212 |
Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing |
of the rotation. Never let the members become dry while rotating, otherwise they are likely to freeze. Members that freeze while grinding cannot be separated.
If you chose to regrind and you use a glass part with which to grind the errant member, the parts are "married" to each other and should be numbered like vacuum stopcocks. These pieces are likely to leak with any other similar-sized member.
3.3.10 General Tips
To facilitate the creation of a high vacuum, heating the walls of a system will help drive off moisture. On a glass system, this heating is typically done with a hot air gun. It is important that any heat source is not aimed at stopcocks or joints on the system. However, it is often necessary for very large stopcocks or joints to be heated before they can be rotated or separated. Therefore, pay attention and do not heat any more than necessary. These stopcocks or joints require frequent grease replacement. Do not dwell the hot air gun on any particular spot while the system is under any level of vacuum and the hot air gun is on full. It is possible for the glass to get sufficiently hot for air pressure to collapse the wall of the system. To prevent this, simply move the hot air gun as one would move a paint sprayer.
Keep in mind that if you heat a vacuum stopcock or joint in a vacuum influence, any grease on the member will be squeezed out because the pressure of the vacuum will pull the plug deeper into the barrel, causing the (now less viscous) grease to be squeezed out. After repeated heating, grease under these conditions will age prematurely and become so thin that it will be useless.
Very high heat (> 300°C) can cause organic greases to volatilize. Once the grease is gone, rotation or separation of the joint or stopcocks becomes very difficult to impossible.
Using high heat (> 350°C) with silicone grease can cause parts of the grease to volatilize, while leaving the nonorganic remains to form a hard, crusty deposit that makes separation or rotation of stopcocks, or separation of joints, impossible. The material remaining from overheated silicone grease can only be removed with hydrofluoric acid. Silicone grease at room temperature ages in two to three months. At higher temperatures, the grease volatilizes significantly faster and needs to be replaced even more frequently.
3.4Glass Tubing
3.4.1The Basics of Glass Tubing
The glass tubing often used in beginning chemistry labs is soft glass that can be worked with the flame of a Bunsen burner. For more information on this type of glass, see Sec. 1.1.5. The vast majority of the remaining glass within the labora-
Glass Tubing 3.4 |
213 |
tory is borosilicate glass. For more information |
on borosilicate glass, see Sec. |
1.1.5. |
|
From Table 3.8through Table 3.14, most of the different types of tubing manufactured in theUnited States andGermany arelisted. These tables list thevarious sizes of tubes available as well as their inside diameters (I.D.), volume [in mL/cm (with thetolerance of that volume)], andvolume (inmL) of one half-sphere (representing therounded end of a tube). Thenext twocolumns indicate the number of pieces shipped percase, and theprice perlength of tube (based on theprice of one tube when purchasing one case of that size tube at 1990 retail prices).The final column provides themaximum tolerable pressure which that size tubingcan withstand, assuming a maximum bursting pressure of 750 psi. Thereader should closely follow theinformation onpressure in glass tubing in Sec. 1.1.12.
Standard Wall Tubing (Table 3.8). This tubing is made in metric sizes (unless otherwise stated, all measurements on these charts aremetric). Thevast majority of all tubing seen in thelaboratory is standard wall tubing.
Medium andHeavy Wall Tubing (Table 3.9 and Table 3.10). This tubing is made in English sizes, butwith thepush toward themetric system such tubing is now listed in catalogs in itsmetric equivalent (therefore, 1"tubing is listed as 25.4 mm). Both English and metric measurements arelisted in both tables.
Special Wall Tubing (Table 3.11). This tubing comes in medium and heavy wall types, but there are fewer size selections. In addition, these tubings are not sold as "medium" or "heavy" wall. Rather, when ordering, youmust specify the desired outside diameter (O.D.) and wall thickness.
Capillary Tubing (Table 3.12). This tubing is selected on thebasis of its inside diameter (I.D.), also called its bore. Capillary tubing is sold in a continuous(and sometimes overlapping) range of bore sizes. The O.D. is seldom thedeciding factor in selection.
Schott Glass Tubing (Table 3.13). This tubing manufacturer uses a different system for determining sizes. For one, this tubing is 1.5 meters long (approximately five feet). Secondly, it does not come in medium and heavy wall thicknesses based on the English measurement system. Rather, for each outside diameter, one,two,or three different wall thicknesses are available. Because of these differences, allcalculations forvolume and pressure previously made would not be relevant. Table 3.13 provides all the above information, but the tubing is not separated by wall thickness.
Schott Glass Capillary Tubing (Table 3.14). This tubing is similar to regular Schott glass tubing because several I.D.'s areavailable for each size O.D.
3.4.2 Calculating the Inside Diameter (I.D.)
In manufacturing tubing, two outof three parameters—the outside diameter and wall thickness—can be monitored; the inside diameter (I.D.) is maintained through the manufacturer's control of the other two parameters. Therefore, the
214 |
Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing |
wall thickness
O.D.
(outside
wall |
|
(inside |
|
tolerance) |
|
Fig. 3.38 The tolerances (±) of the wall thickness and glass tubing O.D. |
|
I.D. on all charts (except capillary tubing) is calculated by inference |
using |
Eq. (3.1): |
|
O.D.- [2 x (wall thickness)] = I.D. |
(3.1) |
Note that there are tolerances for each of these measurements, and each of these tolerances can cause variation in I.D. Figure 3.38 shows the potential variation.
Variations of the O.D. include any possible distortion of the tube diameter. This distortion is referred to as "out of round" or API (all points in). For example, 20mm tubing has a potential variation of ±0.6 mm. The wall thickness for this tubing is 1.2 mm with a potential variation of ±0.1 mm. The range of variations can be seen in Table 3.7. Although there can be a range of 2.2 mm (+1.1) on the inside diameter of a 20-mm tube, most manufacturers maintain their tolerances within half of these amounts.
Table 3.7 Ranges of Variations of Outside Diameter Due to Out of Round
(1) Max O. D. |
— Min. wall thickness |
20.6 |
1.1 |
(2)Max O.D. — Max. wall thickness
|
20.6 |
|
1.3 |
(3) |
Min. O. D. |
|
Min. wall thickness |
|
19.4 |
|
1.1 |
(4) |
Min. O.D. |
|
Max wall thickness |
|
19.4 |
: |
1.3 |
II II
=
=
II II
I.D.
19.6 mm
I.D.
18.0 mm
I.D.
17.2 mm
I.D.
16.8 mm
Glass Tubing 3.4 |
215 |
10 mm
20 mm
1/2 sphere
Fig. 3.39 Calculating the volume of a tube.
