- •Contents
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •1 Materials in the Lab
- •2 Measurement
- •3 Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing
- •4 Cleaning Glassware
- •5 Compressed Gases
- •6 High and Low Temperature
- •7 Vacuum Systems
- •8 The Gas-Oxygen Torch
- •APPENDIX
- •Appendix A Preparing Drawings for a Technician
- •Index
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •For the Second Edition
- •Please note:
- •1 Materials in the Lab
- •1.1 Glass
- •1.1.1 Introduction
- •1.1.2 Structural Properties of Glass
- •1.1.3 Phase Separation
- •1.1.4 Devitrification
- •1.1.5 Different Types of Glass Used in the Lab
- •1.1.6 Grading Glass and Graded Seals
- •1.1.7 Separating Glass by Type
- •1.1.9 Stress in Glass
- •1.1.11 Tempered Glass
- •1.1.13 Limiting Broken Glass in the Lab
- •1.1.14 Storing Glass
- •1.1.15 Marking Glass
- •1.1.16 Consumer's Guide to Purchasing Laboratory Glassware
- •1.2 Flexible Tubing
- •1.2.1 Introduction
- •1.2.2 Physical Properties of Flexible Tubing
- •1.3 Corks, Rubber Stoppers, and Enclosures
- •1.3.1 Corks
- •1.3.2 Rubber Stoppers
- •1.3.3 Preholed Stoppers
- •1.3.4 Inserting Glass Tubing into Stoppers
- •1.3.5 Removing Glass from Stoppers and Flexible Tubing
- •1.3.6 Film Enclosures
- •1.4 O-Rings
- •1.4.2 Chemical Resistance of O-Ring Material
- •1.4.3 O-Ring Sizes
- •2 Measurement
- •2.1 Measurement: The Basics
- •2.1.1 Uniformity, Reliability, and Accuracy
- •2.1.2 History of the Metric System
- •2.1.3 The Base Units
- •2.1.4 The Use of Prefixes in the Metric System
- •2.1.5 Measurement Rules
- •2.2 Length
- •2.2.1 The Ruler
- •2.2.2 How to Measure Length
- •2.2.3 The Caliper
- •2.2.4 The Micrometer
- •2.3 Volume
- •2.3.1 The Concepts of Volume Measurement
- •2.3.2 Background of Volume Standards
- •2.3.4 Materials of Volumetric Construction #1 Plastic
- •2.3.5 Materials of Volumetric Construction #2 Glass
- •2.3.6 Reading Volumetric Ware
- •2.3.7 General Practices of Volumetric Ware Use
- •2.3.8 Calibrations, Calibration, and Accuracy
- •2.3.9 Correcting Volumetric Readings
- •2.3.10 Volumetric Flasks
- •2.3.11 Graduated Cylinders
- •2.3.12 Pipettes
- •2.3.13 Burettes
- •2.3.14 Types of Burettes
- •2.3.15 Care and Use of Burettes
- •2.4 Weight and Mass
- •2.4.1 Tools for Weighing
- •2.4.2 Weight Versus Mass Versus Density
- •2.4.3 Air Buoyancy
- •2.4.5 Balance Location
- •2.4.6 Balance Reading
- •2.4.7 The Spring Balance
- •2.4.8 The Lever Arm Balance
- •2.4.9 Beam Balances
- •2.4.10 Analytical Balances
- •2.4.11 The Top-Loading Balance
- •2.4.12 Balance Verification
- •2.4.13 Calibration Weights
- •2.5 Temperature
- •2.5.1 TheNature of Temperature Measurement
- •2.5.2 The Physics of Temperature-Taking
- •2.5.3 Expansion-Based Thermometers
- •2.5.4 Linear Expansion Thermometers
- •2.5.5 Volumetric Expansion Thermometers
- •2.5.7 Thermometer Calibration
- •2.5.8 Thermometer Lag
- •2.5.9 Air Bubbles in Liquid Columns
- •2.5.10 Pressure Expansion Thermometers
- •2.5.11 Thermocouples
- •2.5.12 Resistance Thermometers
- •3.1 Joints and Connections
- •3.1.1 Standard Taper Joints
- •3.1.2 Ball-and-Socket Joints
- •3.1.3 The O-Ring Joint
- •3.1.4 Hybrids and Alternative Joints
- •3.1.5 Special Connectors
- •3.2 Stopcocks and Valves
- •3.2.1 Glass Stopcocks
- •3.2.2 Teflon Stopcocks
- •3.2.3 Rotary Valves
- •3.2.4 Stopcock Design Variations
- •3.3.1 Storage and Use of Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.2 Preparation for Use
- •3.3.3 Types of Greases
- •3.3.4 The Teflon Sleeve
- •3.3.5 Applying Grease to Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.6 Preventing Glass Stopcocks and Joints from Sticking or Breaking on a Working System
- •3.3.7 Unsticking Joints and Stopcocks
- •3.3.8 Leaking Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.9 What to Do About Leaks in Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.10 General Tips
- •3.4 Glass Tubing
- •3.4.1 The Basics of Glass Tubing
- •3.4.2 Calculating the Inside Diameter (I.D.)
