- •Contents
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •1 Materials in the Lab
- •2 Measurement
- •3 Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing
- •4 Cleaning Glassware
- •5 Compressed Gases
- •6 High and Low Temperature
- •7 Vacuum Systems
- •8 The Gas-Oxygen Torch
- •APPENDIX
- •Appendix A Preparing Drawings for a Technician
- •Index
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •For the Second Edition
- •Please note:
- •1 Materials in the Lab
- •1.1 Glass
- •1.1.1 Introduction
- •1.1.2 Structural Properties of Glass
- •1.1.3 Phase Separation
- •1.1.4 Devitrification
- •1.1.5 Different Types of Glass Used in the Lab
- •1.1.6 Grading Glass and Graded Seals
- •1.1.7 Separating Glass by Type
- •1.1.9 Stress in Glass
- •1.1.11 Tempered Glass
- •1.1.13 Limiting Broken Glass in the Lab
- •1.1.14 Storing Glass
- •1.1.15 Marking Glass
- •1.1.16 Consumer's Guide to Purchasing Laboratory Glassware
- •1.2 Flexible Tubing
- •1.2.1 Introduction
- •1.2.2 Physical Properties of Flexible Tubing
- •1.3 Corks, Rubber Stoppers, and Enclosures
- •1.3.1 Corks
- •1.3.2 Rubber Stoppers
- •1.3.3 Preholed Stoppers
- •1.3.4 Inserting Glass Tubing into Stoppers
- •1.3.5 Removing Glass from Stoppers and Flexible Tubing
- •1.3.6 Film Enclosures
- •1.4 O-Rings
- •1.4.2 Chemical Resistance of O-Ring Material
- •1.4.3 O-Ring Sizes
- •2 Measurement
- •2.1 Measurement: The Basics
- •2.1.1 Uniformity, Reliability, and Accuracy
- •2.1.2 History of the Metric System
- •2.1.3 The Base Units
- •2.1.4 The Use of Prefixes in the Metric System
- •2.1.5 Measurement Rules
- •2.2 Length
- •2.2.1 The Ruler
- •2.2.2 How to Measure Length
- •2.2.3 The Caliper
- •2.2.4 The Micrometer
- •2.3 Volume
- •2.3.1 The Concepts of Volume Measurement
- •2.3.2 Background of Volume Standards
- •2.3.4 Materials of Volumetric Construction #1 Plastic
- •2.3.5 Materials of Volumetric Construction #2 Glass
- •2.3.6 Reading Volumetric Ware
- •2.3.7 General Practices of Volumetric Ware Use
- •2.3.8 Calibrations, Calibration, and Accuracy
- •2.3.9 Correcting Volumetric Readings
- •2.3.10 Volumetric Flasks
- •2.3.11 Graduated Cylinders
- •2.3.12 Pipettes
- •2.3.13 Burettes
- •2.3.14 Types of Burettes
- •2.3.15 Care and Use of Burettes
- •2.4 Weight and Mass
- •2.4.1 Tools for Weighing
- •2.4.2 Weight Versus Mass Versus Density
- •2.4.3 Air Buoyancy
- •2.4.5 Balance Location
- •2.4.6 Balance Reading
- •2.4.7 The Spring Balance
- •2.4.8 The Lever Arm Balance
- •2.4.9 Beam Balances
- •2.4.10 Analytical Balances
- •2.4.11 The Top-Loading Balance
- •2.4.12 Balance Verification
- •2.4.13 Calibration Weights
- •2.5 Temperature
- •2.5.1 TheNature of Temperature Measurement
- •2.5.2 The Physics of Temperature-Taking
- •2.5.3 Expansion-Based Thermometers
- •2.5.4 Linear Expansion Thermometers
- •2.5.5 Volumetric Expansion Thermometers
- •2.5.7 Thermometer Calibration
- •2.5.8 Thermometer Lag
- •2.5.9 Air Bubbles in Liquid Columns
- •2.5.10 Pressure Expansion Thermometers
- •2.5.11 Thermocouples
- •2.5.12 Resistance Thermometers
- •3.1 Joints and Connections
- •3.1.1 Standard Taper Joints
- •3.1.2 Ball-and-Socket Joints
- •3.1.3 The O-Ring Joint
- •3.1.4 Hybrids and Alternative Joints
- •3.1.5 Special Connectors
- •3.2 Stopcocks and Valves
- •3.2.1 Glass Stopcocks
- •3.2.2 Teflon Stopcocks
- •3.2.3 Rotary Valves
- •3.2.4 Stopcock Design Variations
- •3.3.1 Storage and Use of Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.2 Preparation for Use
- •3.3.3 Types of Greases
- •3.3.4 The Teflon Sleeve
- •3.3.5 Applying Grease to Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.6 Preventing Glass Stopcocks and Joints from Sticking or Breaking on a Working System
- •3.3.7 Unsticking Joints and Stopcocks
- •3.3.8 Leaking Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.9 What to Do About Leaks in Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.10 General Tips
- •3.4 Glass Tubing
- •3.4.1 The Basics of Glass Tubing
- •3.4.2 Calculating the Inside Diameter (I.D.)
