Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5442_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Maier, R., & Katsufrakis, P. J. (2015). Chapter 14: Sexually transmitted diseases. Current diagnosis & treatment: family
medicine. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Available from
http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/con-
tent.aspx?aid 5 1106847551
.
Mamba, P., Adebayo, S. A., & Tshikalange, T. E. (2016). Anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and HIV-1 reverse tran-
scriptase activity of selected South African plants used to treat sexually transmitted diseases. International
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 8, 18701876.
Maroyi, A., & Semenya, S. S. (2019). Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of
Elaeodendron transvaalense. Nutrients., 11, 545. Available from https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030545.
Martin, I., Sawatzky, P., Allen, V., Lefebvre, B., Hoang, L., Naidu, P., ... Mulvey, M. (2019). Multidrug-resistant
and extensively drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Canada, 20122016. Canada Communicable Disease Report,
45,4553. Available from
https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v45i23a01.
Martin-Gayo, E., & Yu, X. G. (2019). Role of dendritic cells in natural immune control of HIV-1 infection. Frontiers
in Immunology, 10, 1306. Available from
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01306.
Masoko, P., Picard, J., & Eloff, J. N. (2007). The antifungal activity of twenty-four southern African Combretum spe-
cies (Combretaceae). South African Journal of Botany, 73, 173183. Available from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
sajb.2006.09.010.
Matsumoto, Y., Kaihatsu, K., Nishino, K., Ogawa, M., Kato, N., & Yamaguchi, A. (2012). Antibacterial and anti-
fungal activities of new acylated derivatives of epigallocatechin gallate. Frontiers in Microbiology, 3, 53.
Available from
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00053.
Matyanga, C. M. J., Morse, G. D., Gundidza, M., & Nhachi, C. F. B. (2020). African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea):
A systematic review of its chemistry, pharmacology and ethno medicinal properties. BMC Complementary
Medicine and Therapies, 20,112. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-02956-x.
Mayer, F. L., Wilson, D., & Hube, B. (2013). Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms. Virulence, 4(2), 119128.
Available from
https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.22913.
McCormack,W.M.,Stumacher,R.J.,Johnson,K.,&Donner,A. (1977). Clinical spectrum of gonococcal infection in
women. Lancet (London, England), 1,11821185. Available from https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92720-9.
McSheffrey, G. G., & Gray-Owen, S. D. (2015). Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Molecular medical microbiology (2nd (ed.),
pp. 14711485). Boston: Academic Press. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397169-2.00082-2.
Mills, E., Cooper, C., Seely, D., & Kanfer, I. (2005). African herbal medicines in the treatment of HIV: Hypoxis and
Sutherlandia. An overview of evidence and pharmacology. Nutrition Journal, 4, 19. Available from https://doi.
org/10.1186/1475-2891-4-19.
Mlisana, K., Naicker, N., Werner, L., Roberts, L., van Loggerenberg, F., Baxter, C., ... Abdool Karim, S. S. (2012).
Symptomatic vaginal discharge is a poor predictor of sexually transmitted infections and genital tract inflam-
mation in high-risk women in South Africa. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 206,614. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis298.
Mongalo, N. I. (2013). Peltophorum africanum Sond [Mosetlha]: A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, toxicology,
phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 7, 34843491. Available
from
https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2013.5302.
Mongalo, N. I., & Makhafola, T. J. (2018). Ethnobotanical knowledge of the lay people of Blouberg area (Pedi
tribe), Limpopo Province, South Africa. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 14(1), 46. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0245-4.
Mongalo, N. I., McGaw, L. J., Finnie, J. F., & Van Staden, J. (2017). Pharmacological properties of extracts from six
South African medicinal plants used to treat sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and related infections. South
African Journal of Botany, 112, 290295. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.05.031.
Mongalo, N. I., McGaw, L. J., Segapelo, T. V., Finnie, J. M., & Van Staden, J. (2016). Ethnobotany, phytochemistry,
toxicology and pharmacological properties of Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. (Combretaceae) A review.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 194, 789802. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.072.
Murphy, G. L., Connell, T. D., Barritt, D. S., Koomey, M., & Cannon, J. G. (1989). Phase variation of gonococcal
protein II: Regulation of gene expression by slipped-strand mispairing of a repetitive DNA sequence. Cell., 56,
539547. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90577-1.