3.4.3 Sample Volume Calculations
With the use of Table 3.8 through Table 3.14, you can determine what size tubing may be required to satisfy a specific liquid volume amount, or whether the apparatus you have will contain a given liquid volume, by calculating the volume based on the O.D. of the container and its length.
For example, we can make a sample volume calculation using the information provided in Fig. 3.39 to determine the volume of "A." If the diameter of "A" is 20mm tubing, we can see in Table 3.8 that the volume of the half-sphere is 1.4 mL and the volume of each centimeter is 2.4 mL; therefore the total volume is (2 x 1.4) + (3 x 2.4) = 10 mL. The centimeter of the 10-mm tube on the top can contain 0.50 mL.
Although tolerance is given for the volume per centimeter of tubing, no tolerance is given for the half-sphere. Because half-spheres cannot be formed with the same precision as with tubing, the volume measurement for half-spheres should be used only as a working tool and not as an accurate measure.
216 |
Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing |
Table 3.8 Standard Wall Tubing
O.D. (mm) |
I.D. (mm) |
Vol (mL)/ HT (cm) |
2 |
1.0 |
0.01 |
3 |
1.8 |
0.03 |
4 |
2.4 |
0.05 |
5 |
3.4 |
0.1 |
6 |
4.0 |
0.1 |
7 |
5.0 |
0.2 |
8 |
6.0 |
0.3 |
9 |
7.0 |
0.4 |
10 |
8.0 |
0.5 |
11 |
9.0 |
0.6 |
12 |
10.0 |
0.8 |
13 |
10.6 |
0.9 |
14 |
11.6 |
1.1 |
15 |
12.6 |
1.2 |
16 |
13.6 |
1.5 |
17 |
14.6 |
1.7 |
18 |
15.6 |
1.9 |
19 |
16.6 |
2.2 |
20 |
17.6 |
2.4 |
22 |
19.0 |
2.8 |
25 |
22.0 |
3.8 |
28 |
25.0 |
4.9 |
30 |
26.4 |
5.5 |
32 |
28.4 |
6.3 |
35 |
31.0 |
7.5 |
38 |
34.0 |
9.1 |
41 |
37.0 |
10.8 |
45 |
41.0 |
13.2 |
48 |
44.0 |
15.2 |
51 |
47.0 |
17.3 |
54 |
49.2 |
19.0 |
57 |
52.2 |
21.4 |
60 |
55.2 |
23.9 |
64 |
59.2 |
27.5 |
s
+1
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
(mL)Vol SphereHalf |
Pieces/ Case |
Cost($)/ Piece |
MaxInt. Pres.(psi) |
|
|
|
b |
|
|
3 |
|
0.00 |
357 |
$0.35 |
450.0 |
0.00 |
551 |
$0.54 |
352.9 |
0.00 |
520 |
$0.60 |
352.9 |
0.01 |
390 |
$0.68 |
275.7 |
0.02 |
271 |
$0.97 |
288.5 |
0.03 |
223 |
$1.18 |
243.2 |
0.06 |
189 |
$1.40 |
210.0 |
0.09 |
164 |
$1.61 |
184.6 |
0.13 |
148 |
$1.78 |
164.6 |
0.2 |
132 |
$2.00 |
148.5 |
0.3 |
120 |
$2.20 |
135.2 |
0.3 |
93 |
$2.84 |
151.0 |
0.4 |
86 |
$3.07 |
139.4 |
0.5 |
80 |
$3.30 |
129.5 |
0.7 |
75 |
$3.52 |
120.8 |
0.8 |
70 |
$3.77 |
113.3 |
1.0 |
65 |
$4.06 |
106.6 |
1.2 |
62 |
$4.25 |
100.7 |
1.4 |
58 |
$4.55 |
95.4 |
1.8 |
53 |
$4.98 |
109.2 |
2.8 |
37 |
$7.13 |
95.4 |
4.1 |
33 |
$7.99 |
84.6 |
4.8 |
26 |
$10.15 |
95.4 |
6.0 |
24 |
$10.99 |
89.1 |
7.8 |
20 |
$13.38 |
90.6 |
10.3 |
18 |
$16.12 |
83.1 |
13.3 |
16 |
$18.14 |
76.7 |
18.0 |
15 |
$19.35 |
69.6 |
22.3 |
14 |
$20.73 |
65.1 |
27.2 |
13 |
$22.32 |
61.1 |
31.2 |
4 |
$28.45 |
69.6 |
37.2 |
4 |
$32.43 |
65.8 |
44.0 |
4 |
$32.43 |
62.4 |
54.3 |
4 |
$39.95 |
58.4 |
Glass Tubing 3.4 |
217 |
O.D. (mm) |
of |
|
|
70 |
65.2 |
75 |
70.2 |
80 |
75.2 |
85 |
80.2 |
90 |
85.2 |
95 |
90.2 |
100 |
95.2 |
110 |
104.8 |
120 |
114.0 |
125 |
119.0 |
130 |
124.0 |
140 |
133.0 |
150 |
143.0 |
178 |
171.0 |
Table 3.8 Standard Wall Tubing (continued)
Vol(mL)/ HT(cm) |
|
Vol(mL) HalfSphere |
Pieces/ Case |
Cost($)/ Piece |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
S |
|
|
|
33.4 |
0.9 |
72.6 |
4 |
$43.58 |
38.7 |
1.1 |
90.6 |
4 |
$47.20 |
44.4 |
1.1 |
111.3 |
4 |
$50.83 |
50.5 |
1.2 |
135.0 |
4 |
$54.45 |
57.0 |
1.3 |
161.9 |
4 |
$58.10 |
63.9 |
1.4 |
192.1 |
4 |
$61.73 |
71.2 |
1.5 |
225.9 |
4 |
$65.35 |
86.3 |
2.3 |
301.3 |
4 |
$76.25 |
102.1 |
2.7 |
387.9 |
4 |
$98.03 |
111.2 |
2.9 |
441.2 |
4 |
$101.65 |
120.8 |
3.2 |
499.2 |
4 |
$105.28 |
138.9 |
3.8 |
615.9 |
2 |
$130.70 |
160.6 |
4.3 |
765.6 |
2 |
$145.25 |
229.7 |
6.3 |
1309.1 |
2 |
$186.20 |
«t
„ |
ft |
eg |
»5 |
^ s
53.2
49.5
46.3
43.5
41.1
38.9
36.9
36.3
38.4
36.9
35.4
38.4
35.8
30.1
a1996 prices.
bMaximum internal pressure is calculated on a variety of safety factors. One of these factors is surface abrasion, which significantly lowers the potential pressure that a given tube can withstand. The use of safety shields and wrapping the tubing with fiber tape is strongly recommended. For more
information see Sec. 1.1.12.
