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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5442_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
TABLE 6.1 (Continued)
Species
number Botanical name
Common
name Family Plant part Solvent used Concentration Bacterial strain
Zone of inhibition
(mm) References
81. Pistacia chinensis
subsp.
integerrima (J. L.
Stewart ex
Brandis) Rech.
f.
Pistachio,
Kakar singi,
Kangar
Anacardiaceae Gall Methanol 20 μL Bacillus subtilis/
Enterococcus
faecalis/
Staphylococcus
aureus/
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa/
Salmonella Typhi
8/6/6/6.5/7
Khalid et al.
(2011)
30 μL 12/10/10.5/10/11
Aqueous (Cold) 30 μL 8/0/9/0/8
Aqueous (Hot) 30 μL 9/8/8/8/9
82. Pisum sativum
L.
Matar Fabaceae Skin, seed Ethanol,
methanol
0.1 mL E. coli,
Staphylococcus,
Pseudomonas,
Salmonella,
Streptobacillus
16
Sabahat and
Perween
(2005)
83. Polygonum
plebeium R. Br.
Common
knotweed
Polygonaceae Whole plant Methanol 100 mg/mL Salmonella Typhi 15.00 6 0.0 Hazrat et al.
(2013)
84. Populus ciliata
Wall. ex. Royle
Himalayan
popla, Paloch,
Phals, Chalun
Salicaceae Leaf Aqueous Klebsiella
pneumonia/Serratia
marcescens/
Pseudomonas
pseudoalcaligenes/
Staphylococcus
epidermidis/
Streptococcus
pyogenes
12.6 6 9.355/
20.8 6 7.73/
18.0 6 4.728/
17.8 6 5.148/
19.2 6 5.216
Hafeez
et al. (2021)
85. Punica granatum
L.
Pomegranate Punicaceae Rind of fruit Ethanol 100 mg/mL Salmonella Typhi 23 Malik et al.
(2010)
86. Punica granatum
L.
Pomegranate Lythraceae Pericarp Methanol 100 mg/mL Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
23.00 6 0.4 Hazrat et al.
(2013)
87. Punica granatum
L.
Pomegranate,
Anar
Lythraceae Peel Aqueous 250 g/L Escherichia coli/
Staphylococcus
aureus/
Acinetobacter
baumannii/
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
13 6 0.3/0/15 6 0.5/
14 6 0.6
Khan et al.
(2017)
Hexane 12 6 0.7/11 6 0.3/0/
10 6 0
Ethanol 0/0/14 6 0.5/0
88. Rosmarinus
officinalis L.
Rosemary Lamiaceae Leaf Methanol 100 mg/mL Bacillus subtilis 26.66 6 0.2 Hazrat et al.
(2013)
89. Rumex hastatus
D. Don
Khatimber Polygonaceae Leaf Methanol 100 mg/mL Escherichia coli 25.4 6 0.3 Hazrat et al.
(2013)
90. Sideroxylon
mascatense (A.
DC.) T.D.Penn.
Gargole Sapotaceae Fruit Methanol 100 mg/mL Escherichia coli 30.1 6 0.5
Hazrat et al.
(2013)
91. Solanum nigrum
L.
Black night
shade
Solanaceae Fruit Methanol 100 mg/mL Bacillus cereus 16.3 6 0.4 Nasrullah
et al. (2012)
Methanol 50 mg/mL Escherichia coli/
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa/
Salmonella Typhi
14 6 0.4/17.2 6 0.4/
15.2 6 0.3
92. Solanum nigrum
L.
Black night
shade
Solanaceae Fruit Methanol 100 mg/mL Escherichia coli 20.0 6 0.0
Hazrat et al.
(2013)
93. Solanum
surattense Burm.
f.
Kundiari,
Momoli
Solanaceae Whole plant Methanol 10 mg/mL Escherichia coli 14.8 6 0.5
Mustafa
et al. (2016)
94. Sphaeranthus
indicus L.
East Indian
globe thistle
Asteraceae Leaf/stem n-hexane 100 mg/mL Micrococcus
pyogenes
13 Malik et al.
(2010)
95. Suaeda
vermiculata
Forssk. ex J.F.
Gmel.
Khaari, Boi
booti
Amaranthaceae Stem, leaf Methanol 10 mg/mL Escherichia coli 19.5 6 0.3
Mustafa
et al. (2016)
96. Swertia chirata
Buch.-Ham. ex
Wall.
