- •Contents
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •1 Materials in the Lab
- •2 Measurement
- •3 Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing
- •4 Cleaning Glassware
- •5 Compressed Gases
- •6 High and Low Temperature
- •7 Vacuum Systems
- •8 The Gas-Oxygen Torch
- •APPENDIX
- •Appendix A Preparing Drawings for a Technician
- •Index
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •For the Second Edition
- •Please note:
- •1 Materials in the Lab
- •1.1 Glass
- •1.1.1 Introduction
- •1.1.2 Structural Properties of Glass
- •1.1.3 Phase Separation
- •1.1.4 Devitrification
- •1.1.5 Different Types of Glass Used in the Lab
- •1.1.6 Grading Glass and Graded Seals
- •1.1.7 Separating Glass by Type
- •1.1.9 Stress in Glass
- •1.1.11 Tempered Glass
- •1.1.13 Limiting Broken Glass in the Lab
- •1.1.14 Storing Glass
- •1.1.15 Marking Glass
- •1.1.16 Consumer's Guide to Purchasing Laboratory Glassware
- •1.2 Flexible Tubing
- •1.2.1 Introduction
- •1.2.2 Physical Properties of Flexible Tubing
- •1.3 Corks, Rubber Stoppers, and Enclosures
- •1.3.1 Corks
- •1.3.2 Rubber Stoppers
- •1.3.3 Preholed Stoppers
- •1.3.4 Inserting Glass Tubing into Stoppers
- •1.3.5 Removing Glass from Stoppers and Flexible Tubing
- •1.3.6 Film Enclosures
- •1.4 O-Rings
- •1.4.2 Chemical Resistance of O-Ring Material
- •1.4.3 O-Ring Sizes
- •2 Measurement
- •2.1 Measurement: The Basics
- •2.1.1 Uniformity, Reliability, and Accuracy
- •2.1.2 History of the Metric System
- •2.1.3 The Base Units
- •2.1.4 The Use of Prefixes in the Metric System
- •2.1.5 Measurement Rules
- •2.2 Length
- •2.2.1 The Ruler
- •2.2.2 How to Measure Length
- •2.2.3 The Caliper
- •2.2.4 The Micrometer
- •2.3 Volume
- •2.3.1 The Concepts of Volume Measurement
- •2.3.2 Background of Volume Standards
- •2.3.4 Materials of Volumetric Construction #1 Plastic
- •2.3.5 Materials of Volumetric Construction #2 Glass
- •2.3.6 Reading Volumetric Ware
- •2.3.7 General Practices of Volumetric Ware Use
- •2.3.8 Calibrations, Calibration, and Accuracy
- •2.3.9 Correcting Volumetric Readings
- •2.3.10 Volumetric Flasks
- •2.3.11 Graduated Cylinders
- •2.3.12 Pipettes
- •2.3.13 Burettes
- •2.3.14 Types of Burettes
- •2.3.15 Care and Use of Burettes
- •2.4 Weight and Mass
- •2.4.1 Tools for Weighing
- •2.4.2 Weight Versus Mass Versus Density
- •2.4.3 Air Buoyancy
- •2.4.5 Balance Location
- •2.4.6 Balance Reading
- •2.4.7 The Spring Balance
- •2.4.8 The Lever Arm Balance
- •2.4.9 Beam Balances
- •2.4.10 Analytical Balances
- •2.4.11 The Top-Loading Balance
- •2.4.12 Balance Verification
- •2.4.13 Calibration Weights
- •2.5 Temperature
- •2.5.1 TheNature of Temperature Measurement
- •2.5.2 The Physics of Temperature-Taking
- •2.5.3 Expansion-Based Thermometers
- •2.5.4 Linear Expansion Thermometers
- •2.5.5 Volumetric Expansion Thermometers
- •2.5.7 Thermometer Calibration
- •2.5.8 Thermometer Lag
- •2.5.9 Air Bubbles in Liquid Columns
- •2.5.10 Pressure Expansion Thermometers
- •2.5.11 Thermocouples
- •2.5.12 Resistance Thermometers
- •3.1 Joints and Connections
- •3.1.1 Standard Taper Joints
- •3.1.2 Ball-and-Socket Joints
- •3.1.3 The O-Ring Joint
- •3.1.4 Hybrids and Alternative Joints
- •3.1.5 Special Connectors
- •3.2 Stopcocks and Valves
- •3.2.1 Glass Stopcocks
- •3.2.2 Teflon Stopcocks
- •3.2.3 Rotary Valves
- •3.2.4 Stopcock Design Variations
- •3.3.1 Storage and Use of Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.2 Preparation for Use
- •3.3.3 Types of Greases
- •3.3.4 The Teflon Sleeve
- •3.3.5 Applying Grease to Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.6 Preventing Glass Stopcocks and Joints from Sticking or Breaking on a Working System
- •3.3.7 Unsticking Joints and Stopcocks
- •3.3.8 Leaking Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.9 What to Do About Leaks in Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.10 General Tips
- •3.4 Glass Tubing
- •3.4.1 The Basics of Glass Tubing
- •3.4.2 Calculating the Inside Diameter (I.D.)