- •3.4.3 Sample Volume Calculations
- •4 Cleaning Glassware
- •4.1 The Clean Laboratory
- •4.1.1 Basic Cleaning Concepts
- •4.1.2 Safety
- •4.1.3 Removing Stopcock Grease
- •4.1.4 Soap and Water
- •4.1.5 Ultrasonic Cleaners
- •4.1.6 Organic Solvents
- •4.1.7 The Base Bath
- •4.1.8 Acids and Oxidizers
- •4.1.9 Chromic Acid
- •4.1.10 Hydrofluoric Acid
- •4.1.11 Extra Cleaning Tips
- •4.1.12 Additional Cleaning Problems and Solutions
- •4.1.13 Last Resort Cleaning Solutions
- •5 Compressed Gases
- •5.1 Compressed GasTanks
- •5.1.1 Types of Gases
- •5.1.2 The Dangers of Compressed Gas
- •5.1.3 CGA Fittings
- •5.1.4 Safety Aspects of Compressed Gas Tanks
- •5.1.5 Safety Practices Using Compressed Gases
- •5.1.6 In Case of Emergency
- •5.1.7 Gas Compatibility with Various Materials
- •5.2 The Regulator
- •5.2.1 The Parts of the Regulator
- •5.2.2 House Air Pressure System
- •5.2.4 How to Use Regulators Safely
- •5.2.6 How to Purchase a Regulator
- •6 High and Low Temperature
- •6.1 High Temperature
- •6.1.1 TheDynamics of Heat in the Lab
- •6.1.2 General Safety Precautions
- •6.1.3 Open Flames
- •6.1.4 Steam
- •6.1.5 Thermal Radiation
- •6.1.6 Transfer of Energy
- •6.1.7 Hot Air Guns
- •6.1.8 Electrical Resistance Heating
- •6.1.9 Alternatives to Heat
- •6.2 Low Temperature
- •6.2.1 TheDynamics of Cold in the Lab
- •6.2.2 Room Temperature Tap Water (=20°C)
- •6.2.8 Safety with Slush Baths
- •6.2.9 Containment of Cold Materials
- •6.2.10 Liquid (Cryogenic) Gas Tanks
- •7 Vacuum Systems
- •7.1 How to Destroy a Vacuum System
- •7.2.1 Preface
- •7.2.2 How to Use a Vacuum System
- •7.2.4 Pressure, Vacuum, and Force
- •7.2.5 Gases, Vapors, and the Gas Laws
- •7.2.6 Vapor Pressure
- •7.2.7 How to Make (and Maintain) a Vacuum
- •7.2.8 Gas Flow
- •7.2.9 Throughput and Pumping Speed
- •7.3 Pumps
- •7.3.1 The Purpose of Pumps
- •7.3.2 The Aspirator
- •7.3.3 Types and Features of Mechanical Pumps
- •7.3.4 Connection, Use, Maintenance, and Safety
- •7.3.5 Condensable Vapors
- •7.3.6 Traps for Pumps
- •7.3.7 Mechanical Pump Oils
- •7.3.8 The Various Mechanical Pump Oils
- •7.3.9 Storing Mechanical Pumps
- •7.3.11 Ultra-High Vacuum Levels Without Ultra-High
- •7.3.12 Diffusion Pumps
- •7.3.13 Attaching a Diffusion Pump to a Vacuum System
- •7.3.14 How to Use a Diffusion Pump
- •7.3.15 Diffusion Pump Limitations
- •7.3.17 Diffusion Pump Maintenance
- •7.3.18 Toepler Pumps
- •7.4 Traps
- •7.4.1 The Purpose and Functions of Traps
- •7.4.2 Types of Traps
- •7.4.3 Proper Use of Cold Traps
- •7.4.4 Maintenance of Cold Traps
- •7.4.5 Separation Traps
- •7.4.6 Liquid Traps
- •7.5 Vacuum Gauges
- •7.5.2 The Mechanical Gauge Family
- •7.5.4 The Liquid Gauge Family
- •7.5.5 The Manometer
- •7.5.6 The McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.7 How to Read a McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.8 Bringing a McLeod Gauge to Vacuum Conditions
- •7.5.10 The Tipping McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.11 Condensable Vapors and the McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.12 Mercury Contamination from McLeod Gauges
- •7.5.13 Cleaning a McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.14 Thermocouple and Pirani Gauges
- •7.5.15 The Pirani Gauge
- •7.5.16 Cleaning Pirani Gauges
- •7.5.17 The Thermocouple Gauge
- •7.5.18 Cleaning Thermocouple Gauges
- •7.5.19 The lonization Gauge Family
- •7.5.20 The Hot-Cathode Ion Gauge
- •7.5.21 Cleaning Hot-Cathode Ion Gauges
- •7.5.24 The Momentum Transfer Gauge (MTG)
- •7.6 Leak Detection and Location
- •7.6.1 AllAbout Leaks
- •7.6.3 False Leaks
- •7.6.4 Real Leaks
- •7.6.5 Isolation to Find Leaks
- •7.6.6 Probe Gases and Liquids
- •7.6.7 The Tesla Coil
- •7.6.8 Soap Bubbles
- •7.6.9 Pirani or Thermocouple Gauges
- •7.6.10 Helium Leak Detection
- •7.6.11 Helium Leak Detection Techniques
- •7.6.13 Repairing Leaks
- •7.7 More Vacuum System Information
- •7.7.1 The Designs of Things
- •8 The Gas-Oxygen Torch
- •8.1.2 How to Light a Gas-Oxygen Torch
- •8.1.3 How to Prevent a Premix Torch from Popping
- •8.2.2 How to Tip-Off a Sample
- •8.2.3 How to Fire-Polish the End of a Glass Tube
- •8.2.4 Brazing and Silver Soldering
- •Appendix
- •A.2 Suggestions for Glassware Requests
- •B.1 Introduction
- •B.2 Polyolefins
- •B.3 Engineering Resins
- •B.4 Fluorocarbons
- •B.5 Chemical Resistance Chart
- •C.1 Chapter 1
- •C.4 Chapter 4
- •C.5 Chapter 5 & Chapter 6
- •C.6 Chapter 7
- •C.7 Chapter 8
- •D.1 Laboratory Safety
- •D.2 Chemical Safety
- •D.3 Chapter 1
- •D.4 Chapter 2
- •D.5 Chapter 3
- •D.6 Chapter 4
- •D.7 Chapter 5 and the Second Half of Chapter 6
- •D.8 Chapter 7
- •D.9 Chapter 8
- •Index
Compressed Gas Tanks 5.1 |
273 |
For questions specifically related to compressed gases, you may write or call:
Compressed Gas Association, Inc.
1725 Jefferson Davis Highway, # 1004
Arlington, VA 22202-4102
(703) 412-0900
Canada has a similar organization for chemical transportation emergencies, called TEAP (Transportation Emergency Assistance Plan). It is operated as a public service by the Canadian Chemical Producer's Association through the cooperation and aid of the member companies who operate the Regional Response Centers (RRCs) throughout Canada. They are also available on a 24-hour basis. However, you need to call the center in the Canadian region where you are located.
Dalhousie, New Brunswick |
506-684-4328 |
Edmonton, Alberta |
403-477-8339 |
Kitimat, British Columbia |
604-632-2441 |
Maitland, Ontario |
613-348-3616 |
Montreal East, Quebec |
514-640-6400 |
Sarnia, Ontario |
519-339-3711 |
West Hill, Ontario |
800-567-7455 |
Winnipeg, Manitoba |
204-957-0118 |
|
or 519-339-2145 |
For further information about handling and/or shipping pressurized containers within Canada you can write to:
The Canadian Chemical Producers Association
805-350 Sparks Street
Ottawa KIR 7S8
5.1.7 Gas Compatibility with Various Materials
Gases can react with containers and tubing as well as with each other. The degree of reaction can range from premature aging to explosion. It is always best to prevent a possible reaction than to repair the damage of one. For example, Table 5.6 indicates that chlorine will not react with an O-ring made of Viton, but will with the others listed. Table 5.6 also indicates that acetylene will react with zinc and
274 |
Compressed Gases |
copper, but does not indicate that acetylene can also react with silver, mercury, or the salts of either of these compounds. Because it is impossible to list all gas and material combinations, you should check with your gas supplier for compatibilities of any gas and material before committing yourself to full-fledged experimentation, even though the information should be on the MSDS sheets.