Mushi, N. F., Mbwambo, Z. H., Innocent, E., & Tewtrakul, S. (2012). Antibacterial, anti-HIV-1 protease and cytotoxic
activities of aqueous ethanolic extracts from Combretum adenogonium Steud. Ex A. Rich (Combretaceae). BMC
Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12, 163. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-163.
204 5. The use of South African medicinal plants in the pursuit to treat gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted diseases
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Naidoo, D., Van Vuuren, S. F., Van Zyl, R. L., & De Wet, H. (2013). Plants traditionally used individually and in com-
bination to treat sexually transmitted infections in northern Maputaland, South Africa: Antimicrobial activity and
cytotoxicity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 149 , 656667. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.07.018.
Ncube, B., Finnie, J. F., & Staden, J. V. (2011). In vitro antimicrobial synergism within plant extract combinations
from three South African medicinal bulbs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 139,8189. Available from https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.025.
Ndhlala, A. R., Amoo, S. O., Ncube, B., Moyo, M., Nair, J. J., & Van Staden, J. (2013). Antibacterial, antifungal, and
antiviral activities of African medicinal plants. Medicinal plant research in Africa: Pharmacology and chemistry
(pp. 621659). Elsevier Inc. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405927-6.00016-3.
Ohnishi, M., Golparian, D., Shimuta, K., Saika, T., Hoshina, S., Iwasaku, K., ... Unemo, M. (2011). Is Neisseria
gonorrhoeae initiating a future era of untreatable gon Neisseria gonorrhoeae initiating a future era of
untreatable gonorrhea?: Detailed characterization of the first strain with high-level resistance to ceftriaxone.
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 55, 35383545. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00325-11.
Ohnishi, M., Saika, T., Hoshina, S., Iwasaku, K., Nakayama, S. I., Watanabe, H., & Kitawaki, J. (2011). Ceftriaxone-
resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17, 148149. Available from https://doi.org/
10.3201/eid1701.100397.
Oller, L. Z., Wood, T., & St Luke, S. (1970). Factors influencing the incidence of gonorrhoea and non-gonococcal
urethritis in men in an industrial city. British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 46, 96. Available from https://doi.
org/10.1136/sti.46.2.96
.
Palmeira-de-Oliveira, A., Silva, B. M., Palmeira-de-Oliveira, R., Martinez-de-Oliveira, J., & Salgueiro, L. (2013).
Are plant extracts a potential therapeutic approach for genital infections? Current Medicinal Chemistry, 20,
29142928. Available from
https://doi.org/10.2174/09298673113209990007.
Parrow, N., Fleming, R. E., & Minnick, M. F. (2013). Sequestration and scavenging of iron in infection. Infection
and Immunity, 81, 35033514. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00602-13.
Petyaev, I., Zigangirova, N., Morgunova, E., Kyle, N., Fedina, E., & Bashmakov, Y. (2017). Resveratrol inhibits
propagation of Chlamydia trachomatis in McCoy cells. BioMed Research International, 2017,17. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4064071.
Platt, R., Rice, P. A., & McCormack, W. M. (1983). Risk of acquiring gonorrhea and prevalence of abnormal
adnexal findings among women recently exposed to gonorrhea. Journal of the American Medical Association, 250,
32053209. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1983.03340230057031.
Public Health Canada. (2017). Treatment of N. gonorrhoeae in response to the discontinuation of spectinomycin:
Alternative treatment guidance statement. Canadian Guidelines on Sexually Transmitted Infections (pp. 14).
Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1683-8.
Public Health England. (2018). UK case of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with high-level resistance to azithromycin and resistance
to ceftriaxone acquired abroad (pp. 14). Retrieved from
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/
uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/694655/hpr1118_MDRGC.pdf
.
Quillin, S. J., & Seifert, H. S. (2018). Neisseria gonorrhoeae host adaptation and pathogenesis. Nature Reviews
Microbiology, 16, 226240. Available from https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.169.
Rowley, J., Hoorn, S. V., Korenromp, E., Low, N., Unemo, M., Abu-Raddad, L. J., ... Taylor, M. M. (2019). Global
and regional estimates of the prevalence and incidence of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2016.
WHO Bulletin, 97, 548562P. Available from
https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.228486.
Ryan, K. J. (2017). Neisseria. Sherris medical microbiology, 7e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Available
from
http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid5 1148675051.
Sadarangani, M., Pollard, A. J., & Gray-Owen, S. D. (2011). Opa proteins and CEACAMs: Pathways of immune
engagement for pathogenic Neisseria. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 35, 498514. Available from
https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00260.x.
Samie, A., Tambani, T., Harshfield, E., Green, E., Ramalivhana, J. N., & Bessong, P. O. (2010). Antifungal activities
of selected venda medicinal plants against Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Cryptococcus neoformans isolated
from South African AIDS patients. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9, 29652976. Available from
https://doi.
org/10.5897/AJB09.1521
.
Sarantis, H., & Gray-Owen, S. D. (2007). The specific innate immune receptor CEACAM3 triggers neutrophil bac-
tericidal activities via a Syk kinase-dependent pathway. Cellular Microbiology, 9, 21672180. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00947.x.
205References
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Semenya, S., Potgieter, M. J., & Erasmus, L. J. C. (2013). Indigenous plant species used by Bapedi healers to treat
sexually transmitted infections: Their distribution, harvesting, conservation and threats. South African Journal of
Botany, 87,6675. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.03.001.
Semenya, S. S., Potgieter, M. J., Johannes, L., & Erasmus, C. (2013). Bapedi phytomedicine and their use in the
treatment of sexually transmitted infections in Limpopo Province, South Africa. African Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology, 7(6), 250262. Available from
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP12.608.
Seo, Y., Choi, K. H., & Lee, G. (2019). Characterization and trend of co-infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and
Chlamydia trachomatis from the Korean National infectious diseases surveillance database. World Journal of
Men’s Health, 37,19. Available from
https://doi.org/10.5534/WJMH.190116.
Shim, B. S. (2011). Current concepts in bacterial sexually transmitted diseases. Korean Journal of Urology, 52,
589597. Available from https://doi.org/10.4111/kju.2011.52.9.589.
Sigidi, M. T., Ndama Traore
´
, A., Boukandou, M., Tshisikhawe, M. P., Ntuli, S. S., & Potgieter, N. (2017). Anti-
HIV, pro-inflammatory and cytotoxicity properties of selected Venda plants. Indian Journal of Traditional
Knowledge, 16, 545552.
Simon, V., Ho, D. D., & Karim, A. Q. (2006). HIV/AIDS epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment.
Lancet, 368(9534), 489504. Available from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69157-5.
Sobeh, M., Mahmoud, M. F., Abdelfattah, M. A., Cheng, H., El-Shazly, A. M., & Wink, M. (2018). A
proanthocyanidin-rich extract from Cassia abbreviata exhibits antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities
in vivo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 213,3847. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.007.
Steinman, R. M. (1991). The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Annual Review of Immunology, 9,
271296. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.iy.09.040191.001415.
Stevens, K., Zaia, A., Tawil, S., Bates, J., Hicks, V., Whiley, D., ... Howden, B. P. (2014). Neisseria gonorrhoeae iso-
lates with high-level resistance to azithromycin in Australia. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 70,
12671268. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dku490.
Suay-Garcı
´
a, B., & Pe
´
rez-Gracia, M. (2018). Future prospects for Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment. Antibiotics., 7, 49.
Available from https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7020049.
Talwar, G. P., Raghuvanshi, P., Mishra, R., Banerjee, U., Rattan, A., Whaley, K. J., ... Doncel, G. F. (2000).
Polyherbal formulations with wide spectrum antimicrobial activity against reproductive tract infections and
sexually transmitted pathogens. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 43(3), 144151. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.8755-8920.2000.430303.x.
Tshikalange, T. E., Mamba, P., & Adebayo, S. A. (2016). Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity studies of
medicinal plants used in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. International Journal of Pharmacognosy
and Phytochemical Research, 8(11), 18911895.
Tshikalange, T. E., Meyer, J. J. M., Lall, N., Mun
˜
oz, E., Sancho, R., Van de Venter, M., & Oosthuizen, V. (2008). In
vitro anti-HIV-1 properties of ethnobotanically selected South African plants used in the treatment of sexually
transmitted diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 119, 478481. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jep.2008.08.027
.
Unemo, M., Del Rio, C., & Shafer, W. M. (2016). Antimicrobial resistance expressed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae:A
major global public health problem in the 21st century. Microbiology Spectrum., 4. Available from
https://doi.
org/10.1128/microbiolspec.EI10-0009-2015
.
Unemo, M., & Nicholas, R. A. (2012). Emergence of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and
untreatable gonorrhea. Future Microbiology, 7, 14011422. Available from https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.12.117.
Unemo, M., & Shafer, W. M. (2011). Antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Origin, evolution, and lessons
learned for the future. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1230,1928. Available from https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06215.x
.
Unemo, M., & Shafer, W. M. (2014). Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the 21st century: Past, evo-
lution, and future. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 27, 587613. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1128/
CMR.00010-14.
Van Vuuren, S., & Holl, D. (2017). Antimicrobial natural product research: A review from a South African per-
spective for the years 20092016. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 208, 236252. Available from
https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.011
.
van Vuuren, S. F. (2008). Antimicrobial activity of South African medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,
119, 462472. Available from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.05.038.
206 5. The use of South African medicinal plants in the pursuit to treat gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted diseases
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
van Vuuren, S. F., & Naidoo, D. (2010). An antimicrobial investigation of plants used traditionally in southern
Africa to treat sexually transmitted infections. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 130, 552558. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.045.
Van Wyk, B., Van Oudtshoorn, B., Gericke, N. (2017). Medicinal plants of South Africa (2nd ed.). Pretoria: Briza.
Viol, D. I., Chagonda, L. S., Moyo, S. R., & Mericli, A. H. (2016). Toxicity and antiviral activities of some medicinal
plants used by traditional medical practitioners in Zimbabwe. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 7, 15381544.
Available from https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2016.711145.
Wallin, J. (1974). Gonorrhoea in 1972 A 1-year study of patients attending the VD Unit in Uppsala. British Journal
of Venereal Diseases, 51,4147. Available from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1045109/
pdf/brjvendis00055-0047.pdf.
Wang, J., Gray-Owen, S. D., Knorre, A., Meyer, T. F., & Dehio, C. (1998). Opa binding to cellular CD66 receptors
mediates the transcellular traversal of Neisseria gonorrhoeae across polarized T84 epithelial cell monolayers.
Molecular Microbiology, 30, 657671. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01102.x.
Watt, J. M., & Breyer-Brandwijk, M. G. (1962). The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa.E.&
S. Livingstone. Available from https://books.google.co.za/books?id5 2ZjwAAAAMAAJ.
Weber, K., Schulz, B., & Ruhnke, M. (2011). Resveratrol and its antifungal activity against Candida species.
Mycoses, 54,3033. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01763.x.
Westling-Haggstrom, B., Elmros, T., Normark, S., & Winblad, B. (1977). Growth pattern and cell division in Neisseria
gonorrhoeae. Journal of Bacteriology, 129,333342. Available from https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.129.1.333-342.1977.
WHO Regional Office for Africa. (2018). Global health sector stratergy on sexually transmitted infections 2016-2021
implementation framework for the African region. Retrieved from
http://apps.who.int/bookorders.
Wi, T., Lahra, M. M., Ndowa, F., Bala, M., Dillon, J. R., Ramon-Pardo, P., ... Unemo, M. (2017). Antimicrobial
resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Global surveillance and a call for international collaborative action. PLoS
Medicine, 14, e1002344. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002344.
World Health Organization. (2016a). Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), WHO. Retrieved from
http://www.
who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/
.
World Health Organization. (2016b). WHO Guidelines for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
World Health Organization. (2017). Global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, discovery and
development of new antibiotics (pp. 17). Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-
2013/.
World Health Organisation. (2019). WHO report on global sexually transmitted infection surveillance 2018, WHO.
Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/stis-surveillance-2018/en/.
Yang S., Wu T., Zheng J., Huang Y., Chen X.Y., & Wu H. (2012). Traditional Chinese medicinal herbs for
Condyloma acuminatum, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1002/
14651858.CD010234.