- •3.4.3 Sample Volume Calculations
- •4 Cleaning Glassware
- •4.1 The Clean Laboratory
- •4.1.1 Basic Cleaning Concepts
- •4.1.2 Safety
- •4.1.3 Removing Stopcock Grease
- •4.1.4 Soap and Water
- •4.1.5 Ultrasonic Cleaners
- •4.1.6 Organic Solvents
- •4.1.7 The Base Bath
- •4.1.8 Acids and Oxidizers
- •4.1.9 Chromic Acid
- •4.1.10 Hydrofluoric Acid
- •4.1.11 Extra Cleaning Tips
- •4.1.12 Additional Cleaning Problems and Solutions
- •4.1.13 Last Resort Cleaning Solutions
- •5 Compressed Gases
- •5.1 Compressed GasTanks
- •5.1.1 Types of Gases
- •5.1.2 The Dangers of Compressed Gas
- •5.1.3 CGA Fittings
- •5.1.4 Safety Aspects of Compressed Gas Tanks
- •5.1.5 Safety Practices Using Compressed Gases
- •5.1.6 In Case of Emergency
- •5.1.7 Gas Compatibility with Various Materials
- •5.2 The Regulator
- •5.2.1 The Parts of the Regulator
- •5.2.2 House Air Pressure System
- •5.2.4 How to Use Regulators Safely
- •5.2.6 How to Purchase a Regulator
- •6 High and Low Temperature
- •6.1 High Temperature
- •6.1.1 TheDynamics of Heat in the Lab
- •6.1.2 General Safety Precautions
- •6.1.3 Open Flames
- •6.1.4 Steam
- •6.1.5 Thermal Radiation
- •6.1.6 Transfer of Energy
- •6.1.7 Hot Air Guns
- •6.1.8 Electrical Resistance Heating
- •6.1.9 Alternatives to Heat
- •6.2 Low Temperature
- •6.2.1 TheDynamics of Cold in the Lab
- •6.2.2 Room Temperature Tap Water (=20°C)
- •6.2.8 Safety with Slush Baths
- •6.2.9 Containment of Cold Materials
- •6.2.10 Liquid (Cryogenic) Gas Tanks
- •7 Vacuum Systems
- •7.1 How to Destroy a Vacuum System
- •7.2.1 Preface
- •7.2.2 How to Use a Vacuum System
- •7.2.4 Pressure, Vacuum, and Force
- •7.2.5 Gases, Vapors, and the Gas Laws
- •7.2.6 Vapor Pressure
- •7.2.7 How to Make (and Maintain) a Vacuum
- •7.2.8 Gas Flow
- •7.2.9 Throughput and Pumping Speed
- •7.3 Pumps
- •7.3.1 The Purpose of Pumps
- •7.3.2 The Aspirator
- •7.3.3 Types and Features of Mechanical Pumps
- •7.3.4 Connection, Use, Maintenance, and Safety
- •7.3.5 Condensable Vapors
- •7.3.6 Traps for Pumps
- •7.3.7 Mechanical Pump Oils
- •7.3.8 The Various Mechanical Pump Oils
- •7.3.9 Storing Mechanical Pumps
- •7.3.11 Ultra-High Vacuum Levels Without Ultra-High
- •7.3.12 Diffusion Pumps
- •7.3.13 Attaching a Diffusion Pump to a Vacuum System
- •7.3.14 How to Use a Diffusion Pump
- •7.3.15 Diffusion Pump Limitations
- •7.3.17 Diffusion Pump Maintenance
- •7.3.18 Toepler Pumps
- •7.4 Traps
- •7.4.1 The Purpose and Functions of Traps
- •7.4.2 Types of Traps
- •7.4.3 Proper Use of Cold Traps
- •7.4.4 Maintenance of Cold Traps