Chirayata,
Chiretta
Gentianaceae Stem Methanol 20 μL Bacillus subtilis/
Enterococcus
faecalis/
Staphylococcus
aureus/
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa/
Salmonella Typhi
7.5/0/0/0/0
Khalid et al.
(2011)
30 μL 12/0/0/8/9
Aqueous (Cold) 20 μL 9/0/6/0/0
30 μL 15/8/10/0/9
Aqueous (Hot) 20 μL 0/0/0/0/0
30 μL 9/8/8/8/10
(Continued)
TABLE 6.1 (Continued)
Species
number Botanical name
Common
name Family Plant part Solvent used Concentration Bacterial strain
Zone of inhibition
(mm) References
97. Syzygium
aromaticum (L.)
Merr. & L.M.
Perry
Clove Myrtaceae Flower bud Essential oil 2 μL Staphylococcus
aureus/
Streptococcus spp./
Escherichia coli/
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
8.6/9.3/5.2/2
Sohoo et al.
(2019)
98. Syzygium
aromaticum (L.)
Merr. & L.M.
Perry
Clove Myrtaceae Bud Ethanol Vancomycin-
resistant
Staphylococcus
aureus
5.5 6 0.41
Asghar,
Yousuf,
Shoaib, and
Asghar
(2020)
Methicillin-
resistant
Staphylococcus
aureus
10.3 6 0.61
99. Tecoma stans
(L.) Juss. ex
Kunth
Yellow
trumpetbush
or yellow bells
Bignoniaceae Whole plant n-hexane 200 μL Escherichia coli/
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa/
Salmonella Typhi/
Staphylococcus
aureus
15.66 6 0.57/
13.66 6 0.57/15 6 1/
17.33 6 1.15
Javid et al.
(2015)
100. Thymus vulgaris
L.
Common
thyme,
German
thyme, or
Garden thyme
Lamiaceae Whole plant Methanol 100 mg/mL Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
22.0 6 0.0
Hazrat et al.
(2013)
101. Tinospora
sinensis (Lour.)
Merr.
Gurjo, Heart-
leaved
moonseed, or
guduchi
Menispermaceae Stem Ethanol 100 mg/mL Escherichia coli 16
Malik et al.
(2010)
102. Toona ciliata M.
Roem.
Cedrela, Red
cedar, or Toon
tree
Meliaceae Leaf Aqueous 100 mg/mL Staphylococcus/
Escherichia coli/
Bacillus subtilis
NA/NA/NA
Malik et al.
(2010)
Ethanol 16/14/13
n-hexane NA/NA/NA
103. Toona ciliata M.
Roem.
Mahanim Meliaceae Leaf Crude 20 mg/mL Bacillus subtilis/
Micrococcus luteus/
Salmonella setubal/
Staphylococcus
aureus/
Pseudomonas
pickettii
11.2 6 0.06/
17 6 0.41/
17.1 6 0.06/NA/
12.3 6 0.01
Bibi et al.
(2011)
Aqueous NA/NA/NA/NA/
NA
Hexane 10.6 6 0.21/NA/
NA/NA/NA
Chloroform 13.6 6 0.06/
15.8 6 0.12/
14.5 6 0.04/
13 6 0.08/NA
Ethyl acetate 15 6 0.06/
16.2 6 0.09/NA/
NA/11.2 6 0.11
Methanol NA/12.76 0.07/
NA/NA/NA
104. Vincetoxicum
stocksii Ali &
Khatoon
Asclepiadaceae Whole plant Methanol 200 μg/mL Bacillus subtilis/
Escherichia coli/
Proteus mirabilis/
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa/Shigella
dysenteriae/
Klebsiella
pneumoniae
25 6 2/12 6 1/
15 6 2/6 6 1/
13 6 1/15 6 2
Zaidi and
Crow (2005)
105. Zingiber
officinale Roscoe
Ginger, Adrak Zingiberaceae Root Methanol 10 μL Bacillus subtilis/
Enterococcus
faecalis/
Staphylococcus
aureus/
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa/
Salmonella Typhi
6/0/7/6/0
20 μL 11/0/12/9/6
30 μL 17/8/19/16/10
Aqueous (Cold) 10 μL 0/0/0/0/0
20 μL 0/0/7/10/0
30 μL 9/8/10/15/8
Aqueous (Hot) 10 μL 0/0/0/0/0
20 μL 6/0/0/0/0
30 μL 9/0/8/9/8
(Continued)
TABLE 6.1 (Continued)
Species
number Botanical name
Common
name Family Plant part Solvent used Concentration Bacterial strain
Zone of inhibition
(mm) References
106. Ziziphus sativa
Geartn.