218 |
Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing |
O.D. (inches) |
O.D. (mm) |
I.D. (mm) |
% |
6.4 |
4.0 |
|
|
|
'/2 |
12.7 |
9.5 |
|
|
|
% |
15.9 |
12.7 |
|
|
|
% |
19.1 |
15.9 |
|
|
|
1 |
25.4 |
20.6 |
l'/4 |
31.8 |
27.0 |
|
|
|
l'/2 |
38.1 |
33.3 |
l3/4 |
44.5 |
39.7 |
2 |
50.8 |
44.5 |
2'/4 |
57.2 |
50.8 |
2'/2 |
63.5 |
57.2 |
23/4 |
69.9 |
63.5 |
3 |
76.2 |
69.9 |
3'/ 4 |
82.6 |
76.2 |
3'/ 2 |
88.9 |
82.6 |
4 |
101.6 |
92.1 |
4'/2 |
114.3 |
104.8 |
a1996 prices.
fable 3.9 Medium Wall Tubing
(mL)/ |
(cm) |
i |
|
Vol |
HT |
||
+1 |
|||
|
|
0.10.0
0.70.1
1.30.2
2.00.2
3.30.4
5.70.6
8.70.8
12.41.0
15.51.4
20.31.7
25.72.0
31.72.3
38.32.6
45.63.0
53.53.3
66.6 4.3
86.2 5.6
(mL)Vol SphereHalf |
Pieces/ Case |
Cost($)/ Piece |
MaxInt. Pres.(psi) |
|
|
|
b |
|
|
8 |
|
0.0 |
276 |
$1.23 |
328.7 |
0.5 |
96 |
$3.53 |
210.0 |
1.1 |
75 |
$4.52 |
164.6 |
2.1 |
61 |
$5.56 |
135.2 |
4.6 |
31 |
$10.93 |
153.5 |
10.3 |
24 |
$14.39 |
120.8 |
19.4 |
18 |
$20.42 |
99.6 |
32.7 |
15 |
$23.69 |
84.6 |
46.0 |
4 |
$36.75 |
99.6 |
68.6 |
4 |
$39.55 |
87.9 |
97.7 |
4 |
$53.95 |
78.7 |
134.1 |
4 |
$57.55 |
71.3 |
178.4 |
4 |
$66.15 |
65.1 |
231.7 |
4 |
$69.83 |
59.9 |
294.5 |
4 |
$79.68 |
55.5 |
408.7 |
4 |
$132.78 |
73.6 |
602.2 |
2 |
$151.75 |
65.1 |
bMaximum internal pressure is calculated on a variety of safety factors. Oneof these factors issurface abrasion, which significantly lowers the potential pressure that a given tube can withstand. The use of safety shields and wrapping the tubing with fiber tape is strongly recommended. For more information see Sec. 1.1.12.
Glass Tubing 3.4 |
219 |
O.D. (inches) |
O.D. (mm) |
I.D. (mm) |
% |
9.5 |
4.8 |
% |
12.7 |
7.9 |
X |
15.9 |
11.1 |
|
|
|
% |
19.1 |
12.7 |
|
|
|
X |
22.2 |
15.9 |
|
|
|
1 |
25.4 |
17.5 |
i ' / 4 |
31.8 |
23.8 |
|
|
|
|
38.1 |
30.2 |
|
44.5 |
36.5 |
2 |
50.8 |
41.3 |
2% |
57.2 |
47.6 |
|
|
|
2% |
63.5 |
54.0 |
2% |
69.9 |
60.3 |
|
|
|
3 |
76.2 |
66.7 |
3 % |
82.6 |
73.0 |
3 ' / 2 |
88.9 |
79.4 |
4 |
101.6 |
88.9 |
4V2 |
114.3 |
101.6 |
5 |
127.0 |
114.3 |
5% |
139.7 |
127.0 |
6 |
152.4 |
136.5 |
6 1/2 |
165.1 |
149.2 |
7 |
177.8 |
158.8 |
a1996 prices.
Table 3.10 Heavy Wall Tubing
(mL)/Vol (cm)HT |
J |
|
|
|
+1 |
0.20.1
0.50.1
1.00.2
1.30.3
2.00.4
2.40.5
4.50.7
7.11.0
10.51.4
13.41.7
17.82.1
22.92.4
28.62.8
34.93.3
41.93.8
49.54.2
62.15.5
81.16.4
102.67.8
126.79.3
146.411.8
174.913.8
197.9 16.5
(mL)Vol spherehalf |
Pieces/ case |
8* |
|
|
|
|
|
u |
0.1 |
96 |
$2.98 |
0.3 |
61 |
$4.69 |
0.7 |
45 |
$6.36 |
1.1 |
28 |
$10.21 |
2.1 |
30 |
$12.00 |
2.8 |
24 |
$16.77 |
7.1 |
18 |
$22.36 |
14.4 |
12 |
$29.64 |
25.5 |
10 |
$34.41 |
36.8 |
4 |
$51.00 |
56.6 |
4 |
$58.00 |
82.3 |
4 |
$71.75 |
114.9 |
4 |
$82.00 |
155.2 |
4 |
$89.00 |
203.9 |
4 |
$99.28 |
261.84 $114.80
367.92 $176.10
549.12 $199.10
781.92 $222.05
1072.5 |
2 |
$245.05 |
1332.4 |
2 |
$329.30 |
1739.9 |
1 |
$367.60 |
2094.8 |
1 |
$459.50 |
Max int pres (psi)b
450.0
328.7
256.7
288.5
243.2
268.6
210.0
172.1
145.7
153.5
135.2
120.8
109.2
99.6
91.5
84.6
99.6
87.9
78.7
71.3
82.2
75.6
84.6
bMaximum internal pressure is calculated on a variety of safety factors. Oneof these factors issurface abrasion, which significantly lowers the potential pressure that a given tube can withstand. The use of safety shields and wrapping the tubing with fiber tape is strongly recommended. For more information see Sec.1.1.12
220 |
Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing |
Table 3.11 Special Wall Tubing
O.D. (mm) |
I.D. (mm) |
Vol (mL)/ |
8 |
5.0 |
|
9 |
6.0 |
|
10 |
7.0 |
|
11 |
8.0 |
|
14 |
10.8 |
|
84.0
95.0
106.0
117.0
1914.5
22 17.5
(cm) |
1 |
HT |
+1 |
|
|
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
0.1 |
0.9 |
3.0 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
1.7 |
0.3 |
2.4 |
0.3 |
Vol (mL) HalfSphere |
Pieces/ Case |
u * |
|
|
|
0.3 |
136 |
$2.70 |
0.6 |
117 |
$3.14 |
0.9 |
104 |
$3.54 |
1.3 |
93 |
$3.95 |
3.3 |
67 |
$5.49 |
0.2 |
109 |
$3.37 |
0.3 |
94 |
$3.91 |
0.6 |
82 |
$4.49 |
0.9 |
73 |
$5.04 |
8.0 |
35 |
$10.51 |
14.0 |
30 |
$12.26 |
|
b |
Maxint |
pres. (psi) |
328.7
288.5
256.7
231.1
190.4
450.0
396.2
352.9
317.6
197.9
168.7
a1996 prices.