rfable 5.6 Compatibility of Various Gases and Materials
Chemical Name
and Formula
Name Formula
Acetylene C2 H2
Air —
Allene C3H4
Ammonia NH3
Argon Ar
Arsine AsH3
Boron BC13
trichloride
Boron trifluoBF3 ride
Materials of Construction*
Common Chemical Group
Metals |
Plastics |
]Elastomers |
a b c d e f g h
Cl |
s |
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s s s s I I s s s s I s I C3 I I I I
1,3-Butadi- C4 H6
ene
Butane C4 H1 0
1-Butene C4 Hg ci.y-2-Butene C4 H8
trans-2- C4 H8
Butene
Carbon dioxCO2 ide
Carbon monCO oxide
Carbonyl sulCOS fide
Carboxide® —
Chlorine Cl2
Deuterium D2
Diborane B2 H6
Dichlorosi- H2SiCl2
lane
Dimethyl (CH3)2O
ether
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Compressed Gas Tanks 5.1 |
|
275 |
Table 5.6 Compatibility of Various Gases and Materials |
(continued)" |
|
Chemical Name |
Materials of Construction* |
|
and Formula |
Common Chemical (jroup |
|
Metals |
Plastics |
Elastomers |
Name |
Formula |
Ethyl acety- |
C4 H6 |
lene |
|
Ethyl chlo- |
C2H5C1 |
ride |
|
Ethylene |
C2 H4 |
Ethylene |
C2 H4 O |
oxide |
|
Halocarbon |
CC13F |
11 |
|
Halocarbon |
CC12F2 |
12 |
|
Halocarbon |
CCIF3 |
13 |
|
Halocarbon CDF3 |
|
13B1 |
|
Halocarbon |
CF4 |
14 |
|
Halocarbon |
CHC12F |
21 |
|
Halocarbon |
CHC1F2 |
2 2 • |
|
Halocarbon CHF3 |
|
23 |
|
Halocarbon |
CC12FCC1F |
113 |
2 |
Halocarbon C2C12F4 |
|
114 |
|
Halocarbon C2C1F5
115
Halocarbon C2 F6
116
Halocarbon C2H3C1F2
142B
Halocarbon C2 H4F2
152A
Halocarbon C4 F8
C-318
Halocarbon CHC1F2/
502 CC1F2-CF3
Halocarbon C2 H2 F2
1132A
Helium He
a b c d e f g h i j k 1 m n 0 p q r
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s |
s |
u |
u |
C3 |
s |
s |
s |
00 |
|
|||||||||
s |
I |
s |
u |
u |
C3 |
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
u |
u |
C3 |
I |
I |
I |
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
276 |
Compressed Gases |
Table 5.6 Compatibility <jf Various Gases and Materials('continued)"
Chemical Name |
Materials of Construction* |
|
and Formula |
Common Chemical jroup |
|
Metals |
Plastics |
Elastomers |
Name |
Formula |
Hydrogen |
H 2 |
Hydrogen |
HO |
chloride |
|
Hydrogen |
H2S |
sulfide |
|
Isobutane |
C 4H 10 |
Isobutylene C4 H8 |
|
Isopentane C5 H12 |
|
Krypton |
Kr |
Methane |
CH4 |
Methyl chlo- |
CH3CI |
ride |
|
Methyl mer- |
CH3 SH |
captan |
|
Natural gas |
— |
Neon |
Ne |
Nitric oxide |
NO |
Nitrogen |
N2 |
Nitrogen |
NO2 |
dioxide |
|
Nitrous oxide |
N2O |
Oxyfume® |
— |
mixtures |
|
Oxygen |
o2 |
Perfluoropro- C3 F8 |
|
pane |
|
Phosphine |
PH3 |
Phosphorous |
PF5 |
pentafluo- |
|
ride |
|
Propane |
C3 H8 |
Propylene |
C3 H6 |
Propylene |
C3 H6 O |
oxide |
|
Refrigerant |
— |
gases |
|
Silane |
SiH4 |
Silicon tetra- |
SiCl4 |
chloride |
|
a b c d e f g h i |
j k 1 m n 0 |
p q r |
|||||
s s |
CO |
s s s s s s |
00 |
s s s |
s |
s s s s |
|
|
|
||||||
u s |
s I u u s s s s s s u s |
s |
u u u |
||||
u |
s |
s |
s |
00 |
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
CO |
s s I I s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s u
s |
s I |
s s s s s s s 1 |
|
s |
s s |
to |
s s s s s s u |
|
|||
s s |
s s |
s |
s |
s s s |
s s |
s s |
s s |
s |
s |
s s s |
s I |
s u u s s s s s s I I
s |
u |
s |
s |
s |
|
s |
s |
s |
s |
to |
|
|
|||||
s |
to |
s |
s |
I |
|
s |
|||||
00 |
s |
s |
s |
||
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
|
s |
s |