- •7.4.5 Separation Traps
- •7.4.6 Liquid Traps
- •7.5 Vacuum Gauges
- •7.5.2 The Mechanical Gauge Family
- •7.5.4 The Liquid Gauge Family
- •7.5.5 The Manometer
- •7.5.6 The McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.7 How to Read a McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.8 Bringing a McLeod Gauge to Vacuum Conditions
- •7.5.10 The Tipping McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.11 Condensable Vapors and the McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.12 Mercury Contamination from McLeod Gauges
- •7.5.13 Cleaning a McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.14 Thermocouple and Pirani Gauges
- •7.5.15 The Pirani Gauge
- •7.5.16 Cleaning Pirani Gauges
- •7.5.17 The Thermocouple Gauge
- •7.5.18 Cleaning Thermocouple Gauges
- •7.5.19 The lonization Gauge Family
- •7.5.20 The Hot-Cathode Ion Gauge
- •7.5.21 Cleaning Hot-Cathode Ion Gauges
- •7.5.24 The Momentum Transfer Gauge (MTG)
- •7.6 Leak Detection and Location
- •7.6.1 AllAbout Leaks
- •7.6.3 False Leaks
- •7.6.4 Real Leaks
- •7.6.5 Isolation to Find Leaks
- •7.6.6 Probe Gases and Liquids
- •7.6.7 The Tesla Coil
- •7.6.8 Soap Bubbles
- •7.6.9 Pirani or Thermocouple Gauges
- •7.6.10 Helium Leak Detection
- •7.6.11 Helium Leak Detection Techniques
- •7.6.13 Repairing Leaks
- •7.7 More Vacuum System Information
- •7.7.1 The Designs of Things
- •8 The Gas-Oxygen Torch
- •8.1.2 How to Light a Gas-Oxygen Torch
- •8.1.3 How to Prevent a Premix Torch from Popping
- •8.2.2 How to Tip-Off a Sample
- •8.2.3 How to Fire-Polish the End of a Glass Tube
- •8.2.4 Brazing and Silver Soldering
- •Appendix
- •A.2 Suggestions for Glassware Requests
- •B.1 Introduction
- •B.2 Polyolefins
- •B.3 Engineering Resins
- •B.4 Fluorocarbons
- •B.5 Chemical Resistance Chart
- •C.1 Chapter 1
- •C.4 Chapter 4
- •C.5 Chapter 5 & Chapter 6
- •C.6 Chapter 7
- •C.7 Chapter 8
- •D.1 Laboratory Safety
- •D.2 Chemical Safety
- •D.3 Chapter 1
- •D.4 Chapter 2
- •D.5 Chapter 3
- •D.6 Chapter 4
- •D.7 Chapter 5 and the Second Half of Chapter 6
- •D.8 Chapter 7
- •D.9 Chapter 8
- •Index
Appendix |
505 |
C.1 Chapter 1
This list contains companies that specifically manufacture glass tubing and rod. Some of these companies specialize in speciality glasses (such as quartz glass), whereas others manufacture a variety of glass types. There are a number of companies that sell glass tubing as well, but they were not listed here because the tubing they sell was probably made by one of the following companies.
Corning Glass Works
Science Products
Corning, N.Y. 14831
1-800-222-7740
(For all glass types)
Friedrich & Dimmock
Friedrich & Dimmock Inc.
P.O. Box 230
Millville, NJ 08332
(609) 825-0305
(800)524-1131
(Unique glass profiles, borosilicate, and
soft glass)
Heraeus Amersil
650 Jernees Mill Rd. Sayreville, NJ 08872 (201) 254-2500 (For quartz glass)
Wheaton
1501 N. Tenth Street
Millville, NJ 08332
1-800-225-1437
(For borosilicate and soft glass)
Kimble Industrial Sales Office 537 Crystal Avenue Vineland, NJ 08360-3257 1-800-331-2706
http://www.kimble-kontes.com/ (For all glass types)
GE Quartz Products
21800 Tungsten Rd.
Cleveland, OH 44117
(216) 266-2451
(For quartz glass and a few electrical spe-
cialty glasses)
Schott America 3 Odell Plaza
Yonkers, NY 10701 (914)968-8900
(For borosilicate, quartz glass, and a few specialty glasses)
The companies listed below specialize in the products described in Sees. 1.2 through 1.4 of Chapter 1 (flexible tubing, corks, rubber stoppers and enclosures, and O-rings).
bel-art Products
Pequannock, NJ 07440-1992 (201) 694-0500
http://www.isa.org/directory/manufact/ man_175350.html
(for all types of plastic ware)
East Bay Rubber
500 Wood St.
Bristol RI02809
(401) 253-0404
(for all types of rubber stoppers and other
flexible materials)
506 |
Manufacturers |
The Gates Rubber Co. |
Hygenic Corporation |
999 South Broadway |
1245 Home Avenue |
P.O. Box 5887 |
Akron, Oh. 44310 |
Denver, CO 80217 |
(216) 633-8460 (in OH) |
(303)744-5151 |
1-800-321-2135 (outside OH) |
http://www.gates.com/gates/ |
(for flexible tubing) |
(for flexible tubing) |
|
Kent Latex Products, Inc. |
Nalge Nunc International Corporation |
1500 St. ClairAve. |
Box 20365 |
P.O. Box 668 |
Rochester, New York 14602-0365 |
Kent, Ohio 44240-0668 |
(800) 625-4327 |
Telephone: (216) 673-1011 |
(for flexible tubing) |
(for flexible tubing) |
|
Norton Performance Plastics Corp. |
Primeline Industries, Inc. |
P.O. Box 3360 |
4083 Embassy Pkwy. |
Akron, OH 44309 |
Akron OH 44333 |
(330) 798-9240 |
(330) 668-6550 |
http://tygon.com/ |
(for flexible tubing) |
(for flexible tubing) |
|
Parco |
|
2150ParcoAve. |
|
Ontario, CA 91761 |
|
(909) 947-2200 |
|
(for O-rings) |
|
C.2 Chapter 2*
The companies and organizations listed below can help you with your lab's measurement needs.
NIST
National Institute of Standards and Technology
U.S. Department of Commerce Publications and Programs Inquiries Room E128, Administration Building Gaithersburg, MD 20899
(301) 975-3058 http://www.nist.gov/
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
100 Barr Harbor Dr.
West Conshocken, PA 19428-2959 (610) 832-9585 http://www.astm.org/
*Most of the glassware companies listed in Chapter 3 sell, or can provide standard or custom volumetric ware as described in Chapter 2.