bMaximum internal pressure is calculated on a variety of safety factors. One of these factors is surface abrasion, which significantly lowers the potential pressure that a given tube can withstand. The useof safety shields andwrapping thetubing with fiber tape is strongly recommended. For more information seeSec. 1.1.12
Table 3.12Capillary Wall Tubing
O.D. (mm) |
Vol (mL)/ HT (cm) |
Vol (mL) Half Sphere |
Pieces/ Case |
i
5.5 |
0.5 |
0.004 |
0.001 |
0.001 |
107 |
$2.40 |
718.2 |
747.3 |
6.5 |
1.0 |
0.008 |
0.002 |
0.004 |
78 |
$3.29 |
696.5 |
730.3 |
6.5 |
1.3 |
0.010 |
0.002 |
0.008 |
57 |
$4.50 |
674.2 |
715.3 |
7.0 |
2.8 |
0.022 |
0.002 |
0.087 |
76 |
$3.37 |
661.8 |
703.6 |
8.0 |
3.4 |
0.027 |
0.002 |
0.162 |
59 |
$4.34 |
640.0 |
681.5 |
7.5 |
1.5 |
0.012 |
0.002 |
0.014 |
58 |
$4.42 |
543.1 |
626.1 |
7.5 |
1.8 |
0.014 |
0.002 |
0.022 |
61 |
$4.20 |
543.1 |
600.0 |
9.0 |
2.4 |
0.019 |
0.002 |
0.056 |
43 |
$5.96 |
528.1 |
600.0 |
a1996 prices.
bMaximum internal pressure is calculated on a variety of safety factors. Oneof these factors is surface abrasion, which significantly lowers thepotential pressure that a given tube canwithstand.The use of safety shields and wrapping the tubing with fiber tape is strongly recommended. For more information see Sec. 1.1.12
cBecause of the ranges in O.D. andBore dimensions of capillary tubing, these twocolumns represent the extreme minimum and maximum bursting pressures based on the resultant variations of
wall thickness.
Glass Tubing 3.4 |
221 |
O.D. (mm) |
LD. (mm) |
Vol (mL)/ |
31.6
42.4
53.4
64.0
63.0
75.0
74.0
86.0
85.0
97.0
96.0
108.0
10 7.0
105.6
119.0
11 8.0
116.6
1210.0
12 9.0
127.6
1311.0
13 10.0
138.6
1412.0
14 11.0
149.6
1512.6
15 11.4
1510.0
1613.6
16 12.4
1611.0
1714.6
1713.4
Table 3.13 Duran Tubing
(cm) |
s |
|
HT |
||
+1 |
0.020.01
0.050.01
0.090.01
0.130.02
0.070.02
0.200.02
0.130.02
0.280.02
0.200.03
0.380.03
0.280.03
0.500.03
0.380.04
0.250.03
0.640.04
0.500.05
0.340.04
0.790.04
0.640.05
0.450.04
0.950.04
0.790.06
0.580.05
1.130.05
0.950.06
0.720.05
1.250.05
1.020.06
0.790.06
1.450.05
1.210.07
0.950.06
1.670.06
1.410.08
Vol(mL) SphereHalf |
Pieces/ Case |
Cost($)/ Piece |
|
|
3 |
0.00 |
941 |
$0.46 |
0.00 |
555 |
$0.74 |
0.01 |
343 |
$0.96 |
0.02 |
245 |
$0.97 |
0.01 |
211 |
$1.30 |
0.03 |
190 |
$1.15 |
0.02 |
172 |
$1.59 |
0.06 |
149 |
$1.35 |
0.03 |
147 |
$1.86 |
0.09 |
119 |
$1.53 |
0.06 |
119 |
$2.15 |
0.13 |
95 |
$1.73 |
0.09 |
90 |
$2.44 |
0.05 |
56 |
$3.25 |
0.19 |
86 |
$1.91 |
0.13 |
74 |
$2.72 |
0.08 |
42 |
$3.69 |
0.26 |
130 |
$2.11 |
0.19 |
67 |
$3.00 |
0.11 |
42 |
$4.12 |
0.35 |
119 |
$2.30 |
0.26 |
56 |
$3.25 |
0.17 |
36 |
$4.55 |
0.45 |
110 |
$2.49 |
0.35 |
46 |
$3.56 |
0.23 |
30 |
$4.99 |
0.52 |
86 |
$3.19 |
0.39 |
56 |
$4.57 |
0.26 |
25 |
$5.99 |
0.66 |
81 |
$3.38 |
0.50 |
49 |
$4.88 |
0.35 |
25 |
$6.42 |
0.81 |
76 |
$3.61 |
0.63 |
49 |
$5.22 |
ja
IS
417.8
352.9
275.7
288.5
450.0
243.2
380.8
210.0
328.7
184.6
288.5
164.6
256.7
391.9
148.5
231.1
352.9
135.2
210.0
320.6
124.1
192.4
293.4
114.7
177.4
270.3
129.5
200.8
288.5
120.8
187.1
268.6
113.3
175.2
222
O.D. (mm) |
I.D. (mm) |
17 |
12.0 |
18 |
15.6 |
18 |
14.4 |
18 |
13.0 |
19 |
16.6 |
19 |
15.4 |
19 |
14.0 |
20 |
17.6 |
20 |
16.4 |
20 |
15.0 |
22 |
19.6 |
22 |
18.4 |
22 |
17.0 |
24 |
21.6 |
24 |
20.4 |
24 |
19.0 |
26 |
23.2 |
26 |
22.0 |
26 |
20.4 |
28 |
25.2 |
28 |
24.0 |
28 |
22.4 |
30 |
27.2 |
30 |
26.0 |
30 |
24.4 |
32 |
29.2 |
32 |
28.0 |
32 |
26.4 |
33 |
29.0 |
34 |
31.2 |
34 |
30.0 |
34 |
28.4 |
36 |
33.2 |
36 |
32.0 |
36 |
30.4 |
Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing
Table 3.13 Duran Tubing (continued) |
Cost($)/ Piece" |
MaxInt. Pres.(psi) |
||
(mL)/Vol (cm)HT |
(mL)Vol SphereHalf |
Pieces/ Case |
||
|
|
|
|
b |
E
+i
1.13 |
0.07 |
0.45 |
25 |
$6.92 |
251.2 |
1.91 |
0.06 |
0.99 |
66 |
$3.88 |
106.6 |
1.63 |
0.08 |
0.78 |
49 |
$5.59 |
164.6 |
1.33 |
0.07 |
0.58 |
20 |
$7.41 |
235.8 |
2.16 |
0.07 |
1.20 |
63 |
$4.06 |
100.7 |
1.86 |
0.09 |
0.96 |
42 |
$5.95 |
155.3 |
1.54 |
0.08 |
0.72 |
36 |
$7.91 |
222.2 |
2.43 |
0.08 |
1.43 |
55 |
$4.32 |
95.4 |
2.11 |
0.11 |
1.15 |
36 |
$6.28 |
146.9 |
1.77 |
0.12 |
0.88 |
20 |
$8.40 |
210.0 |
3.02 |
0.09 |
1.97 |
42 |
$4.79 |
86.3 |
2.66 |
0.12 |
1.63 |
30 |
$7.01 |
132.6 |
2.27 |
0.14 |
1.29 |
30 |
$9.38 |
189.2 |
3.66 |
0.10 |
2.64 |
38 |
$5.29 |
78.7 |
3.27 |
0.13 |
2.22 |
25 |
$7.65 |
120.8 |
2.84 |
0.15 |
1.80 |
25 |
$10.23 |
172.1 |
4.23 |
0.15 |
3.27 |
33 |
$6.65 |
85.1 |
3.80 |
0.14 |
2.79 |
25 |
$9.21 |
124.1 |
3.27 |
0.16 |
2.22 |
12 |
$12.49 |
178.4 |
4.99 |
0.16 |
4.19 |
25 |
$7.15 |
78.7 |
4.52 |
0.15 |
3.62 |
20 |
$10.06 |
114.7 |
3.94 |
0.18 |
2.94 |
20 |
$13.49 |
164.6 |
5.81 |
0.24 |
5.27 |
36 |
$8.20 |
73.3 |
5.31 |
0.23 |
4.60 |
16 |
$11.40 |
106.6 |
4.68 |
0.26 |
3.80 |
16 |
$15.53 |
152.8 |
6.70 |
0.26 |
6.52 |
25 |
$8.77 |
68.5 |
6.16 |
0.25 |
5.75 |
16 |
$12.28 |
99.6 |
5.47 |
0.28 |
4.82 |
16 |
$16.74 |
142.5 |
66.1 |
0.30 |
6.39 |
25 |
$12.58 |
96.4 |
7.65 |
0.27 |
7.95 |
25 |
$9.41 |
64.3 |
7.07 |
0.26 |
7.07 |
16 |
$13.11 |
93.4 |
6.33 |
0.30 |
6.00 |
16 |
$17.95 |
133.5 |
8.66 |
0.29 |
9.58 |
25 |
$9.80 |
60.6 |
8.04 |
0.28 |
8.58 |
25 |
$13.99 |
87.9 |
7.26 |
0.32 |
7.36 |
12 |
$18.94 |
125.6 |
Glass Tubing 3.4
O.D. (mm) |
I.D. (mm) |
38 |
35.2 |
38 |
34.(K |
38 |
32.4 |
40 |
36.8 |
40 |
35.4 |
40 |
33.6 |
40 |
30.0 |
42 |
38.8 |
42 |
37.4 |
42 |
35.6 |
44 |
40.8 |
44 |
39.4 |
44 |
37.6 |
45 |
35.0 |
46 |
42.8 |
46 |
41.4 |
46 |
39.6 |
48 |
44.8 |
48 |
43.4 |
48 |
41.6 |
50 |
46.4 |
50 |
45.0 |
50 |
43.0 |
50 |
40.0 |
50 |
36.0 |
50 |
32.0 |
52 |
48.4 |
52 |
47.0 |
52 |
45.0 |
54 |
50.4 |
54 |
49.0 |
54 |
47.0 |
55 |
45.0 |
56 |
52.4 |
56 |
51.0 |
Table 3.13 Duran Tubing(continued)
(mL)/Vol HT(cm) |
i |
Vol(mL) SphereHalf |
Pieces/ Case |
Cost($)/ Piece" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+i |
|
|
|
9.73 |
0.31 |
11.42 |
20 |
$10.48 |
9.08 |
0.30 |
10.29 |
20 |
$14.58 |
8.24 |
0.34 |
8.90 |
9 |
$20.26 |
10.64 |
0.41 |
13.05 |
16 |
$12.39 |
9.84 |
0.45 |
11.61 |
16 |
$17.73 |
8.87 |
0.49 |
9.93 |
9 |
$24.18 |
7.07 |
0.49 |
7.07 |
9 |
$35.63 |
11.82 |
0.43 |
15.29 |
16 |
$13.22 |
10.99 |
0.48 |
13.70 |
16 |
$18.56 |
9.95 |
0.52 |
11.81 |
9 |
$25.26 |
13.07 |
0.46 |
17.78 |
16 |
$13.82 |
12.19 |
0.51 |
16.01 |
16 |
$19.44 |
11.10 |
0.54 |
13.92 |
9 |
$26.72 |
9.62 |
0.57 |
11.22 |
9 |
$40.82 |
14.39 |
0.48 |
20.53 |
16 |
$14.43 |
13.46 |
0.53 |
18.58 |
9 |
$20.46 |
12.32 |
0.57 |
16.26 |
9 |
$28.09 |
15.76 |
0.50 |
23.54 |
16 |
$15.03 |
14.79 |
0.56 |
21.40 |
16 |
$21.36 |
13.59 |
0.60 |
18.85 |
6 |
$29.07 |
16.91 |
0.52 |
26.15 |
9 |
$20.47 |
15.90 |
0.58 |
23.86 |
9 |
$27.93 |
14.52 |
0.62 |
20.81 |
9 |
$40.45 |
12.57 |
0.64 |
16.76 |
6 |
$52.75 |
10.18 |
0.64 |
12.21 |
6 |
$71.07 |
8.04 |
0.63 |
8.58 |
6 |
$86.68 |
18.40 |
0.54 |
29.68 |
9 |
$21.15 |
17.35 |
0.60 |
27.18 |
9 |
$29.17 |
15.90 |
0.65 |
23.86 |
9 |
$39.92 |
19.95 |
0.56 |
33.52 |
9 |
$22.16 |
18.86 |
0.63 |
30.80 |
9 |
$30.42 |
17.35 |
0.68 |
27.18 |
9 |
$41.61 |
15.90 |
0.72 |
23.86 |
4 |
$58.77 |
21.57 |
0.58 |
37.67 |
9 |
$22.96 |
20.43 |
0.65 |
34.73 |
9 |
$31.44 |
223
Pres. (psi)b
Max Int.