Chinese jujube Rhamnaceae Leaf Methanol 50 mg/mL Bacillus cereus 12.5 6 0.2
Rahman
et al. (2015)
107. Ziziphus
vulgaris L.
Jujube, Anab,
Unnab, Singli
Rhamnaceae Fruit Methanol 15 mg/mL Staphylococcus
aureus
2.17 Walter et al.
(2011)
108. Zygophyllum
fabago L.
Syrian bean-
caper
Zygophyllaceae Whole plant Methanol 200 μg/mL Bacillus subtilis/
Bacillus cereus/
Escherichia coli/
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
16 6 1/16 6 2/
11 6 2/8 6 1
Zaidi and
Crow (2005)
Legend: NA = No Activity.
strains. Z. fabago extract showed high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. V. stock-
sii extract exhibited great antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus.
However, extracts of H. sessilifolius and G. erythraea were only active against Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (
Zaidi & Crow, 2005).
Methanolic and n-hexane extracts of fruits of Solanum nigrum L., leaves of Dodonaea vis-
cosa Jacq and Cannabis sativa L. were explored for antibacterial properties. It was observed
that methanolic extracts of all plants excluding Solanum nigrum L. exhibited inhibitory
activity against all the tested bacterial strains, whereas n-hexane extracts of plants showed
inactive properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (
Nasrullah et al., 2012).
Antibacterial properties of 16 medicinal plant species from Dir Kohistan Valley KPK,
Pakistan were tested. Six bacterial strains, that is, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus were investi-
gated. Highest antibacterial activity was shown by methanolic extracts of 10 plant species
Helianthus annuus L. (36.6 6 0.1), Sideroxylon mascatense (A.DC.) T.D. Penn. (30.1 6 0.5),
Diospyros kaki L.f. (27.8 6 0.5), Pistacia chinensis Bunge (26.3 6 0.5), Mentha longifolia (L.) L.
(26.1 6 0.5), Rumex hastatus D. Don (25.4 6 0.3), Ocimum basilicum L. (24.0 6 0.0), Cannabis
sativa L. (23.3 6 0.5), Punica granatum L. (23.00 6 0.4), and Thymus vulgaris L. (22.0 6 0.0)
(
Hazrat et al., 2013).
Indigenous medicinal plants Curcuma longa L. and Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. were
investigated for antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Shigella flex-
neri, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi. Inhibition zone of
11 mm was shown by ethanolic extract of A. galanga against S. typhi, whereas ethanolic
extracts of C. longa and A. galanga showed inhibition zone of 10 mm against S. aureus
(
Khattak et al., 2005).
Methanolic extracts of leaves, stem, root, and seeds of Datura innoxia Mill. were ana-
lyzed for antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumonia, Proteus spp., and Salmonella
typhi with the help of agar well diffusion method. Methanolic extracts of D. inoxia showed
significant zones of inhibition between 6 and 24 mm (
Mustafa et al., 2016).
Antibacterial properties of 17 medicinal plants from Pakista n were analyz ed against 10
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Aqueous, ethanolic, and n-hexane
extracts were utilized. High antibacterial activity was shown by Eucalyptus globulus Labill.,
Phyllanthus emblica L., and Sphaeranthus indicus L. extracts against all 10 bacterial strains.
Significant activity was exhibited by ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Toona
ciliata M. Roem., Punica granatum L., Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb., and Lawsonia inermis L.
(
Malik et al., 2010).
Mustafa et al. (2016) carried out an ethnobotanical survey in order to explore the phyto-
chemical and antibacterial activities of the plants of Cholistan Desert. Five medicinal plants
(i.e., Calligonum polygonoides L., Fagonia indica Burm.f., Heliotropium strigosum Willd., Solanum
surattense Burm. f., and Suaeda vermiculata Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel.) were collected and their
methanolic extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli.
The methanolic extract of S. fruticosa showed a maximum inhibition zone of 19.5 6 0.3, while
H. strigosum extract showed minimum inhibition of 9.36 1.3 (
Mustafa et al., 2016).
The methanolic, cold and hot water extracts of Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.,
Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima (J. L. Stewart ex Brandis) Rech. f., Persicaria bistorta (L.)
