- •Contents
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •1 Materials in the Lab
- •2 Measurement
- •3 Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing
- •4 Cleaning Glassware
- •5 Compressed Gases
- •6 High and Low Temperature
- •7 Vacuum Systems
- •8 The Gas-Oxygen Torch
- •APPENDIX
- •Appendix A Preparing Drawings for a Technician
- •Index
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •For the Second Edition
- •Please note:
- •1 Materials in the Lab
- •1.1 Glass
- •1.1.1 Introduction
- •1.1.2 Structural Properties of Glass
- •1.1.3 Phase Separation
- •1.1.4 Devitrification
- •1.1.5 Different Types of Glass Used in the Lab
- •1.1.6 Grading Glass and Graded Seals
- •1.1.7 Separating Glass by Type
- •1.1.9 Stress in Glass
- •1.1.11 Tempered Glass
- •1.1.13 Limiting Broken Glass in the Lab
- •1.1.14 Storing Glass
- •1.1.15 Marking Glass
- •1.1.16 Consumer's Guide to Purchasing Laboratory Glassware
- •1.2 Flexible Tubing
- •1.2.1 Introduction
- •1.2.2 Physical Properties of Flexible Tubing
- •1.3 Corks, Rubber Stoppers, and Enclosures
- •1.3.1 Corks
- •1.3.2 Rubber Stoppers
- •1.3.3 Preholed Stoppers
- •1.3.4 Inserting Glass Tubing into Stoppers
- •1.3.5 Removing Glass from Stoppers and Flexible Tubing
- •1.3.6 Film Enclosures
- •1.4 O-Rings
- •1.4.2 Chemical Resistance of O-Ring Material
- •1.4.3 O-Ring Sizes
- •2 Measurement
- •2.1 Measurement: The Basics
- •2.1.1 Uniformity, Reliability, and Accuracy
- •2.1.2 History of the Metric System
- •2.1.3 The Base Units
- •2.1.4 The Use of Prefixes in the Metric System
- •2.1.5 Measurement Rules
- •2.2 Length
- •2.2.1 The Ruler
- •2.2.2 How to Measure Length
- •2.2.3 The Caliper
- •2.2.4 The Micrometer
- •2.3 Volume
- •2.3.1 The Concepts of Volume Measurement
- •2.3.2 Background of Volume Standards
- •2.3.4 Materials of Volumetric Construction #1 Plastic
- •2.3.5 Materials of Volumetric Construction #2 Glass
- •2.3.6 Reading Volumetric Ware
- •2.3.7 General Practices of Volumetric Ware Use
- •2.3.8 Calibrations, Calibration, and Accuracy
- •2.3.9 Correcting Volumetric Readings
- •2.3.10 Volumetric Flasks
- •2.3.11 Graduated Cylinders
- •2.3.12 Pipettes
- •2.3.13 Burettes
- •2.3.14 Types of Burettes
- •2.3.15 Care and Use of Burettes
- •2.4 Weight and Mass
- •2.4.1 Tools for Weighing
- •2.4.2 Weight Versus Mass Versus Density
- •2.4.3 Air Buoyancy
- •2.4.5 Balance Location
- •2.4.6 Balance Reading
- •2.4.7 The Spring Balance
- •2.4.8 The Lever Arm Balance
- •2.4.9 Beam Balances
- •2.4.10 Analytical Balances
- •2.4.11 The Top-Loading Balance
- •2.4.12 Balance Verification
- •2.4.13 Calibration Weights
- •2.5 Temperature
- •2.5.1 TheNature of Temperature Measurement
- •2.5.2 The Physics of Temperature-Taking
- •2.5.3 Expansion-Based Thermometers
- •2.5.4 Linear Expansion Thermometers
- •2.5.5 Volumetric Expansion Thermometers
- •2.5.7 Thermometer Calibration
- •2.5.8 Thermometer Lag
- •2.5.9 Air Bubbles in Liquid Columns
- •2.5.10 Pressure Expansion Thermometers
- •2.5.11 Thermocouples
- •2.5.12 Resistance Thermometers
- •3.1 Joints and Connections
- •3.1.1 Standard Taper Joints
- •3.1.2 Ball-and-Socket Joints
- •3.1.3 The O-Ring Joint
- •3.1.4 Hybrids and Alternative Joints
- •3.1.5 Special Connectors
- •3.2 Stopcocks and Valves
- •3.2.1 Glass Stopcocks
- •3.2.2 Teflon Stopcocks
- •3.2.3 Rotary Valves
- •3.2.4 Stopcock Design Variations
- •3.3.1 Storage and Use of Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.2 Preparation for Use
- •3.3.3 Types of Greases
- •3.3.4 The Teflon Sleeve
- •3.3.5 Applying Grease to Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.6 Preventing Glass Stopcocks and Joints from Sticking or Breaking on a Working System
- •3.3.7 Unsticking Joints and Stopcocks
- •3.3.8 Leaking Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.9 What to Do About Leaks in Stopcocks and Joints
- •3.3.10 General Tips
- •3.4 Glass Tubing
- •3.4.1 The Basics of Glass Tubing
- •3.4.2 Calculating the Inside Diameter (I.D.)
- •3.4.3 Sample Volume Calculations
- •4 Cleaning Glassware
- •4.1 The Clean Laboratory
- •4.1.1 Basic Cleaning Concepts
- •4.1.2 Safety
- •4.1.3 Removing Stopcock Grease
- •4.1.4 Soap and Water
- •4.1.5 Ultrasonic Cleaners
- •4.1.6 Organic Solvents
- •4.1.7 The Base Bath
- •4.1.8 Acids and Oxidizers
- •4.1.9 Chromic Acid
- •4.1.10 Hydrofluoric Acid
- •4.1.11 Extra Cleaning Tips
- •4.1.12 Additional Cleaning Problems and Solutions
- •4.1.13 Last Resort Cleaning Solutions
- •5 Compressed Gases
- •5.1 Compressed GasTanks
- •5.1.1 Types of Gases
- •5.1.2 The Dangers of Compressed Gas
- •5.1.3 CGA Fittings
- •5.1.4 Safety Aspects of Compressed Gas Tanks
- •5.1.5 Safety Practices Using Compressed Gases
- •5.1.6 In Case of Emergency
- •5.1.7 Gas Compatibility with Various Materials
- •5.2 The Regulator
- •5.2.1 The Parts of the Regulator
- •5.2.2 House Air Pressure System
- •5.2.4 How to Use Regulators Safely
- •5.2.6 How to Purchase a Regulator
- •6 High and Low Temperature
- •6.1 High Temperature
- •6.1.1 TheDynamics of Heat in the Lab
- •6.1.2 General Safety Precautions
- •6.1.3 Open Flames
- •6.1.4 Steam
- •6.1.5 Thermal Radiation
- •6.1.6 Transfer of Energy
- •6.1.7 Hot Air Guns
- •6.1.8 Electrical Resistance Heating
- •6.1.9 Alternatives to Heat
- •6.2 Low Temperature
- •6.2.1 TheDynamics of Cold in the Lab
- •6.2.2 Room Temperature Tap Water (=20°C)
- •6.2.8 Safety with Slush Baths
- •6.2.9 Containment of Cold Materials
- •6.2.10 Liquid (Cryogenic) Gas Tanks
- •7 Vacuum Systems
- •7.1 How to Destroy a Vacuum System
- •7.2.1 Preface
- •7.2.2 How to Use a Vacuum System
- •7.2.4 Pressure, Vacuum, and Force
- •7.2.5 Gases, Vapors, and the Gas Laws
- •7.2.6 Vapor Pressure
- •7.2.7 How to Make (and Maintain) a Vacuum
- •7.2.8 Gas Flow
- •7.2.9 Throughput and Pumping Speed
- •7.3 Pumps
- •7.3.1 The Purpose of Pumps
- •7.3.2 The Aspirator
- •7.3.3 Types and Features of Mechanical Pumps
- •7.3.4 Connection, Use, Maintenance, and Safety
- •7.3.5 Condensable Vapors
- •7.3.6 Traps for Pumps
- •7.3.7 Mechanical Pump Oils
- •7.3.8 The Various Mechanical Pump Oils
- •7.3.9 Storing Mechanical Pumps
- •7.3.11 Ultra-High Vacuum Levels Without Ultra-High
- •7.3.12 Diffusion Pumps
- •7.3.13 Attaching a Diffusion Pump to a Vacuum System
- •7.3.14 How to Use a Diffusion Pump
- •7.3.15 Diffusion Pump Limitations
- •7.3.17 Diffusion Pump Maintenance
- •7.3.18 Toepler Pumps
- •7.4 Traps
- •7.4.1 The Purpose and Functions of Traps
- •7.4.2 Types of Traps
- •7.4.3 Proper Use of Cold Traps
- •7.4.4 Maintenance of Cold Traps
- •7.4.5 Separation Traps
- •7.4.6 Liquid Traps
- •7.5 Vacuum Gauges
- •7.5.2 The Mechanical Gauge Family
- •7.5.4 The Liquid Gauge Family
- •7.5.5 The Manometer
- •7.5.6 The McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.7 How to Read a McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.8 Bringing a McLeod Gauge to Vacuum Conditions
- •7.5.10 The Tipping McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.11 Condensable Vapors and the McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.12 Mercury Contamination from McLeod Gauges
- •7.5.13 Cleaning a McLeod Gauge
- •7.5.14 Thermocouple and Pirani Gauges
- •7.5.15 The Pirani Gauge
- •7.5.16 Cleaning Pirani Gauges
- •7.5.17 The Thermocouple Gauge
- •7.5.18 Cleaning Thermocouple Gauges
- •7.5.19 The lonization Gauge Family
- •7.5.20 The Hot-Cathode Ion Gauge
- •7.5.21 Cleaning Hot-Cathode Ion Gauges
- •7.5.24 The Momentum Transfer Gauge (MTG)
- •7.6 Leak Detection and Location
- •7.6.1 AllAbout Leaks
- •7.6.3 False Leaks
- •7.6.4 Real Leaks
- •7.6.5 Isolation to Find Leaks
- •7.6.6 Probe Gases and Liquids
- •7.6.7 The Tesla Coil
- •7.6.8 Soap Bubbles
- •7.6.9 Pirani or Thermocouple Gauges
- •7.6.10 Helium Leak Detection
- •7.6.11 Helium Leak Detection Techniques
- •7.6.13 Repairing Leaks
- •7.7 More Vacuum System Information
- •7.7.1 The Designs of Things
- •8 The Gas-Oxygen Torch
- •8.1.2 How to Light a Gas-Oxygen Torch
- •8.1.3 How to Prevent a Premix Torch from Popping
- •8.2.2 How to Tip-Off a Sample
- •8.2.3 How to Fire-Polish the End of a Glass Tube
- •8.2.4 Brazing and Silver Soldering
- •Appendix
- •A.2 Suggestions for Glassware Requests
- •B.1 Introduction
- •B.2 Polyolefins
- •B.3 Engineering Resins
- •B.4 Fluorocarbons
- •B.5 Chemical Resistance Chart
- •C.1 Chapter 1
- •C.4 Chapter 4
- •C.5 Chapter 5 & Chapter 6
- •C.6 Chapter 7
- •C.7 Chapter 8
- •D.1 Laboratory Safety
- •D.2 Chemical Safety
- •D.3 Chapter 1
- •D.4 Chapter 2
- •D.5 Chapter 3
- •D.6 Chapter 4
- •D.7 Chapter 5 and the Second Half of Chapter 6
- •D.8 Chapter 7
- •D.9 Chapter 8
- •Index
Appendix |
513 |
Mettler, Dictionary of WeighingTerms
by Dr. L. Bietry, Printed in Switzerland © 1983, Mettler Instruments AG.
Scales and Weights, a Historical Outline by Bruno Kisch, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, ©1965.
A History of the Thermometer and Its Use in
Meteorology, by W.E. Knowles Middleton, The John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Maryland, ©1966.
Excellent general reference of weighing terms. This book is available free from Mettler Instruments Corp. (P.O. Box 71, Hightstown, NJ 08520-9944)
Good historical background on the development of weights and weighing.
Good historical background on the development of temperature reading.
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometry
by J. A. Wise, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., ©1976.
An excellent NBS (now NIST) publication on the use of liquid-in-glass thermometers.
D.5 Chapter 3
For information on glass, see the suggested books on glass in Chapter 1.
For information on stopcocks, joints, and glass tubing, see the suggested books in Section D.9.
D.6 Chapter 4
There are no books on cleaning glass. There is an excellent chapter on glass cleaning in The Physical Properties of Glass Surfaces by L. Holland (see further information in the Chapter 1 listing). Regardless, the needs for safety from the various chemicals often used in cleaning is paramount. Therefore, see the recommended books in the section titled "Chemical Safety."
For additional information, you may wish to see "Standard Practice for Designing a Process for Cleaning Technical Glasses," an ASTM Publication, Designation C912-79 (reapproved 1984).
For some basic ideas on waste management, see Journal of Chemical Education, 65, pp. A64-A68 (1988). Although not comprehensive, this journal provides a good general description on the topic. However, because many localities have specific requirements on toxic substance control, always check with local authorities.
514 |
Recommended Reading |
D.7 Chapter 5 and the Second Half of Chapter 6
Handbook of Compressed Gases, 2nd ed., by The Compressed Gas Association, Inc., Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Co., New York, ©1981.
This book extensively documents the various containment and handling techniques involved with compressed gases, their containers, and connections.
In addition to the above book, the Matheson (Gas Products) Company has some excellent information about compressed gases, compressed gas containers, and regulators in their catalog.
Matheson Gas Products
932 Paterson Plank Rd.
P.O. Box 85
East Rutherford, NJ 07073
(201) 933-2400
D.8 Chapter 7
The Design of High Vacuum Systems and the |
A good practical reference booklet on pumps. |
Application ofKinney High |
|
VacuumPumps, CM. Van Atta, |
|
Kinney Manufacturing Division, New |
|
York, © 1955. |
|
Vacuum Science and Engineering, |
Like his other book The Design of High Vac- |
CM. Van Atta, |
uum Systems and the Application ofKinney |
McGraw-Hill Book Company |
High VacuumPumps, this book is full of |
© 1965 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. |
clear information. |
Vacuum Technology, A. Guthrie |
An older book, but excellent for the funda- |
John Wiley & Sons, Wiley-Interscience, |
mentals of vacuum technology. |
New York, ©1963. |
|
A User's Guide to VacuumTechnology |
One of the top books on vacuum technology. |
J.F. O'Hanlon |
Unfortunately, it is limited to metal sys- |
John Wiley & Sons, Wiley-Interscience, |
tems. |
New York, © 1980. |
|
Appendix |
515 |
Introduction to Helium Mass Spectrometer
Leak Detection, Varian Associates, Inc., published by Varian Associates, Inc., Palo Alto, CA © 1980.
Materials for High Vacuum Technology, Vol.
3, W. Espe, Pergamon Press, New York, © 1968.
The Manipulation of Air-Sensitive Compounds, 2nd ed., D.F. Shriver and M.A. Drezdzon, John Wiley & Sons, WileyInterscience, New York, © 1986.
Modern VacuumPractice, N. Harris, ©1989
McGraw-Hill International, McGraw-Hill
Book Co. Europe, Berkshire, England.
Although understandingly biased toward Varian products, there is excellent information on the art and science of leak detection in this text.
Somewhat dated, but has excellent information on vacuum science.
Not purely a vacuum book, but working in an oxygen-free environment is one of the objectives for using a vacuum. This book is the leading book in its field.
Harris works for Edward High Vacuum and has specialized with vacuum pumps. This books excellently covers all details of vacuum technology, but really shines on the discussion of all types of pumps.
Total Pressure Measurements in Vacuum Tech-
nology, A. Berman, Academic Press, Inc.
(Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers),
Orlando FL, © 1985.
Extremely up-to-date and intensive study on all aspects of pressure measurement.
Methods of Experimental Physics: Volume 14:
VacuumPhysics and Technology, edited by G. L. Weissler and R.W. Carlson, Academic Press, (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers) Orlando, FL, © 1979.
This particular volume of this excellent series deals with vacuum technology. Each chapter is written by an expert, resulting in an excellent, total book.
The following monographs were published by, and are available from, The American Vacuum Society. They were all written by experts in their respective fields and are excellent resource materials. For further information and prices, please contact the American Vacuum Society, 335 E. 45th St., New York, NY 10017.
Dictionary of Termsfor the Areas of Science and Technology Served by the American VacuumSociety, 2nd ed., edited by H.G. Tompkins, © 1980 by the American Vacuum Society.
An Introduction to the Fundamentals of Vacuum Technology,H.G. Tompkins, © 1984 by the American Vacuum Society.
An Elementary Introduction to Vacuum Technique, G. Lewin, © 1984 by the American Vacuum Society.
VacuumHazards Manual, 2nd ed., L.C. Beavis, V.J. Harwood, and M.T. Thomas, Coordinated by M.T. Thomas, © 1979 by the American Vacuum Society.
Diffusion Pumps, Performance and Operation, M.H. Hablanian, © 1984 the American Vacuum Society.
Handbook of Vacuum Leak Detection,
N.G. Wilson and L.C. Beavis,
American Institute of Physics, New York, © 1976, 1979.
516 |
Recommended Reading |
Partial Pressure Analyzers and Analysis, M.J. Drinkwine and D. Lichtman, © 1984 by the American Vacuum Society.
History of VacuumScience and Technology, a Special Volume Commemorating the 30th Anniversary of the American Vacuum Society, 1953-1983, edited by T.E. Madey and W.C. Brown, © 1983.
D.9 Chapter 8
Scientific Glassblowing
E. Wheeler, Interscience Publishers, Inc.,
New York, ©1958.
Scientific and Industrial Glassblowing and
Laboratory Design
Barr and Anthorn, Instruments Publ. Co.,
Pittsburgh, PA, © 1959.
Glassblowing, an Introduction to Artistic and
Scientific Flameworking, 2nd ed.,
Edward Carberry, MGLS Publishing, Marshall, MN, © 1989.
Glassblowing, and Introduction to Solid and
Blown Glass Sculpturing,
Homer L. Hoyt, Crafts and Arts Publishing Co., Golden, CO, © 1989.
This and the following book are considered the two best books on scientific glassblowing. (Out of print)
This and the previous book are considered the two best books on scientific glassblowing. (Out of print)
This book has excellent basic information on glassblowing and setting up glassblowing facilities. The majority of the book is on artistic glassware with some information on scientific glassblowing.
This book has excellent basic information on glassblowing and setting up glassblowing facilities. Although this book has no information on scientific glassblowing, it has some of the best illustrations on what to look for when heating glass.