57.3
83.1
118.6
62.4
91.2
129.5
210.0
59.3
86.6
122.9
56.5
82.5
116.9
184.6
54.0
78.7
111.5
51.7
75.3
106.6
55.9
78.7
112.3
164.6
237.9
314.1
53.7
75.6
107.7
51.7
72.6
103.5
148.5
49.8
69.9
224
O.D. (mm) |
I.D. (mm) |
56 |
49.0 |
58 |
54.4 |
58 |
53.0 |
58 |
51.0 |
60 |
55.6 |
60 |
53.6 |
60 |
51.6 |
60 |
50.0 |
60 |
46.0 |
60 |
42.0 |
65 |
60.6 |
65 |
58.6 |
65 |
56.6 |
65 |
55.0 |
70 |
65.6 |
70 |
63.6 |
70 |
61.6 |
70 |
60.0 |
70 |
56.0 |
70 |
52.0 |
75 |
70.6 |
75 |
68.6 |
75 |
66.6 |
75 |
65.0 |
80 |
75.0 |
80 |
73.0 |
80 |
70.0 |
80 |
62.0 |
85 |
80.0 |
85 |
78.0 |
85 |
75.0 |
90 |
85.0 |
90 |
83.0 |
90 |
80.0 |
90 |
76.0 |
Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing
Table 3.13 Duran Tubing (continued) |
Cost($)/ Piece |
MaxInt. Pres.(psi) |
|||
(mL)/Vol (cm)HT |
|
(mL)Vol SphereHalf |
Pieces/ Case |
||
|
|
|
|
|
b |
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
E |
|
|
|
|
|
+i |
|
|
|
|
18.86 |
0.71 |
30.80 |
9 |
$43.65 |
99.6 |
23.24 |
0.61 |
42.15 |
9 |
$23.97 |
48.0 |
22.06 |
0.68 |
38.98 |
9 |
$32.68 |
67.4 |
20.43 |
0.73 |
34.73 |
9 |
$44.89 |
95.9 |
24.28 |
0.93 |
45.00 |
9 |
$29.97 |
57.0 |
22.56 |
0.99 |
40.31 |
9 |
$42.86 |
84.2 |
20.91 |
1.04 |
35.97 |
4 |
$54.96 |
112.3 |
19.63 |
1.01 |
32.72 |
4 |
$64.63 |
135.2 |
16.62 |
1.00 |
25.48 |
4 |
$87.53 |
194.7 |
13.85 |
0.99 |
19.40 |
4 |
$108.13 |
256.7 |
28.84 |
1.02 |
58.26 |
8 |
$32.82 |
52.5 |
26.97 |
1.08 |
52.68 |
4 |
$46.56 |
77.5 |
25.16 |
1.14 |
47.47 |
4 |
$60.05 |
103.1 |
23.76 |
1.10 |
43.56 |
4 |
$70.73 |
124.1 |
33.80 |
1.10 |
73.91 |
8 |
$35.11 |
48.6 |
31.77 |
1.17 |
67.35 |
3 |
$67.17 |
71.7 |
29.80 |
1.23 |
61.19 |
3 |
$86.85 |
95.4 |
28.27 |
1.20 |
56.55 |
4 |
$76.33 |
114.7 |
24.63 |
1.22 |
45.98 |
4 |
$103.81 |
164.6 |
21.24 |
1.22 |
36.81 |
4 |
$129.51 |
216.6 |
39.15 |
1.18 |
92.13 |
8 |
$37.91 |
45.3 |
36.96 |
1.26 |
84.52 |
4 |
$54.45 |
66.7 |
34.84 |
1.33 |
77.34 |
4 |
$70.22 |
88.7 |
33.18 |
1.30 |
71.90 |
4 |
$82.44 |
106.6 |
44.18 |
1.44 |
110.45 |
4 |
$46.05 |
48.3 |
41.85 |
1.52 |
101.84 |
4 |
$63.35 |
68.5 |
38.48 |
1.68 |
89.80 |
4 |
$88.54 |
99.6 |
30.19 |
1.70 |
62.39 |
4 |
$150.37 |
187.1 |
50.27 |
1.53 |
134.04 |
4 |
$48.85 |
45.4 |
47.78 |
1.62 |
124.24 |
4 |
$67.43 |
64.3 |
44.18 |
1.80 |
110.45 |
4 |
$94.14 |
93.4 |
56.75 |
1.62 |
160.78 |
4 |
$51.65 |
42.8 |
54.11 |
1.72 |
149.69 |
4 |
$71.24 |
60.6 |
50.27 |
1.92 |
134.04 |
4 |
$100.50 |
87.9 |
45.36 |
1.95 |
114.92 |
4 |
$102.54 |
125.6 |
Glass Tubing 3.4
O.D. (mm) |
LD. (mm) |
90 |
72.0 |
95 |
90.0 |
95 |
88.0 |
95 |
85.0 |
100 |
95.0 |
100 |
94.0 |
100 |
93.0 |
100 |
90.0 |
100 |
86.0 |
100 |
82.0 |
105 |
99.0 |
105 |
95.0 |
110 |
104.8 |
110 |
104.0 |
110 |
100.0 |
110 |
96.0 |
115 |
, 109.0 |
115 |
105.0 |
115 |
101.0 |
120 |
114.0 |
120 |
110.0 |
120 |
106.0 |
120 |
102.0 |
125 |
115.0 |
125 |
107.0 |
130 |
124.0 |
130 |
120.0 |
130 |
116.0 |
130 |
112.0 |
135 |
125.0 |
135 |
121.0 |
140 |
134.0 |
140 |
130.0 |
140 |
126.0 |
145 |
135.0 |
Table 3.13 Duran Tubing (continued)
(mL)/Vol (cm)HT |
|
(mL)Vol SphereHalf |
Pieces/ Case |
it |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+i |
|
|
o £ |
|
|
|
|
u |
40.72 |
1.97 |
97.72 |
4 |
$129.00 |
63.62 |
1.72 |
190.85 |
4 |
$54.45 |
60.82 |
1.82 |
178.41 |
4 |
$75.06 |
56.75 |
2.04 |
160.78 |
4 |
$106.10 |
70.88 |
1.81 |
224.46 |
4 |
$61.21 |
69.40 |
1.95 |
217.45 |
4 |
$71.99 |
67.93 |
1.93 |
210.58 |
3 |
$84.84 |
63.62 |
2.16 |
190.85 |
3 |
$119.71 |
58.09 |
2.20 |
166.52 |
3 |
$162.49 |
52.81 |
2.24 |
144.35 |
3 |
$204.44 |
76.98 |
2.05 |
254.02 |
3 |
$76.21 |
70.88 |
2.43 |
224.46 |
3 |
$125.10 |
86.26 |
2.34 |
301.34 |
4 |
$76.42 |
84.95 |
2.32 |
294.49 |
3 |
$80.17 |
78.54 |
2.55 |
261.80 |
3 |
$130.86 |
72.38 |
2.61 |
231.62 |
3 |
$179.75 |
93.31 |
2.43 |
339.04 |
4 |
$83.85 |
86.59 |
2.68 |
303.07 |
2 |
$138.05 |
80.12 |
2.74 |
269.73 |
2 |
$189.28 |
102.07 |
2.54 |
387.87 |
4 |
$87.36 |
95.03 |
2.80 |
348.45 |
2 |
$143.98 |
88.25 |
2.88 |
311.81 |
2 |
$197.36 |
81.71 |
2.93 |
mm |
2 |
$249.67 |
103.87 |
2.93 |
398.16 |
2 |
$149.91 |
89.92 |
3.08 |
320.72 |
2 |
$260.46 |
120.76 |
2.96 |
499.15 |
4 |
$95.18 |
113.10 |
3.06 |
452.39 |
2 |
$155.84 |
105.68 |
3.33 |
408.64 |
2 |
$215.16 |
98.52 |
3.22 |
367.81 |
2 |
$272.32 |
122.72 |
3.18 |
511.33 |
2 |
$162.85 |
114.99 |
3.47 |
463.79 |
2 |
$223.25 |
141.03 |
3.41 |
629.92 |
4 |
$102.73 |
132.73 |
3.52 |
575.17 |
2 |
$168.78 |
124.69 |
3.82 |
523.70 |
2 |
$232.95 |
143.14 |
3.65 |
644.12 |
2 |
$174.72 |
225
05 en
164.6
40.5
57.3
83.1
38.4
46.3
54.3
78.7
112.3
146.9
44.1
74.8
36.3
42.0
71.3
101.5
40.1
68.0
96.8
38.4
65.1
92.6
120.8
62.4
115.7
35.4
59.9
85.1
111.0
57.6
81.8
32.8
55.5
78.7
53.5
226
O.D. |
(mm) |
I.D. |
(mm) |
150 144.0
150 140.0
150 136.0
150 132.0
155 145.0
160 150.0
160 146.0
165 155.0
165 151.0
170 160.0
170 156.0
170 152.0
180 170.0
180 166.0
180 162.0
190 180.0
190 176.0
200 190.0
200 186.0
200 182.0
215 201.0
215 197.0
225 211.0
225 207.0
240 222.0
250 240.0
250 236.0
250 232.0
270 260.0
270 256.0
270 252.0
300 290.0
300 286.0
300 282.0
315 301.0
Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing
Table 3.13Duran Tubing (continued)
(mL)/Vol HT(cm) |
|
Vol(mL) HalfSphere |
Pieces/ Case |
Cost($)/ Piece |
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
|
|
S |
|
|
|
|
162.86 |
3.66 |
781.73 |
2 |
$126.73 |
30.6 |
153.94 |
3.78 |
718.38 |
2 |
$206.09 |
51.7 |
145.27 |
4.12 |
658.54 |
2 |
$284.84 |
73.3 |
136.85 |
4.21 |
602.13 |
2 |
$362.35 |
95.4 |
165.13 |
3.92 |
798.13 |
2 |
$214.09 |
49.9 |
176.71 |
4.29 |
883.57 |
2 |
$220.86 |
48.3 |
167.42 |
4.65 |
814.76 |
2 |
$305.14 |
68.5 |
188.69 |
4.43 |
974.91 |
2 |
$227.62 |
46.8 |
179.08 |
4.81 |
901.36 |
2 |
$314.36 |
66.3 |
201.06 |
4.83 |
1072.33 |
2 |
$234.39 |
45.4 |
191.13 |
5.22 |
993.90 |
2 |
$325.44 |
64.3 |
181.46 |
5.33 |
919.39 |
1 |
$413.41 |
83.6 |
226.98 |
5.13 |
1286.22 |
2 |
$124.89 |
42.8 |
216.42 |
5.55 |
1197.55 |
1 |
$344.51 |
60.6 |
206.12 |
5.94 |
1113.05 |
1 |
$438.02 |
78.7 |
254.47 |
6.01 |
1526.81 |
1 |
$263.30 |
40.5 |
243.28 |
6.16 |
1427.27 |
1 |
$365.42 |
57.3 |
283.53 |
6.95 |
1795.68 |
1 |
$354.87 |
38.4 |
271.72 |
6.80 |
1684.64 |
1 |
$493.67 |
54.3 |
260.16 |
7.25 |
1578.28 |
1 |
$627.73 |
70.5 |
317.31 |
7.67 |
2125.97 |
1 |
$531.52 |
50.4 |
304.81 |
7.83 |
2001.55 |
1 |
$676.63 |
65.4 |
349.67 |
8.04 |
2459.33 |
1 |
$556.76 |
48.1 |
336.54 |
8.89 |
2322.09 |
1 |
$709.75 |
62.4 |
387.08 |
9.89 |
2864.36 |
1 |
$758.64 |
58.4 |
452.39 |
9.33 |
3619.11 |
1 |
$583.82 |
30.6 |
437.44 |
9.93 |
3441.16 |
1 |
$809.94 |
43.2 |
422.73 |
10.51 |
3269.13 |
1 |
$1,031.96 |
55.9 |
530.93 |
10.31 |
4601.39 |
1 |
$631.10 |
28.3 |
514.72 |
10.97 |
4392.26 |
1 |
$875.73 |
39.9 |
498.76 |
11.61 |
4189.58 |
1 |
$1,118.30 |
51.7 |
660.52 |
13.34 |
6385.03 |
1 |
$785.30 |
25.4 |
642.42 |
14.08 |
6124.44 |
1 |
$1,090.70 |
35.8 |
624.58 |
14.79 |
5871.05 |
1 |
$1,391.50 |
46.3 |
711.58 |
15.05 |
7139.51 |
1 |
$1,145.81 |
34.1 |
Glass Tubing 3.4 |
227 |
O.D. (mm) |
LD. (mm) |
315 |
297.0 |
325 |
307 |
325 |
305.0 |
al 996 prices.