Appendix |
507 |
McMaster-Carr |
Capitol Tool & Supply |
P.O. Box 54960 |
14615 Carmenita Road |
Los Angeles, CA 90054 |
Norwalk, CA 90650 |
(310)692-5911 |
1-800-421-2541 |
http://www.mcmaster.com/ |
|
Mettler Toledo |
Sartorius Instruments |
P.O. Box 71 |
1430 Waukegan Road |
Hightstown, NJ 08520-9944 |
McGaw Park, IL 60085 |
1(800) METTLER |
1-800-645-3108 |
http://www.mt.com/ |
http://www.servitel.es/need/ |
Ohaus Corporation |
Cahn Instruments |
10 Peopody St. |
5225 Verona Rd. Bldg. 1 |
Bradford, MA 01835-7614 |
Madison WI 53711 |
1-800-526-0659 |
(800)244-6305 |
http://www.balances.com |
http://www.cahn.com/ |
Omega Engineering, Inc. |
Extech Instruments |
Post Office Box 4047 |
335 Bear Hill Rd. |
Stamford, Ct. 06906 |
Waltham, MA 02154 |
(800) 826-6342 |
(617) 890-7440 |
http://www2.omega.com/ |
http://www.extech.com/index.htm |
C.3 Chapter 3
The following companies manufacture stopcocks, joints, and custom glass items. Coming tubing and rod can be obtained from Coming Glass Works, Kimble tubing and rod can be obtained from Kimble Industrial Sales Office, and Schott tubing and rod can be obtained both from the Glass Warehouse and Witeg Scientific.
Ace Glass Inc. |
Andrews Glass Co. |
P. O. Box 688 |
Division of Fischer Porter Co. |
1430 Northwest Boulevard |
410 S. Fourth St. |
Vineland, NJ 08369 |
Vineland, NJ 08360 |
(800) 223-4524 |
(609) 692-4435 |
http://www.aceglass.com/ |
|
Chemglass, Inc. |
Coming Glass Works |
3861 North Mill Road |
Science Products |
Vineland, NJ 08360 |
Corning, NY 14831 |
(609) 696-0014 (in NJ) |
(607) 974-4001 (N.Y. and Canada) |
1-800-843-1794 (outside NJ) |
1-800-222-7740 |
508 |
Manufacturers |
Glass Warehouse |
GM Associates |
800 Orange Street |
9803 Kitty Lane |
P. O. Box 1039 |
Oakland, CA94603 |
Millville, NJ 08332 |
(415)430-0806 |
(609) 327-5228 |
|
(800) 833-0410 |
|
Kimble Industrial Sales Office |
Kontes |
537 Crystal Avenue |
Spruce Street |
Vineland, NJ 08360-3257 |
P. O. Box 729 |
(609) 692-0824 (in NJ) |
Vineland, NJ 08360 |
1-800-331-2706 (outside NJ) |
609) 692-8500 (in NJ) |
|
(800)-223-7150 (outside NJ) |
Lab Glass |
Pegasus |
P.O. Box 610 |
P.O. Box 319, Agincourt |
1172 Northwest Boulevard |
Ontario Canada MIS 3B9 |
Vineland, N.J 08360 |
(416) 298-3141 |
(609) 691-3200 |
|
(800) 220-5171 |
|
Wheaton |
Witeg Scientific |
1501 N. Tenth Street |
14235 Commerce Drive |
Millville, NJ 08332 |
Garden Grove, CA 92643 |
1-800-225-1437 |
(714) 265-1855 |
C.4 Chapter 4
Arden Corporation |
AVO International |
26899 Northwestern Hwy, Suite 201 |
510 Township Lane Road |
Southfield MI, 48034 |
Blue Bell, PA 19422 |
(810)355-1101 |
(215) 646-9200 |
(for Teflon safe scrubbers) |
(800) 723-2861 |
|
(for Apiezon greases and oils) |
DuPont |
Spartan Chemical Co., Inc. |
DuPont Chemicals |
HON. Westwood Ave. |
Wilmington, Delaware 19898 |
Toledo, OH 43607 |
(302) 774-2099 (in Wilmington DE) |
(419)531-5551 |
1-800-441-9442 |
(for industrial cleaners) |
http://www.dupont.com/ |
|