s |
s |
s |
|
s |
s |
u |
u |
u |
s s s u I |
u u s s s I |
I |
I |
s I |
I |
s I |
|||||||||||
s s s s s s s s s s s s I |
s s s s s |
||||||||||||||||
s s |
00 |
s s s s s s s s s s |
s s s s s |
||||||||||||||
u s s |
s I |
s s s s s I |
s I |
s I |
I |
s I |
|||||||||||
s s s |
s |
1/5 |
s s s s s s s s |
s s s s s |
|||||||||||||
I |
|||||||||||||||||
I |
s s |
to |
I |
s s s |
s I |
u |
I |
s u u u u |
|||||||||
00 |
C6 |
C6 |
C5 |
s |
s |
s s C5 |
s |
s |
s |
I |
C3 |
s |
s |
s |
s |
||
C4 s s I |
I |
u I s s I |
I |
u u C3 u u u u |
|||||||||||||
s C7 C7 u s s |
on |
s C5 |
s s |
00 |
s C3 s u u s |
||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
s s s |
s I |
s |
s s S |
s I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
s s I |
||||||||
I |
s |
00 |
s |
I |
I |
s s s s I |
I |
I |
s |
I |
I |
I |
I |
||||
I |
s s I |
I |
I |
s s s s I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
I |
||||||
s s s s s s s s s s s s u s s s s s
s s s s s s s |
s s s s s u s s u u u |
|||||
I |
s s I I |
I |
I |
s s s I |
u s C3 |
u u u u |
|
|
|
|
(see halocarbons) |
|
|
s s s s I |
s |
to |
S s s s s I S s s s s |
|||
|
||||||
I |
s s u I |
I |
s S s I I |
u I C3 |
I I I I |
|
Compressed Gas Tanks 5.1 |
277 |
Table 5.6 Compatibility of Various Gases and Materials (continued)"
Chemical Name
and Formula
Name |
Formula |
Silicon tet- |
SiF4 |
rafluoride |
|
Sulfur diox- |
SO2 |
ide |
|
Sulfur |
SF6 |
hexaftuo- |
|
Materials of Construction*
Common Chemical Group
|
|
Metals |
|
Plastics |
|
|
Elastomers |
||||||
a b c d e f g h |
i j k 1 m n 0 |
p q r |
|||||||||||
s |
s s |
s |
1 s s s s s s |
OO |
1 |
C3 |
s s |
s |
s |
||||
u s |
s |
u u u s s s |
s s s u S |
s |
u u s |
||||||||
s |
s |
s |
s |
I s s s s |
s s |
s 1 |
C3 |
s s |
s |
s |
|||
ride
Trichlorosi- |
HSiCl3 |
lane |
|
Vinyl methyl |
C3H6O |
ether |
|
Xenon |
Xe |
I s |
s |
u I |
I s s s 1 I |
u I C3 |
I |
I |
I |
1 |
||||
s s |
s |
s |
I |
u s |
s |
s |
s I |
I u C3 |
I |
I |
I |
I |
s s s s |
s s s |
s |
s |
s s s s S s s s s |
||||||||
a This chart has been prepared for use with dry (anhydrous) gases at normal operating temperatures of 70°F (21°C). Information may vary if different operating conditions exist. Systems and equipment used in oxidizer gas service (e.g., oxygen or nitrous oxide) must be cleared for oxidizer service.
S—Satisfactory for use with the intended gas (dry anhydrous) at a normal operating temperature of 70°F (2PC).
U—Unsatisfactory for use with the intended gas.
Cl through C7—Conditionally acceptable for use with the intended gases as follows:
Cl—Satisfactory with brass having a low (67-70% maximum) copper content. Brass with higher copper content is unacceptable.
C2—Satisfactory with acetylene; however, cylinder acetylene is packaged dissolved in a solvent (generally acetone) which may be incompatible with these elastomers.
C3—Compatibility varies depending on specific Kalrez compound used. Consult E.I. DuPont for information on specific applications.
C4 - Satisfactory with brass, except where acetylene or acetylides are present. C5—Generally unsatisfactory, except where specific use conditions have
proven acceptable. C6—Satisfactory below 1000 psig.
C7—Satisfactory below 1000 psig where gas velocities do not exceed 30 ft/ sec.
I—Insufficient data available to determine compatibility with the intended gas.