Table 3.13 Duran Tubing(continued)
(mL)/Vol HT(cm) |
|
Vol(mL) HalfSphere |
Pieces/ Case |
Cost($)/ Piece |
a |
|
s |
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+1 |
|
|
|
|
692.79 |
15.80 |
6858.64 |
l |
$1,464.98 |
44.1 |
740.23 |
16.33 |
7575.02 |
l |
$1,513.20 |
42.7 |
730.62 |
16.23 |
7427.94 |
1 |
$1,676.23 |
47.6 |
bMaximum internal pressure is calculated on a variety of safety factors. Oneof these factors issurface abrasion, which significantly lowers the potential pressure that a given tube can withstand. The use of safety shields and wrapping the tubing with fiber tape is strongly recommended. For more information see Sec. 1.1.12
228 |
Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wall Tubing |
|
|
|
O.D. (mm) |
Boor (mm) |
Table 3.14 Duran Capillary ^ |
Maxint |
(psi)Pres. |
WallMin |
||||
(mL)/Vol (cm)HT |
|
(mL)Vol SphereHalf |
Pieces/ Case |
Cost($)/ Piece |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
b |
c |
|
|
|
J |
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
0.8 |
0.006 |
0.001 |
0.002 |
250 |
$1.18 |
|
661.8 |
|
5 |
0.4 |
0.003 |
0.001 |
0.000 |
65 |
$4.53 |
|
732.5 |
|
5 |
0.6 |
0.005 |
0.001 |
0.001 |
154 |
$1.91 |
|
716.1 |
|
5 |
0.8 |
0.006 |
0.001 |
0.002 |
156 |
$1.89 |
|
694.7 |
|
5 |
1.2 |
0.009 |
0.001 |
0.007 |
161 |
$1.83 |
|
639.1 |
|
6 |
0.4 |
0.003 |
0.001 |
0.000 |
106 |
$2.78 |
|
738.1 |
|
6 |
0.8 |
0.006 |
0.002 |
0.002 |
108 |
$2.73 |
|
703.6 |
|
6 |
1.2 |
0.009 |
0.002 |
0.007 |
110 |
$2.68 |
|
661.8 |
|
6 |
1.7 |
0.013 |
0.002 |
0.021 |
115 |
$2.56 |
|
595.2 |
|
6 |
2.2 |
0.017 |
0.002 |
0.045 |
122 |
$2.42 |
|
517.2 |
|
6 |
2.7 |
0.021 |
0.002 |
0.082 |
133 |
$2.22 |
|
432.8 |
|
7 |
0.8 |
0.006 |
0.002 |
0.002 |
79 |
$3.73 |
|
716.3 |
|
7 |
1.2 |
0.009 |
0.002 |
0.007 |
80 |
$3.68 |
|
685.4 |
|
7 |
1.7 |
0.013 |
0.002 |
0.021 |
83 |
$3.55 |
|
635.2 |
|
7 |
2.2 |
0.017 |
0.002 |
0.045 |
86 |
$3.43 |
|
574.8 |
|
7 |
2.7 |
0.021 |
0.002 |
0.082 |
91 |
$3.24 |
|
507.3 |
|
7 |
3.0 |
0.024 |
0.002 |
0.113 |
95 |
$3.10 |
|
464.5 |
|
8 |
0.8 |
0.006 |
0.002 |
0.002 |
60 |
$4.91 |
|
724.5 |
|
8 |
1.2 |
0.009 |
0.002 |
0.007 |
61 |
$4.83 |
|
700.8 |
|
8 |
1.7 |
0.013 |
0.002 |
0.021 |
63 |
$4.68 |
|
661.8 |
|
8 |
2.2 |
0.017 |
0.002 |
0.045 |
65 |
$4.53 |
|
614.0 |
|
8 |
2.7 |
0.021 |
0.002 |
0.082 |
67 |
$4.40 |
|
559.4 |
|
8 |
3.0 |
0.024 |
0.002 |
0.113 |
69 |
$4.27 |
|
524.1 |
|
9 |
0.8 |
0.006 |
0.002 |
0.002 |
47 |
$6.27 |
|
730.0 |
|
9 |
1.2 |
0.009 |
0.002 |
0.007 |
48 |
$6.14 |
|
711.3 |
|
9 |
1.7 |
0.013 |
0.002 |
0.021 |
49 |
$6.01 |
|
680.2 |
|
9 |
2.2 |
0.017 |
0.002 |
0.045 |
50 |
$5.89 |
|
641.6 |
|
9 |
2.7 |
0.021 |
0.002 |
0.082 |
52 |
$5.67 |
|
596.8 |
|
9 |
3.0 |
0.024 |
0.002 |
0.113 |
53 |
$5.56 |
|
567.6 |
|
a1996 prices.
3 1 1
713.0
745.4
737.2
725.2
690.2
746.7
736.9
714.3
671.9
616.5
551.4
740.2
723.1
690.8
647.9
596.3
562.1
742.4
729.0
703.6
669.5
627.9
600.0
743.9
733.2
712.8
685.0
650.9
627.8
bMaximum internal pressure is calculated on a variety of safety factors. One of these factors is surface abrasion, which significantly lowers the potential pressure that a given tube can withstand. The use of safety shields and wrapping the tubing with fiber tape is strongly recommended. For more information see Sec. 1.1.12
cBecause of the ranges in O.D. and Bore dimensions of capillary tubing, these two columns represent the extreme minimum and maximum bursting pressures based on the resultant variations of wall thickness.
References |
229 |
References
1. T.H. Black, "The Preparation and Reactions of Diazomethane," Aldrichimica Acta, 16, pp. 3-10 (1983).
2.D.W. Koester and G.A. Sites, "Method for Loosening Frozen Joints," Fusion, 20,
p.45 (1973).
3.E. Wheeler, Scientific Glassblowing, Interscience Publishers, New York (1958),
p.464.
4.J. Butler, "Carbonated Beverages and Frozen Stopcocks," Journal of Chemical Education, 64, p. 896, (1987).
5.Pope Pacers (a publication of Pope Scientific), p. 7, Menomonee Falls, WI 53052 (January 1968).
6.R. Thompson, "A Method for the Removal of Stuck Ground Glass Joints," B.S.S.G. Journal, 24, p. 96, (1986).
7.C.H. Woods, "Removal of Broken, Evacuated Stopcock Plugs," Chemists-Analyst, 53, p. 53 (1964).
