2. Answer the following questions:

1. What does a chemist determine making an analysis of any feedstuff?

2. Do dry feeds contain a certain portion of water?

3. Do farm animals consume little water in summer?

4. What is ash?

5. What do proteins contain?

6. What are examples of nearly pure protein?

7. Is a certain amount of proteins indispensable in a ration?

8. What can substitute proteins in a ration?

1.3. Give the Russian for: ash, common concentrates, alfalfa, linseed meal, indispensable, crude fibre, contain, cottonseed meal, substitute, consume, clover, curd of milk, substance, to build up.

1.4. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Both tubers and roots are very succulent in character, and in the raw state, laxative. 2. The percentage of mineral matter is determined by burning sample of the feed until the ash is free from carbon. 3. A ration is the feed given to the animals during a day of 24 hours. It may be fed at one time or in portions at different times. 4. Proteins form one-tenth of this feed. 5. When the carcass of an animal is dried and incinerated, after burning, there is a quantity of white or grey ash left. 6. Inorganic substances are found in all tissues of the body and in foods.

1.5. Ask questions to the words in italics:

1. Beet and turnips contain 90 per cent of water.

2. This material has just been burned.

3. Protein contains nitrogen.

4. A chemist makes different analyses of the feedstuffs.

5. A certain amount of proteins is necessary in a ration.

1.6. Render the following text in Russian:

The animal body is built up of four main substances: water, fats, proteins and ash. These are the materials to be included in the animal’s diet.

The amount of water varies in different foods. With succulent forage and root crops there is something more water than animal needs. With dry fodder like hay the deficiency can be compensated by supplying water to drink.

Fats contain carbon, hydrogen, and only a little oxygen. The animal will burn them in the process of respiration. When more fat is eaten than is being burned in respiration then the excess can be stored up.

The principal carbohydrates are sugars, starches and cellulose. If carbohydrates are consumed in excess the animal can store them by changing them into fat.

Proteins are necessary to built up muscular tissue. They contain not only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but also nitrogen.

The amount of ash in feeding stuffs varies greatly. Most common feeds contain from 2 to 8 per cent of ash.

1.7. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Минеральные соли составляют необходимую часть каждого рациона. 2. Общеизвестно, что белки содержат азот. 3. Ничто не может заменить белки в рационе. 4. Необходимо определить количество воды, белков, золы и жира в рационе. 5. Корнеплоды, такие как свекла и турнепс содержат около 90 % воды.

2. Classes of feeds

2.1. Read the text and translate it with a help of the dictionary:

Feeding is one of the most important parts of raising farm animals. A proper diet for them, as with humans, builds and maintains the body’s resistance to viruses and diseases. For the best results, rations should possess: a) quality in each feed for maximum digestibility; b) a combination of feeds to supply adequate protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins; c) variety to assure provision of all required nutrients and palatability. Feeds can be classified into three main groups: concentrates, dry roughage, succulent feeds.

The dry roughage feeds include such feeds as hay and straw. These are feeds which are high in fibre, but low in digestible nutrients. Large quantities of such feeds are needed to sustain animal life. Dry roughages include alfalfa hay and clover hays (high in protein) as well as mixed hay and timothy hay (lower in protein). These hays differ considerably in their content of protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and fibre. In general, hay containing a good proportion of leafy legumes is most suitable. The legume hays such as alfalfa and clover make the best feed. Hay furnishes fibre in addition to nutrients.

By succulent feeds we mean any feeds that are fed in the green stage – green grass, leafy garden vegetables. They include root crops, tubers, melons, the tops of root crops and tubers, forage grasses, and ensilage. Succulent feeds contain vitamin C, the B complex vitamins, and, sometimes, carotene. The dry matter is rich in easily digested carbohydrates (starch and sugar) and poor in protein (with the exception of leguminous grasses). All farm animals may be fed succulent feeds, for they increase milk productivity.

The concentrate feeds include farm grains, mill feeds, and manufactured supplements. They are feeds low in fibre and high in digestible nutrients. Some of the common concentrates are oats, barley, wheat, wheat bran, corn, dried beet pulp, linseed meal, fish meal, and soybean meal.