkdZ`_ggh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h `bagb dZ iblZebklbq_kdbo kljZg

D qbkem lZdbo ih\_joghklguo ijhba\_^_gbc m`_ djblbdh\Z\rboky \ gZr_c i_qZlb hlghkblky gZijbf_j dgb]Z ibkZl_ey >f I_ljh\Z ;bjx

dZ “Ih kljZgZf ?\jhiu” gZibkZggZy gZ fZl_jbZe_ ih_a^db Z\lhjZ gZ l_iehoh^_ “Ih[_^Z” \hdjm] ?\jhiu b kh^_j`ZsZy [_]eu_ b g_\gylgu_

aZf_ldb h jZaguo ]hjh^Zo b kljZgZo Mfbe_gbyfb b \hklhj]Zfb aZiheg_gZ dgb]Z ihwl_kku ? R_\_e_\hc “< yihgkdhc klhebp_” (“Fheh^Zy ]\Zj^by”,

1958 ] hq_jdb F F_kl_qdbgZ h R\_pbb him[ebdh\Zggu_ \ `mjgZe_ “Kh\_lkdbc pbjd” b ^j

Kh\_jr_ggh g_l_jibfh dh]^Z ih^h[gmx h^ghklhjhgghklv \ bah[jZ `_gbb [mj`mZagh]h fbjZ ^himkdZxl \b^gu_ kh\_lkdb_ ibkZl_eb iml_\u_ aZibkdb dhlhjuo k ^h\_jb_f b [hevrbf bgl_j_khf \hkijbgbfZxlky qb lZl_eyfb Hq_gv ihdZaZl_evgu \ wlhf ieZg_ him[ebdh\Zggu_ \ `mjgZe_ “Gh\uc fbj” ‹ b aZ ] iml_\u_ aZf_ldb <bdlhjZ G_djZkh\Z

“I_j\h_ agZdhfkl\h” \ dhlhjuo ijhy\ey_lky [eZ]h^mrgh-eb[_jZevgh_

hlghr_gb_ d [mj`mZaghfm h[jZam `bagb b klj_fe_gb_ ihimlgh k madbo ihabpbc hp_gblv g_dhlhju_ y\e_gby \ gZr_f bkdmkkl\_

:\lhj fgh]h ibr_l h[ blZevygkdhf bkdmkkl\_ Zjobl_dlmj_ gh \ aZ ibkdZo h[ BlZebb ihqlb gb keh\Z g_ ]h\hjbl hg h[ blZevygkdbo jZ[hqbo b [_ajZ[hlguo ^h\_^_gguo ^h hlqZygby kh[bjZxsbo hdmjdb gZ mebpZo blZevygkdbo ]hjh^h\ < k\hbo hq_jdZo < G_djZkh\ \k_ \j_fy dZd [u ba \bgy_lky i_j_^ bghkljZgpZfb aZ gZrb ^_ckl\bl_evgu_ b fgbfu_ g_^hk lZldb aZ Zjobl_dlmjm Dj_sZlbdZ aZ \ukhlgu_ ^hfZ aZ gZrm `b\hibkv aZ lh qlh fu iehoh agZ_f bghkljZggu_ yaudb b ^Z`_ aZ lh qlh fu kebr-

dhf \hkobsZ_fky gZrbf f_ljh ?fm g_ gjZ\blky dhg_qgh [_kkfuke_g-

gh_ Z[kljZdlgh_ bkdmkkl\h Gh _s_ [hevr_ g_ gjZ\blky `b\hibkv : =_jZkbfh\Z h dhlhjhf ]h\hjblky h]mevgh hljbpZl_evgh [_a mq_lZ lh

]h ihe_agh]h b p_ggh]h qlh [ueh k^_eZgh wlbf om^h`gbdhf \ bklhjbb gZr_]h kh\_lkdh]h bkdmkkl\Z

Iml_\u_ aZf_ldb kh\j_f_gguo kh\_lkdbo ibkZl_e_c \ k\h_f [hev-

rbgkl\_ ijbgpbibZevgh hlebqgu hl lh]h qlh b dZd ibkZeb h [mj`mZaghf aZiZ^_ F =hjvdbc < FZydh\kdbc F Dhevph\ E J_ckg_j klj_fb\rb_

ky jZkdju\Zlv khpbZevgu_ dhgnebdlu [mj`mZagh]h fbjZ hp_gb\Z\rb_

239