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
229Antibacterial properties of different medicinal plants from Pakistan
Samp., and Zingiber officinale Roscoe were evaluated against both Gram-negative
(Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus
faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. The maximum inhibition was reported by the Z.
officinale methanol extract against S. aureus, with a diameter of 19 mm (
Khalid et al., 2011).
Sohoo et al. (2019) investigated the antibacterial efficacy of essential oils (EO) of
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Melaleuca alterni-
folia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel, and Nigella sativa L. against the pathogenic bacteria respon-
sible for causing mastitis such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomon as aeruginosa, Streptococcus spp.,
and Staphylococcus aureus, with the help of disc diffusion technique. N. sativa EO showed
more inhibitory action against P. aeruginosa in comparison to M. alternifolia and L. angusti-
folia EO while S. aromaticum EO exhibited higher inhibitory activity than M. alternifolia and
L. angustifolia EO against all bacterial strains (
Sohoo et al., 2019).
The aqueous and crude extracts of Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. were investigated for their
bactericidal potential against three Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi, Escherichia
coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and four Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subti-
lis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus). The average zone of inhibition indicated that
the crude extract showed inhibition against almost all of the bacterial strains except B.
cereus and S. typhi, while aqueous extract showed no inhibition against any of the bacterial
strains (
Khurram et al., 2009).
Asghar et al. (2020) carried out the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
using the extract of Populus ciliata Wall. ex. Royle in order to assess its antimicrobial poten-
tial. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited inhibitory properties against selected Gram-
negative (Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes) and
Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes) bacterial strains. The
highest mean antibacterial activity was observed against S. marcescens (20.8 mm 6 7.7) and
S. pyogenes (19.2 mm6 5.2) showing bactericidal potential (
Asghar et al., 2020).
Khan et al. (2013) conducted a study for demonstrating the antibacterial properties of
five medicinal plants of Pakistan such as Coriandrum sativum L., Cucumis sativus L., Lens
culinaris Medik., Lawsonia inermis L., and Phyllanthus emblica L. Antibacterial assay was
performed with the help of bacterial strains of B. cereus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus.
The extract of C. sativum, C. sativus, L. culinaris showed no activity on any of the clinical
isolates while both L. alba and P. emblica showed a range of inhibitory activity with maxi-
mum inhibition zones against P. aeruginosa (8.67 mm 6 0.52) and E. coli (23.68 mm6 0.36),
respectively (
Khan et al., 2013).
Mannan et al. (2012) examined the antibacterial activities of different extracts of
Artemisia dubia L. ex B.D. Jacks, that is, leaf methanol extract, flower methanol extract, leaf
chloroform extract, and flower chloroform extract, against the clinical isolates of three
Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240, Staphylococcus
aureus ATCC 6538) and five Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 15224, Salmonella setubal
ATCC 19196, Pseudomonas pickettii ATCC 49129, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048,
Bordetella bronchiseptica ATCC 4617) bacteria. The results of bioassay showed that while
flower chloroform extract was not effective against any of the bacterial strains, leaf metha-
nol extract was effective against E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, and M. luteus, leaf chloroform
extract was effective against S. aureus and M. luteus, and flower methanol extract showed
antibacterial activity against E. coli (
Ihsan-ul-haq et al., 2012).
230 6. Antibacterial activity of some selected medicinal plants of Pakistan
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Asghar (2020) used the methanolic extract of leaves of Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand.
to check its antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi using
the disk diffusion method. The leaves extract of C. procera was found to be effective against
B. cereus, P. mirabilis, and P. aeruginosa while it showed no activity against E. coli, E. faecalis,
K. pneumonia, and S. typhi (
Asghar et al., 2020).
The green synthesis of chitosan functionalized silver nanoparticles (CS-AgNPs) was reported
using the ethanolic extract of the buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry. The
CS-AgNPs were then tested against vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the zone of inhibition were 5.5 6 0.4 and 10.3 6 0.6 mm,
respectively showing their potential as an antibacterial agent (
Asghar et al., 2020).
Bibi et al. (2011) determined the antibacterial activity of crude methanolic extract of
nine medicinal plants of Pakistan, that is, Althaea officinalis L., Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.,
Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Hyssopus officinalis L., Malva sylves-
tris L., Justicia adhatoda L., Onosma bracteatum Wall., and Ziziphus vulgaris L. using the agar
well diffusion method. Different concentrations of extracts were screened against two
Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and one Gram-
positive bacterial strain (Staphylococcus aureus). Maximum inhibitory effect of all plants
was observed at 15 mg/mL concentration of extract. The maximum antibacterial activity
was seen in J. adhatoda against P. aeruginosa, H. officinalis against S. aureus, G. glabra against
E. coli having the diameter of 2.67 6 0.06, 3.37 6 0.05, and 3.6 6 0.3 mm, respectively
(
Bibi et al., 2011).