Yu, Q., Chow, E. M., McCaw, S. E., Hu, N., Byrd, D., Amet, T., ... Gray-Owen, S. (2013). Association of Neisseria
gonorrhoeae OpaCEA with dendritic cells suppresses their ability to elicit an HIV-1-specific T cell memory
response. PLoS One, 8, e56705. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056705.
Zhou, X., Gao, X., Broglie, P. M., Kebaier, C., Anderson, J. E., Thom, N., ... Duncan, J. A. (2014). Hexa-acylated
lipid A is required for host inflammatory response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in experimental gonorrhea. Infection
and Immunity, 82, 184192. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00890-13.
Zhu, W., Ventevogel, M. S., Knilans, K. J., Anderson, J. E., Oldach, L. M., McKinnon, K. P., ... Duncan, J. A.
(2012). Neisseria gonorrhoeae suppresses dendritic cell-induced, antigen-dependent CD4 T cell proliferation.
PLoS One, 7, e41260. Available from
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041260.
207References
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
This page intentionally left blank
CHAPTER
6
Antibacterial activity of some
selected medicinal plants of Pakistan
Zia Ur Rehman Mashwani, Rahmat Wali,
Muhammad Faraz Khan, Fozia Abasi, Nadia Khalid and
Naveed Iqbal Raja
Department of Botany, PMAS - Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Introduction
Plants have been used for therapeutic purposes by humans since ancient times. Almost
every resident area on the planet has developed a traditional therapeutic system based on
information about medicinal plan ts. Two-thirds of the world’s population, or approxi-
mately 6.8 billion people, use medicinal plants as a treatment for diseases ranging from
the common cold to cancer (
Ali, Faizi, & Kazmi, 2011). Medicines obtained from plants,
animals, or minerals fall under the category of “Ethnomedicine.” These medicines are
dependent on local pharmacopeia and are source of healing for a wide range of diseases.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), medicinal plants are classified as
those plants in which one or more part has a therapeutic potential and can be used for drug
synthesis (
Zahoor, Shah, Gul, & Amin, 2018). Medicinal plants show an important role in both
herbal medicine and healthcare systems (
Rahimullah, Shah, Mujaddad-ur-Rehman, & Hayat,
2019
). A growing number of researches have shown that the plants are rich in phytochemicals
required for the synthesis and development of different drugs (
Kumar, Karthik, & Rao, 2010).
Different species of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for causing
infections in a large number of human populations (
Ahameethunisa & Hopper, 2010; Bibi,
Nisa, Chaudhary, & Zia, 2011
). Diverse types of diseases are caused by bacteria comprising
bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, wound infections, skin infections, pneumonia,
asthma,andsoon.Certainbacterialstrainsare dangerous enough to cause death in humans
such as 34 million people die each year all over the globe from diarrhea as a result of intesti-
nal infection (
Ahameethunisa & Hopper, 2010; Munazir, Qureshi, Arshad, & Gulfraz, 2012).
209
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90999-0.00007-0 Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
In the world as well as in developing countries, most humans die due to infectious bacterial
diseases (
Nathan, Ahameethunisa, & Hoper, 2004). The causative bacterial organisms include
Gram-positive and Gram-negative such as different species of Bacillus, Staphylococcus,
Salmonella,andPseudomonas, which are the main source of severe infections in humans.
Because these organisms have the ability to survive in harsh conditions due to their multiple
environmental habitats (
Ahameethunisa & Hopper, 2010). The synthetic antibiotics have the
following limitation: First, these are costly and are out of range from the patient belonging to
developing countries. Second, with the passage of time, microorganisms develop resistance
against antibiotics. Therefore, after some time these antibiotics are not effective against the
microbes (
Alder, 2005; Walsh, 2003). Furthermore, the antibiotics may be associated with
adverse effects on the host, including hypersensitivity, immune suppression, and also allergic
reactions. On the other hand, natural products have got incredible success in serving as a
guidepost for new antibacterial drug discovery. Moreover, antibiotics obtained in this way
have biological friendliness nature (
Walsh, 2003; Koehn & Carter, 2005). Also, it is well known
that the bioactive plant extracts are a promising source of majority of drugs (
Nathan et al.,
2004
). For example, quinine (Cinchona)andberberine(Berberis) are the antibiotics obtained
from plants that are highly effective against microbes (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli)
(
Ahmad, Farman, Najmi, Mian, & Hasan, 200 8).
A wide range of bioactive plants grow naturally in Pakista n. In this study, a selection of
108 medicinal species from Pakistan were investigated, including six naturally growing
plants: Aesculus indica Linn., Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott, Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines,
Debregeasia salicifolia (D. Don) Rendle, Pistacia integerrima Stew. ex Brand, and Toona ciliata
M. Roem (
Abbasi et al., 2009; Badoni, 2000; Chakraborthy, 2009; Shah & Khan, 2006). Their
distribution, traditional use, and properties are described in
Table 6.1.
Antibacterial properties of different medicinal plants from Pakistan
Roots and fruits extracts of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. were analyzed for
antibacterial properties. Plant material was obtained from Thal desert of Pakistan. Extracts
were made by using eight solvents such as n-hexane, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate,
butanol, methanol, ethanol, and water and were investigated against Staphylococcus epider-
midis and Staphylococcus aureus. All solvents inhibited the growth of S. aureus . Comparison
suggested that S. aureus was more profoundly inhibited by root extracts, whereas growth
of S. epidermidis was more largely inhibited by fruit extracts (
Munazir et al., 2012).
Antimicrobial properties of three medicinal plants, that is, Artemisia indica Willd., Medicago
falcata L. and Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex. Kunth were studied against four diseases caused by
bacterial strains, that is, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi,and
Staphylococcus aureus. High inhibitory properties were exhibited by butanol, chloroform, and
ethyl acetate extracts of A.indica,M.falcate,andT. stans ranging between 15 and 20 mm
against E. coli, P. aeruginosa,andS. aureus. A. indica revealed inhibitory activity against S.
typhi ranging between 12 and 14 mm, for all extracts tested (
Javid et al., 2015).
Antibacterial activities of four significant medicinal herbs found in Balochistan such as
Grewia erythraea Schwein f., Hymenocrater sessilifolius Fisch. and C.A. Mey, Vincetoxicum
stocksii Ali and Khatoon, and Zygophyllum fabago L. were investigated against 12 bacterial
210 6. Antibacterial activity of some selected medicinal plants of Pakistan
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 6.1 List of various plants from Pakistan showing antibacterial activity.
Species
number Botanical name
Common
name Family Plant part Solvent used Concentration Bacterial strain
Zone of inhibition
(mm) References
1. Aesculus indica
(Wall. ex
Cambess.)
Hook.
Jawaz Sapindaceae Leaf Crude 20 mg/mL Bacillus subtilis/
Micrococcus luteus/
Salmonella setubal/
Staphylococcus
aureus/
Pseudomonas
pickettii
12 6 0/14 6 0.5/
13.5 6 0.5/14.5 6 1/
13 6 0.5
Bibi et al.
(2011)
Aqueous 16 6 1/14 6 0.5/
15 6 0.5/13 6 0.5/
13 6 0.2
Hexane NA/NA/NA/NA/
NA
Chloroform 10.5 6 0.1/12 6 0/
11.5 6 0.5/13 6 0.5/
14.5 6 0.1
Ethyl acetate 12 6 0.5/NA/
13 6 0.5/12 6 0.2/
12 6 0.5
Methanol 106 0.5/11 6 0.1/
10 6 0.1/11 6 0.2/
10 6 1
2. Ajuga
integrifolia
Buch.-Ham.
Bugleweed or
ground pine
Lamiaceae Leaf n-hexane
methanol
100 mg/mL
50 mg/mL
Bacillus cereus
/Salmonella Typhi
14.0 6 0.2/14.0 6 0.5
Rahman
et al. (2015)
3. Alpinia galanga
(L.) Willd.
Siamese ginger Zingiberaceae Ethanol Salmonella Typhi 11 Khattak,
Saeed-ur-
Rehman,
Shah,
Ahmad, an
Ahmad
(2005)
4. Alpinia galanga
(L.) Willd.
Siamese ginger Zingiberaceae Ethanol Staphylococcus
aureus
10 Khattak
et al. (2005)
5. Althaea
officinalis L.
Marshmallow,
Khatmi
Malvaceae Root, leaf, and
flower
Methanol 15 mg/mL Staphylococcus
aureus
2.7 Walter,
Shinwari,
Afzal, and
Malik
(2011)
(Continued)
TABLE 6.1 (Continued)
Species
number Botanical name
Common
name Family Plant part Solvent used Concentration Bacterial strain
Zone of inhibition
(mm) References
6. Arisaema flavum
(Forssk.) Schott
Marjarai Araceae Rhizome Crude 20 mg/mL Bacillus subtilis/
Micrococcus luteus/
Salmonella setubal/
Staphylococcus
aureus/
Pseudomonas
pickettii
10.3 6 0.17/
10.6 6 0.07/
10.6 6 0.05/NA/
13.7 6 0.05
Bibi et al.
(2011)
Aqueous NA/NA/NA/NA/
NA
Hexane NA/NA/NA/NA/
NA
Chloroform 11.2 6 0.08/12 6 0/
NA/10.3 6 0.42/NA
Ethyl acetate NA/9.6 6 0.61/NA/
NA/NA
Methanol 126 0.5/NA/
12.6 6 0.02/
13.6 6 0.23/NA
7. Artemisia dubia
L. ex B.D.Jacks.
Tarkha, Valati
afsanthin
Asteraceae Leaf Methanol 15 mg/mL Escherichia coli
ATCC 15224/
Bacillus subtilis
ATCC 6633/
Staphylococcus
aureus ATCC
6538/Micrococcus
luteus ATCC
10240
9.5 6 0.03/
11.5 6 0.07/
12.0 6 0.10/
9.5 6 0.03
Mannan,
Ahmed,
Hussain,
Jamil, and
Miza (2012)
Flower Chloroform Escherichia coli
ATCC 15224
10 6 0.10
Leaf Chloroform Staphylococcus
aureus ATCC
6538/Micrococcus
luteus ATCC
10240
10.5 6 0.10/
9.0 6 0.05
8. Artemisia indica
Willd.
Indian
Wormwood
Asteraceae Whole plant Chloroform
butanol ethyl
acetate n-hexane
200 μL Pseudomonas
aeruginosa/
Salmonella Typhi/
Staphylococcus
aureus/Escherichia
coli
17.33 6 1.15/
13.66 6 0.57/
15.33 6 1.15/
18.66 6 1.15
Javid et al.
(2015)
9. A. maritime Tarakh Asteraceae Aerial part Ethanol 100 mg/mL Klebsiella
pneumoniae
16 Malik,
Mirza, Riaz,
Hameed,
and
Hussain
(2010)
10. Asphodelus
tenuifolius Cav.
Onionweed,
White
asphodel, or
Piazi
Asphodelaceae Seed Ethanol 100 mg/mL Vibrio cholerae 15
Malik et al.
(2010)
11. Azadirachta
indica A.Juss.
Neem tree or
margosa tree
Meliaceae Leaf Ethanol 100 mg/mL Micrococcus
pyogenes
19 Malik et al.
(2010)
12. Berberis aristata
DC.
Indian
barberry,
chutro, or tree
turmeric
Berberidaceae Fruit Ethanol 100 mg/mL Shigella dysenteriae 13
Malik et al.
(2010)
13. Bergenia ciliata
(Haw.) Sternb.
Fringed
bergenia
Saxifragaceae Rhizome Aqueous 100 mg/mL Salmonella Typhi 20 Malik et al.
(2010)
14. Calligonum
polygonoides L.
Phok Polygonaceae Stem, leaf, fruit,
flower
Methanol 10 mg/mL Escherichia coli 10.5 6 0.9 Mustafa,
Ahmed,
Ahmed,
and Jamil
(2016)
15. Calotropis
procera (Aiton)
Dryand.
Apple of
sodom or
sodom apple
Apocynaceae Leaf Ethanol 100 mg/mL Vibrio cholerae 14
Malik et al.
(2010)
16. Calotropis
procera (Aiton)
Dryand.
Apple of
sodom or
sodom apple
Apocynaceae Leaf Methanol 100 mg/mL Bacillus subtilis 15.06 0.2 Rahman
et al. (2015)
(Continued)