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Date: 2005.04.26 18:28:28 +08'00'

Analysis of Genes

and Genomes

Richard J. Reece

University of Manchester, UK

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Analysis of Genes

and Genomes

Analysis of Genes

and Genomes

Richard J. Reece

University of Manchester, UK

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Copyright 2004

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,

 

West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England

 

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Reece, Richard J.

Analysis of genes & genomes / Richard J. Reece. p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-470-84379-9 (cloth : alk. paper) – ISBN 0-470-84380-2 (paper : alk. paper)

1. Molecular genetics – Research – Methodology. 2. Genetic engineering – Research – Methodology. [DNLM: 1. Genetic Techniques. 2. DNA – analysis. 3. Genome. QZ 52 R322a 2003]

I. Title: Analysis of genes and genomes. II. Title. QH442.R445 2003

572.8 6 – dc21

2003012937

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0-470-84379-9 (HB) 0-470-84380-2 (PB)

Typeset in 11/14pt Sabon by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Italy by Conti Tipocolor SpA, Florence

This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

For Judith

Contents

Preface

 

 

xiii

Acknowledgements

 

xv

Abbreviations and acronyms

xvii

1 DNA: Structure and function

1

1.1

Nucleic acid is the material of heredity

2

1.2

Structure of nucleic acids

7

1.3

The double helix

11

 

1.3.1

The antiparallel helix

12

 

1.3.2

Base pairs and stacking

14

 

1.3.3

Gaining access to information with the double

 

 

 

helix without breaking it apart

16

 

1.3.4

Hydrogen bonding

17

1.4

Reversible denaturing of DNA

18

1.5

Structure of DNA in the cell

21

1.6

The eukaryotic nucleosome

24

1.7

The replication of DNA

28

1.8

DNA polymerases

31

1.9

The replication process

33

1.10

Recombination

37

1.11

Genes and genomes

39

1.12

Genes within a genome

40

1.13

Transcription

43

 

1.13.1

Transcription in prokaryotes

43

 

1.13.2

Transcription in eukaryotes

46

1.14

RNA processing

54

 

1.14.1

RNA splicing

55

 

1.14.2

Alternative splicing

58

1.15

Translation

59

2 Basic techniques in gene analysis

65

2.1

Restriction enzymes

66

 

2.1.1

Types of restriction –modification system

70

 

2.1.2

Other modification systems

72

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