- •3.4.3 Sample Volume Calculations
- •4 Cleaning Glassware
- •4.1 The Clean Laboratory
- •4.1.1 Basic Cleaning Concepts
- •4.1.2 Safety
- •4.1.3 Removing Stopcock Grease
- •4.1.4 Soap and Water
- •4.1.5 Ultrasonic Cleaners
- •4.1.6 Organic Solvents
- •4.1.7 The Base Bath
- •4.1.8 Acids and Oxidizers
- •4.1.9 Chromic Acid
- •4.1.10 Hydrofluoric Acid
- •4.1.11 Extra Cleaning Tips
- •4.1.12 Additional Cleaning Problems and Solutions
- •4.1.13 Last Resort Cleaning Solutions
- •5 Compressed Gases
- •5.1 Compressed GasTanks
- •5.1.1 Types of Gases
- •5.1.2 The Dangers of Compressed Gas
- •5.1.3 CGA Fittings
- •5.1.4 Safety Aspects of Compressed Gas Tanks
- •5.1.5 Safety Practices Using Compressed Gases
- •5.1.6 In Case of Emergency
- •5.1.7 Gas Compatibility with Various Materials
- •5.2 The Regulator
- •5.2.1 The Parts of the Regulator
- •5.2.2 House Air Pressure System
- •5.2.4 How to Use Regulators Safely
- •5.2.6 How to Purchase a Regulator
- •6 High and Low Temperature
- •6.1 High Temperature
- •6.1.1 TheDynamics of Heat in the Lab
- •6.1.2 General Safety Precautions
- •6.1.3 Open Flames
- •6.1.4 Steam
- •6.1.5 Thermal Radiation
- •6.1.6 Transfer of Energy
- •6.1.7 Hot Air Guns
- •6.1.8 Electrical Resistance Heating
- •6.1.9 Alternatives to Heat
- •6.2 Low Temperature
- •6.2.1 TheDynamics of Cold in the Lab
- •6.2.2 Room Temperature Tap Water (=20°C)
- •6.2.8 Safety with Slush Baths
- •6.2.9 Containment of Cold Materials
- •6.2.10 Liquid (Cryogenic) Gas Tanks
- •7 Vacuum Systems
- •7.1 How to Destroy a Vacuum System
- •7.2.1 Preface
- •7.2.2 How to Use a Vacuum System
- •7.2.4 Pressure, Vacuum, and Force
- •7.2.5 Gases, Vapors, and the Gas Laws
- •7.2.6 Vapor Pressure
- •7.2.7 How to Make (and Maintain) a Vacuum
- •7.2.8 Gas Flow
- •7.2.9 Throughput and Pumping Speed
- •7.3 Pumps
- •7.3.1 The Purpose of Pumps
- •7.3.2 The Aspirator
- •7.3.3 Types and Features of Mechanical Pumps
- •7.3.4 Connection, Use, Maintenance, and Safety
- •7.3.5 Condensable Vapors
- •7.3.6 Traps for Pumps
- •7.3.7 Mechanical Pump Oils
- •7.3.8 The Various Mechanical Pump Oils
- •7.3.9 Storing Mechanical Pumps
- •7.3.11 Ultra-High Vacuum Levels Without Ultra-High
- •7.3.12 Diffusion Pumps
- •7.3.13 Attaching a Diffusion Pump to a Vacuum System
- •7.3.14 How to Use a Diffusion Pump
- •7.3.15 Diffusion Pump Limitations
- •7.3.17 Diffusion Pump Maintenance
- •7.3.18 Toepler Pumps
- •7.4 Traps
- •7.4.1 The Purpose and Functions of Traps
- •7.4.2 Types of Traps
- •7.4.3 Proper Use of Cold Traps
- •7.4.4 Maintenance of Cold Traps
- •7.4.5 Separation Traps
- •7.4.6 Liquid Traps
- •7.5 Vacuum Gauges
- •7.5.2 The Mechanical Gauge Family
- •7.5.4 The Liquid Gauge Family
- •7.5.5 The Manometer
- •7.5.6 The McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.7 How to Read a McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.8 Bringing a McLeod Gauge to Vacuum Conditions
- •7.5.10 The Tipping McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.11 Condensable Vapors and the McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.12 Mercury Contamination from McLeod Gauges
- •7.5.13 Cleaning a McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.14 Thermocouple and Pirani Gauges
- •7.5.15 The Pirani Gauge
- •7.5.16 Cleaning Pirani Gauges
- •7.5.17 The Thermocouple Gauge
- •7.5.18 Cleaning Thermocouple Gauges
- •7.5.19 The lonization Gauge Family
- •7.5.20 The Hot-Cathode Ion Gauge
- •7.5.21 Cleaning Hot-Cathode Ion Gauges
- •7.5.24 The Momentum Transfer Gauge (MTG)
- •7.6 Leak Detection and Location
- •7.6.1 AllAbout Leaks
- •7.6.3 False Leaks
- •7.6.4 Real Leaks
- •7.6.5 Isolation to Find Leaks
- •7.6.6 Probe Gases and Liquids
- •7.6.7 The Tesla Coil
- •7.6.8 Soap Bubbles
- •7.6.9 Pirani or Thermocouple Gauges
- •7.6.10 Helium Leak Detection
- •7.6.11 Helium Leak Detection Techniques
- •7.6.13 Repairing Leaks
- •7.7 More Vacuum System Information
- •7.7.1 The Designs of Things
- •8 The Gas-Oxygen Torch
- •8.1.2 How to Light a Gas-Oxygen Torch
- •8.1.3 How to Prevent a Premix Torch from Popping
- •8.2.2 How to Tip-Off a Sample
- •8.2.3 How to Fire-Polish the End of a Glass Tube
- •8.2.4 Brazing and Silver Soldering
- •Appendix
- •A.2 Suggestions for Glassware Requests
- •B.1 Introduction
- •B.2 Polyolefins
- •B.3 Engineering Resins
- •B.4 Fluorocarbons
- •B.5 Chemical Resistance Chart
- •C.1 Chapter 1
- •C.4 Chapter 4
- •C.5 Chapter 5 & Chapter 6
- •C.6 Chapter 7
- •C.7 Chapter 8
- •D.1 Laboratory Safety
- •D.2 Chemical Safety
- •D.3 Chapter 1
- •D.4 Chapter 2
- •D.5 Chapter 3
- •D.6 Chapter 4
- •D.7 Chapter 5 and the Second Half of Chapter 6
- •D.8 Chapter 7
- •D.9 Chapter 8
- •Index
Compressed Gas Tanks 5.1
Tank cap
hole
Gas tank shoulder
Compressed
gas tank
257
Tank cap
/ i C C 3AA 1800 |
^ |
||
I |
U U |
5-BB-82 |
|
\ |
HSCS892S |
/ |
|
V |
N N |
|
/ |
Required cylinder
markings (sample
enlarged)
Fig. 5.2 An example of a compressed gas tank with cap.
5.1.4 Safety Aspects of Compressed Gas Tanks
Sections of a compressed gas tank are designed to provide safety for potentially abusive conditions. The most common structural protection is the tank cap, which is placed over the valve, then screwed onto the threaded neck of the compressed gas tank (see Fig. 5.2). In addition, you can obtain separate foot-rings that help a cylinder stand up, along with protective girdles for around the valve area.
Tank caps can occasionally be difficult to remove. The easiest way to remove one is to insert a large screwdriver a short way into the tank cap hole (see Fig. 5.2), being careful not to make contact with the main tank valve stem. Using the screwdriver as a lever, it is simple to remove a tank cap (the cap should be rotated so the right side of the cap is rotating away from the observer). Sometimes it may be easier to place two screwdrivers (one in each hole). This provides equal leverage on both sides. Never use this technique to tighten a tank cap. Simply screwing
|
Table 5.2 Common Laboratory Gases |
||
|
|
The Gases and Connectors |
|
The Gases and Connectors |
Ammonia, anhydrous |
||
Connection 204/705 or 180 |
|||
|
|
||
Acetylene |
|
Ammonia, electronic |
|
Connection 510 |
|
Connection 660 |
|
Air |
Argon |
|
Connection 590 or 170 |
||
Connection 580 or 180 |
||
|
||
AUene |
Arsine |
|
Connection 510 or 110 |
||
Connection 660 |
||
|
258 |
Compressed Gases |
Table 5.2 Common Laboratory Gases (continued)
The Gases and Connectors |
The Gases and Connectors |
|
Boron trichloride |
Chlorotrifluoroethylene |
|
Connection 660 or 180 |
Connection 660 or 170 |
|
Boron trifluoride |
Chlorotrifluoromethane |
|
Connection 330 or 180 |
Connection 320 |
|
Bromine pentafluoride |
Cyanogen |
|
Connection 670 |
Connection 660 |
|
Bromine trifluoride |
Cyanogen chloride |
|
Connection 670 |
Connection 660 |
|
Bromotrifluorethylene |
Cyclopropane |
|
1/8" National Pipe Thread male outlet |
Connection 510 or 170 |
|
needle valve 112A |
Deuterium |
|
Bromotrifluoromethane |
Connection 350 or 170 |
|
Connection 320 |
Diborane |
|
1,3-Butadiene |
||
Connection 350 |
||
Connection 510 or 170 |
Dibromodifluoromethane |
|
Butane |
Connection 660 |
|
Connection 510 or 170 |
1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane |
|
1-Butane |
Shipped in cans, no CGA fitting needed |
|
Connection 510 |
Dichlorodifluoromethane |
|
2-Butane |
||
Connection 660 |
||
Connection 510 |
Dichlorofluoromethane |
|
Butenes |
||
Connection 660 |
||
Connection 510 or 170 |
Dichlorosilane |
|
Carbon dioxide |
||
Connection 678 |
||
Connection 320 or 170 |
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane |
|
Carbon monoxide |
||
Connection 660 |
||
Connection 350 or 170 |
1,1-Difluoro-1-chloroethane |
|
Carbon tetrafluoride |
Connection 660 |
|
Connection 320 |
1,1-Difluoroe thane |
|
|
||
Carbonyl fluoride |
Connection 660 |
|
Connection 660 |
1,1-Difluoroethy ene |
|
Carbonyl sulfide |
||
Connection 320 |
||
Connection 330 or 180 |
Dimethyl ether |
|
Chlorine |
||
Connection 510 or 170 |
||
Connection 660 or 110 |
2,2-Dimethylpropane |
|
Chlorine trifluoride |
Connection 510 |
|
Connection 670 |
Dimethylamine |
|
Chlorodifluoromethane |
||
Connection 705 or 180 |
||
Connection 660 |
Ethane |
|
Chloropentafluorethane |
||
Connection 350 or 170 |
||
Connection 660 |
|
Compressed Gas Tanks 5.1 |
259 |
Table 5.2 Common Laboratory Gases (continued)
The Gases and Connectors
Ethyl chloride
Connection 510 or 170
Ethylacetylene
Connection 510
Ethylene
Connection 350 or 170
Ethylene oxide
Connection 510 or 180
Fluorine
Connection 679
Freon® 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane)
Connection 660 or 170
Freon® 13 (Chlorotrifluoromethane)
Connection 320 or 170
Freon® 13B1 (Bromotrifluoromethane)
Connection 320 or 170
Freon® 14 (Tetrafluoromethane)
Connection 320 or 170
Freon® 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)
Connection 660 or 170
Freon® 23 (Fluoroform)
Connection 320 or 170
Freon® 114 (2, 2 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane)
Connection 660 or 170
Freon® 116 (Hexafluoroethane)
Connection 320 or 170
Germane
Connection 350/660
Helium
Connection 580 or 170
Hexafluoroacetone
Connection 660
Hexafluoroethane
Connection 320
Hexafluoropropylene
Connection 660 or 170
Hydrogen
Connection 350 or 170
Hydrogen bromide
The Gases and Connectors
Hydrogen chloride
Connection 330 or 110
Hydrogen cyanide
Connection 660
Hydrogen fluoride
Connection 660 or 180
Hydrogen iodine
Connection 330 or 180
Hydrogen selenide
Connection 660
Hydrogen sulfide
Connection 330 or 110
Iodine pentafluoride
No CGA fitting needed
Isobutane
Connection 510 or 170
Isobutylene
Connection 510 or 170
Krypton
Connection 580
Methane
Connection 350 or 170
Methyl bromide
Connection 320 or 170
3-Methyl-l-butene
Connection 510
Methyl chloride
Connection 660 or 170
Methyl fluoride
Connection 350 or 170
Methyl mercaptan
Connection 330 or 110
Methyl vinyl ether
Connection 290
Methylacetylene
Connection 510
Monoethylamine
Connection 240/705
Monomethylamine
Connection 204/705 or 180
Connection 330 or 180
260 |
Compressed Gases |
Table 5.2 Common Laboratory Gases(continued)
The Gases and Connectors
Neon
Connection 580 or 170
Nickel carbonyl
Connection 320
Nitric oxide
Connection 660
Nitrogen
Connection 580 or 170
Nitrogen dioxide
Connection 660
Nitrogen trifluoride
Connection 679
Nitrogen trioxide
Connection 660
Nitrosyl chloride
Connection 660
Nitrous oxide
Connection 326 or 170
Octofluorocyclobutane
Connection 660 or 170
Oxygen
Connection 540 or 170
Oxygen difluoride
Connection 679
Ozone
Connection 660
Perchloryl fluoride
Connection 670
Perfluoro-2-butene
Connection 660
Perfluorobutane
Connection 668
Perfluoropropane
Connection 660 or 170
Phosgene
Connection 660
Phosphine
Connection 350/660
Phosphorous pentafluoride
The Gases and Connectors
Phosphorous trifluoride
Connection 330
Propane
Connection 510 or 170
Propylene
Connection 510 or 170
Silane
Connection 510
Silicon tetrafluoride
Connection 330 or 180
Sulfur dioxide
Connection 330
Sulfur hexafluoride
Connection 590
Sulfur tetrafluoride
Connection 330 or 180
Sulfuryl fluoride
Connection 660
Tetrafluoroethylene
Connection 350
Tetrafluorohydrazine
Connection 679
Trichlorofluoromethane
Comes in drums with a 3/4" female outlet
l,l>2-Trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane
Comes in drums with a 3/4* female outlet
Trimethylamine
Connection 204/705 or 180
Vinyl bromide
Connection 290 or 180
Vinyl chloride
Connection 290
Vinyl fluoride
Connection 320
Vinyl methyl ether
Connection 290 or 180
Xenon
Connection 580 or 110
Connection 330/660 or 180
Compressed Gas Tanks 5.1 |
261 |
Table 5.3 Common Laboratory CGA Regulators
CGA Fittings and Gasses
110Allene Chlorine
Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen sulfide Methyl mercaptan Xenon
170Air 1,3-Butadiene Butane Butenes
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Chlorotrifluoroethylene
Cyclopropane
Deuterium
Dimethyl Ether
Ethane
Ethyl chloride
Ethylene
Freon® 12
Freon® 13
Freon® 13B1
Freon® 14
Freon® 22
Freon® 23
Freon® 114
Freon® 116
Helium
Hexafluoropropylene
Hydrogen
Isobutane
Isobutylene
Methane
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
Methyl fluoride
Neon
CGA Fittings and Gasses
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
Octofluorocyclobutane
Oxygen
Perfluoropropane
Propane
Propylene
180Ammonia, anhydrous Argon
Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride Carbonyl sulfide Dimethylamine Ethylene oxide Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodine Monomethylamine
Phosphorous pentafluoride Silicon tetrafluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Trimethylamine
Vinyl bromide Vinyl methyl ether
240Ammonia, anhydrous Monoethylamine
Monomethylamine
Trimethylamine
290Methyl vinyl ether Vinyl bromide Vinyl chloride Vinyl methyl ether
320Chlorotrifluoromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Carbon dioxide Carbon tetrafluoride 1,1 -Difluoroethyene
262 |
Compressed Gases |
Table 5.3 Common Laboratory CGA Regulators (continued)
CGA Fittings and Gasses
Freon® 13 (Chlorotrifluo-
romethane)
Freon® 13B1
(Bromotrifluoromethane)
Freon® 14 (Tetrafluoromethane)
Freon® 23 (Fluoroform)
Freon® 116 (Hexafluoroethane)
Hexafluoroethane
Methyl bromide
Nickel carbonyl
Vinyl fluoride
326 Nitrous oxide
330Boron trifluoride Carbonyl sulfide Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen iodine Hydrogen sulfide Methyl mercaptan
Phosphorous pentafluoride Phosphorous trifluoride Silicon tetrafluoride Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur tetrafluoride
350Carbon monoxide Deuterium Diborane
Ethane Ethylene Germane Hydrogen Methane
Methyl fluoride
Phosphine
Tetrafluoroethylene
510Acetylene Allene 1,3-Butadiene Butane
CGA Fittings and Gasses
1-Butane
2-Butane Butenes
Chlorotriftuoroethylene Cyclopropane Dimethyl ether 2,2-Dimethylpropane Ethyl chloride Ethylacetylene Ethylene oxide Isobutane
Isobutylene Methylacetylene 3-Methyl-l-butene Propane Propylene
Silane
540 Oxygen
580Argon Helium Krypton Neon Nitrogen Xenon
590Air
Sulfur hexafluoride
660Ammonia Arsine
Boron trichloride Carbonyl fluoride Chlorine Chloropentafluorethane Chlorotrifluoroethylene Cyanogen
Cyanogen chloride Dibromodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane
Compressed Gas Tanks 5.1 |
263 |
Table 5.3 Common Laboratory CGA Regulators {continued)
CGA Fittings and Gasses
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
1,1-Difluoro-1 -chloroethane
1,1-Difluoroethane
Freon® 12 (Dichlorodifluo-
romethane)
Freon® 22 (Chlorodifluo-
romethane)
Freon® 114
(2, 2 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane)
Germane
Hexafluoroacetone
Hexafluoropropylene
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen selenide
Methyl chloride
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen trioxide
Nitrosyl chloride
Octofluorocyclobutane
CGA Fittings and Gasses
Ozone
Perfluoro-2-butene
Perfluoropropane
Phosgene
Phosphine
Phosphorous pentafluoride
Sulfuryl fluoride
668 Perfluorobutane
670Bromine pentafluoride Bromine trifluoride Chlorine trifluoride
Perchloryl fluoride
677Argon
678Dichlorosilane
679Fluorine
Nitrogen trifluoride Oxygen difluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine
705Ammonia, anhydrous Monoethylamine Monomethylamine Trimethylamine
264 |
Compressed Gases |
Schematic Drawing |
CGA# |
Outlet 5/16" - 32 Connection
110
5/16"-32 RH INT
Uses flat seat
with washer.
Lead washer
Lecture Bottle Outlet—Corrosive Gases
Outlet |
. |
Connection |
|
I outlet |
170 |
||
V |
T |
||
|
|||
l ^ ^ w i — . ^ T |
1 |
|
.5625 |
9/16"-18 RH EXT |
|
and 5/16" RH INT |
||
9/16 |
||
Uses flat seat |
||
|
||
|
with washer. |
Lecture Bottle Outlet—Non-Corrosive Gases
Connection
180
am
|
5/8"-18 RH EXT |
; ; • • i r - : ' . - ; - - - 1 ' " - 1 ; . 1 . : 1 " |
•".'•• |
1 d) |
and 516" RH INT |
Uses flat seat |
|
|
with washer. |
Lecture Bottle Outlet—Corrosive Gases
3/8" NGT |
|
670" |
|
Outlet 1 1 i 1 6 Connection |
240 |
|
3/8"NGTRHINT |
|
IPS accepts |
- Taper |
tapered thread. |
|
|
thread |
|
Fig. 5.2 CGA regulator attachment fittings.
Compressed Gas Tanks 5.1
Schematic Drawing
Connection
•745"| | .750
3/4" 3/4"
Outlet y * Connection
• 8 2 5 " | |
|.830" |
13/16" |
|
Connection
I Outlet y jf_
.825" I 1.830"
13/16"' 13/16"
Connection
Connection
Outlet
•825"| I.830"
13/16"
265
CGA#
290
.745"-14 LH EXT
Accepts a bullet-
shaped nipple.
320
.825"-14 RH EXT Uses flat
seat and washer.
326
.825"-14 RH EXT Accepts a roundshaped nipple.
330
.825"-14 LH EXT Uses flat
seat and washer.
350
.825"-14 LH EXT Accepts a roundshaped nipple.
Fig. 5.2 (continued)
266
Schematic Drawing
Outlet Connection
Outlet w Connection
Outlet Connection
.965" j |
| .960" |
15/16" 15/16"
Outlet Connection
•965" | |
| .960" |
15/16" |
-15/16- |
Outlet Connection
1.030'i V
Compressed Gases
CGA#
510
.885"-14 LH INT
Accepts a bullet-
shaped nipple.
540
.903"-14 RH EXT
Accepts a round-
shaped nipple.
580
.965"-14 RH INT
Accepts a bullet-
shaped nipple.
590
.965"-14 LH INT
Accepts a bullet-
shaped nipple.
660
1.030"-14 RH EXT
Uses a flat seat with washer.
Fig. 5.2 (continued)
Compressed Gas Tanks 5.1 |
267 |
Schematic Drawing
. Outlet^, ^Connection
1.030 I 11.035 Washer
I Outlet ^ Connection
IT .035" 1.030") I1-C1"
1"
I Outlet^ ^Connection
1.030"! n.035' Washer
Outlet^ jConnection
1.035" (2)Lead Washers
1"
I Outlet ^ x Connection
\^^—^^^^-.—^ *—
CGA#
668
1.030"-14 RH EXT
Uses a flat seat with washer.
670
1.030"-14 LH EXT
Uses a flat seat
with washer.
678
1.030"-14 LH EXT
Uses a flat seat
with washer.
679
1.030"-14 LH EXT Uses a small flat seat with washer.
705
1.125"-14 RH EXT Uses a flat seat with washer.
Fig. 5.2 (continued)
268 |
|
Compressed Gases |
|
Table 5.4 Color Code of Medical Gas Cylinders |
|||
Type of Gas |
|
Color |
|
USA |
Canada |
||
|
|||
Nitrogen |
Black |
Black |
|
Oxygen |
Green |
White |
|
Carbon dioxide |
Gray |
Gray |
|
Nitrous oxide |
Blue |
Blue |
|
Cyclopropane |
Orange |
Orange |
|
Helium |
Brown |
Brown |
|
Carbon dioxide-oxygen |
Gray and green |
Gray and white |
|
Helium-oxygen |
Brown and green |
Brown and white |
|
Air |
Yellow |
White and black |
|
Oxygen-nitrogen (other than air) |
Green and black |
White and black |
|
on the tank cap by hand is sufficient—it is not necessary to forcefully tighten one down.
There are various color codes that are used with compressed gas tanks, but only the color codes of the medical gas industry are consistent. Note however, that the identifying colors from the United States and Canada are not consistent with each other (see Table 5.4).
Compressed gas tanks of large industries (or of particular gas distributors) are often color-coded by their own specifications for easy ownership identification and/or gas type recognition. You should never trust the color markings of compressed gas tanks for identification unless the tank is used in medicine. The medical industries of both the United States and Canada have established color codes for medicinal gas tanks, but unfortunately they do not agree with each other (see Table 5.4). Otherwise, always depend on formal markings or labels for gas identification. If there is any question as to the contents of any compressed gas tank, do not use it; instead, return the tank to your gas distributor for identification and/or replacement.
Although the gas industry has not been consistent with color-coding (with the exception of the medical gas industry), is has agreed on warning signs with three specific signal words (see Table 5.1). The specific potential dangers associated with the various signal words are shown in Table 5.5.
Regardless of compressed gas tank construction quality, the printed warnings, and the various "idiot-proof arrangements, the user still must be aware of some basic safety rules when working with compressed gases and must be able to apply them with common sense to the dangers of compressed gases. There are two types of dangers when working with compressed gases: the danger presented by the specific gas you are using (flammable, toxic, oxidizing, and so forth) and the danger of having a metal cylinder under tremendous pressure standing a few feet from you. The next section details potential dangers that can occur during general