Khan et al. (2017) designed an experiment to analyze the antibacterial activity of HPLC
fractions of aqueous, hexane, chloroform, and methanol-based peel extracts of Punica gran-
atum L. The extracts were then screened against multidrug-resistant (MDR ) pathogenic
bacteria (Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aer-
uginosa). The HPLC fractions collected from aqueous peel extract showed maximum inhib-
itory activity against P. aeruginosa, hexane fraction exhibited activity against three
pathogens, while the ethanol fraction showed activity against A. baumannii. The results of
the study showed that HPLC fractions of peel extract of P. granatum exhibited potential
inhibitory activity against MDR bacterial human pathogens (
Khan et al., 2017).
Extracts of six medicinal plants, that is, Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook.,
Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott, Carissa spinarum L., Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper &
J.R.I. Wood, Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima (J. L. Stewart ex Brandis) Rech. f., and
Toona ciliata M. Roem. were tested for their bactericidal potential against two Gram-
negative (Pseudomonas pickettii, Salmonella setubal) and three Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis,
Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains. Other than hexane, all fractions
of A. indica showed antibacterial potential with significantly more activity by aqueous
extract against B. subtilis with zone of inhibition of 16 6 1 mm. The crude leaf extract of T.
ciliata was significantly active against all bacterial strains except S. aureus and showed
maximum inhibition zone against S. setubal, that is, 17.1 mm. Among all the plants, the
maximum antibacterial activity was shown by aqueous and crude extracts of P. integerrima
against B. subtilis (19.66 6 0.05 mm) and S. aureus (23 6 0.34 mm) (
Bibi et al., 2011).
The phytochemical and antibacterial potential of the seeds of Cichorium intybus L. used
traditionally as a medicine in Pakistan was analyzed by agar well diffusion method.
231Antibacterial properties of different medicinal plants from Pakistan
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Aqueous, ethanol, hexane, and chloroform extracts were tested against Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus. Among all the extracts, aqueous seeds were the most active ones
and exhibited a wide range of inhibition zones (
Rahimullah et al., 2019).
Batool et al. (2019) carried out an in vitro study to screen the extract of Himalaiella
heteromalla (D. Don) Raab-Straube against different bacterial strains. Gram-positive strains
were Bacillus subtilis ATCC 5230, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341s, Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 6538, while Gram-negative strains were Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027,
Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028, Serratia marcescens ATCC 13880, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739,
and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ATCC 13637. Three concentrations of methanolic extract
were used and maximum antibacterial activity was exhibited against S. marcescens with
inhibitory zones of 13.87, 16.20, and 20.65 mm at 30, 60, and 90 μg/mL concentration,
respectively (
Batool et al., 2019).
Suleman et al. (2019) analyzed seven cultivars of Mangifera indica L. (Mango) such as
Almashil, Chaunsa, Dalasi, Dosehri, Hujra, Langra, and Sindhri for their potential antioxi-
dant and antibacterial properties. Extracts were prepared from peel, kernel, and pulp and
tested against Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas septica,
and Staphylococcus aureus, using the disk diffusion method. It was observed that the bacte-
rial growth was inhibited most effectively by Langra peel extract with inhibition zone of
22 mm against S. aureus which was 95% more effective than the positive control (
Suleman
et al., 2019
).
Ullah et al. (2020) carried out an experiment for evaluating the antibacterial potential of
different fractional extracts of Cerastium glomeratum Thui ll. The aqueous extracts of
Cerastium glomeratum showed maximum inhibitory activity against both Escherichia coli
and Staphylococcus aureus having inhibition zones of 26.03 6 0.1 and 28.06 6 0.02, respec-
tively. On the other hand, n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate extracts compara-
bly showed less inhibition (
Ullah et al., 2020).
Conclusion
Different compounds such as ascorbic acid, curcumin, vasicine, piperine, quercetin,
myricetin, and gallic acid being reportedly isolated from these plants possess antibacterial
potential. Pakistan has a variety of ethnomedicinal plants used to treat different bacterial
diseases; however, studies on in vivo activity, toxicology, and mechanism of action are
very limited. Hence, a detailed investigation on these aspects needs to be carried out for
the development of novel antibacterial drugs from the studied plant species.
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Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives