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smaller, uninhabited keys. Additionally, in the Caribbean are Isla Fuerte (3.25 km
2
), the
San Bernardo archipelagos (10 small islands, 4.5 km
2
) and the Rosario Islands (28 small
islands, 0.2 km
2
), as well as those of Baru
´
and Tierrabomba. All of them are close to the
coast and linked to the continent (
Bernal et al., 2016).
Colombia is a megadiverse country, ranking first in the world in number of species of
birds and orchids, second in plants, amphibians, and freshwater fish, third in palms and
reptiles, and sixth in mammals (
Borja-Acosta et al., 2019; Va
´
squez, 2014). The registration
and knowledge of the Colombian flora began with the investigative activity of Don Jose
´
Celestino Mutis, for more than 40 years, who was the promoter of the “Royal Botanical
Expedition of the New Kingdom of Granada,” a work interrupted in 1816 during the
period of the Reconquest and that motivated the visit of Alexander von Humboldt and
Bonpland to Santa Fe de Bogota
´
. Humboldt traveled a good part of the Colombian terri-
tory, publishing the results of the botanical part of his trip in two important works, the
first one dedicated by him and Bonpland to Mutis and the second, published by Carl
Segismund Kunth under the title “Nova genera et species plantarum”(
Barriga, 1986).
It is also important to highlight the contribution of Francisco Jose
´
de Caldas, Eloy
Valenzuela, Francisco Javier Matis, Francisco Antonio Zea, Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Sinforoso
Mutis, Salvador Rizo, and Pablo Antonio Garcı
´
a made to Colombian floristic knowledge. On
the other hand, Hernando Garcı
´
a Barriga, considered as the father of botany in Colombia,
dedicated his life to the study of Colombian flora and was an employee of the Colombian
National Herbarium. He traveled the whole territory collecting about 21,400 plants that enrich
various herbariums in the world. The result of his activity is the publication of numerous
works, among which the “Medicinal Flora of Colombia” stands out (
Barriga, 1986).
Currently, the Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute, a corpora-
tion linked to the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development, carries out the
work of permanent registration and monitoring of plant species and biodiversity in general.
This institution published in 2016, for the first time in the history of Colombia, the Catalog of
Plants and Lichens of Colombia, a floristic inventory prepared by researchers from the
National University of Colombia and researchers from other countries (
Bernal et al., 2016).
The latest report on plants in Colombia is of 29,917 species distributed in more than 400 fami-
lies and 3000 genera, the most abundant families being Orchidaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae,
RubiaceaeandMelastomataceaewithmorethan a thousand species each, and with the great-
est diversity in the group of orchids with more than 3000 species (
Raz and Zamora, 2020). In
Colombia, knowledge of the flora is still incomplete and there are vast regions of the country
that have been scarcely explored. Every year several dozen species new to science are discov-
ered and the range known to many others is expanded, while researchers discover new appli-
cations for our plants day after day. The Humbolt Institute has also characterized medicinal
species, which will be discussed later in this chapter. The use of these species in Colombia is
regulated by Decrees 2266 of 2004, 3553 of 2004, 4927 of 2009 and 1156 of 2008, issued by the
Ministry of Health and Social Protection. Through Resolution 2834 of 2008, the Colombian
Vademecum of Medicinal Plants is adopted as a mandatory reference to issue the sanitary
registration of traditional phytotherapeutic products. Finally Decree 1156 of 2018, the health
registration regime of phytotherapeutic products and a list of medicinal plants is adopted,
built from the monographs of the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Health
Agency (EMA) and the Colombian Vademecum of Medicinal Plants (
Fig. 1.1).
4 1. A review of medicinal plants used as antimicrobials in Colombia
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
This chapter deals with the use of medicinal plants as antimicrobials in Colombia. We have
tried to review the literature on plants that have been traditionally used in the different
regions of Colombia in order to alleviate or treat the symptoms caused by different microor-
ganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, or microscopic parasites). Similarly, another review was per-
formed on Colombian research works from the last 30 years (19902020) by focusing on
antimicrobial activity testing of plants. Based on the results of this review, we arbitrarily
selected studies whose results were considered to be the most promising for the search for
natural alternatives against the different microorganisms mentioned. Finally, this chapter sum-
marizes some of the advances that our research group has been making on the bioguided
fractionation of plant extracts from the ColombianCaribbeanregioninordertoobtainantibac-
terial molecules against strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia,andPseudomonas aerugi-
nosa resistant to carbapenems and Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin.
FIGURE 1.1 Natural regions of Colombia and knowledge of medicinal plants. Source: From Va
´
squez, C. (2014).
Avances en la investigacio
´
n sobre plantas medicinales. En: Bello et al. (ed). Biodiversidad 2014. Estado y tendencias de la
biodiversidad continental en Colombia. Instituto Alexander von Humboldt. Bogota
´
D.C., Colombia. (2014). http://reporte.
humboldt.org.co/biodiversidad/2014/cap1/104/#seccion4
. (Accessed 10 February 2021). Extracted from: Alexander von
Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute.
5Introduction
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Materials and methods
A bibliographic review focusing on traditional uses and bioassays of antimicrobial
activity of Colombian plants was carried out by consul ting electronic databases such as
PubMed, Science Direct, and Scifinder. Academic specific keywords were used such as
“plants of traditional use in Colombia,” “antiinfectious plants in Colombia,” “antimicrobial
plants in Colombia,” “ant ifungal plants in Colombia,” “antileishmanial plants in
Colombia,” “antimalarial plants in Colombia,” “antiviral plants in Colombia,” and “biolog-
ical activity of plants in Colombia.” We focused our search on the last 30 years
(19902020). Overall, a total of 2411 doc uments were obtained. Subsequently, the selection
of the information was carried out by reviewing the titles and abstracts of those works
including only studies reporting a biological activity of plant extracts less than 600 μg/mL
The parameters that were considered for the expression of biological activity in this review
were the following: minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), inhibitory concentration
50% (IC
50
), lethal concentration 50% (LC
50
), and effective dose 50% (ED
50
). Of all the scien-
tific reports reviewed, 43 documents were finally selected, which were classified by years,
from 1990 to 2020. In this part of the chapter we present the taxonomic data, collection
areas, plant part used, type of extract, biological activity, microorganism evaluated, and
the respective bibliographic reference. We hope that the information presented will
become an initial support tool for the realization of new studies that allow the documenta-
tion on the Colombian flora, its uses and its conservation.
Plants traditionally used in Colombia as antimicrobials
Traditional medicine in Colombia is the product of a triple legacy: indigenous, African,
and Spanish (
Arias, 2016; Martı
´
nez, Chiguasuque, & Casallas, 2006) and are mainly found
in rural areas (
Pe
´
rez & Matiz-Guerra, 2017). The most important contribution of the medic-
inal use of plants in Colombia, and Latin America in general, comes from the indigenous
peoples. There are still 102 indigenous peoples in Colombia, distributed all over the coun-
try’s departments, who keep their customs in force. For example, the Sibundoy Valley
(Alto Putumayo), where the Inga, Kamentza
´
, and Quillacinga indigenous communities
coexist, is classified as one of the places in the world that has a high concentration of culti-
vated magical and medicinal plants and as an important reserve of ancestral knowledge
about medicine and botany (
Cardona-Arias, Rivera-Palomino, & Carmona-Fonseca, 2015;
Hidalgo, Forero, & Velasco, 2016
). The collection, registration, and dissemination of this
ancestral knowledge were carried out by some scientists such as Hernando Garcı
´
a Barriga
and Father Enrique Pe
´
rez Arbela
´
ez, founder of the Botanical Garden of Bogota
´
. On the
other hand, Richard Evans Schultes, a North American ethnobotanist, reflected his
research in the Colombian Amazonian northwest in various works: De plantis toxicaris, Las
plantas de los dioses (1982), The Healing Forest (1990), and Vine of the Soul (1992) (
Ramirez,
1994
).
From all the bibliographic records made, it has been suggested that some 6000 species
are used by our indigenous people and farmers to combat a wide spectrum of diseases
6 1. A review of medicinal plants used as antimicrobials in Colombia
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
(Fonnegra, 2007; Mercha
´
n, 2017). However, an investigation carried out by the Ministry of
Environment, Housing and Territorial Development and the Alexander von Humboldt
Biological Resources Research Institute has identified to date, 2768 recognized medicinal
species, of which 2333 (84.3%) and 435 (15.7%) species are native and foreign to the
Neotropics, respectively (
http://reporte.humboldt.org.co/biodiversidad/2014/cap1/104/
#seccio
´
n1
). There are 227 medicinal species exclusive to Colombia, these medicinal plants
belong to 202 botanical families, the most frequently mentioned being the Asteraceae
(Compositae) family, followed by the Fabaceae (Leguminosae), Rubiaceae, Solanaceae,
Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Euphorbiaceae, Piperaceae, and Rosaceae, among others (
Bernal,
Garcı
´
a, & Quevedo, 2011; Va
´
squez, 2014
). In the scientific literature there is little informa-
tion on medicinal species from Colombia, as only 178 endemic species (78.4% of the total)
are reported as medicinal and only five species (2.2%) are reported in four or more publi-
cations. In contrast, foreign plants are referred to as medicinal more repeatedly and exhibit
a higher percentage of species as well as a high number of records, compared to medicinal
plants native to the Neotropics and endemic to Colombia (
Va
´
squez, 2014). Of the 2768 spe-
cies, only 4.3% (119 species) have been included in the Colombian Vademecum of
Medicinal Plants (2008), of which more than 67% are foreign species and less than 33% are
native from Colombia.
The trade in medicinal plants in Colombia remains a very important activity. A total of
156 species of med icinal and aromatic plants are produced and marketed in the country
(
Restrepo, 2011), of which 41% are native, 50% foreign, and 9% naturalized (Rugeles,
Ortiz, Huertas, & Guaitero, 2012
). In recent years, the legalization of the use of Colombian
Vademecum of Medicinal Plants and the official list issued by National Institute for Drug
and Food Surveillance (INVIMA, for its acronym in Spanish) has allowed the commercial
boom. The distribution takes place in small health food stores, some laboratories, and
street vendors. The fresh plant trade occurs in all market stalls in the country. For exam-
ple, in Cota (a small municipality in the Bogota
´
savannah), farmers collect aromatic and
medicinal plants such as chamomile, calendula, verbena, and rue, and sell them in the
Corabastos marketplace in Bogota
´
. The Samper Mendoza marketplace in Bogota
´
, the most
representative of the district and the country, is a rural market where more than 500 plant
merchants come from different regions of Colombia. This market is considered the main
distributor of plants nationwide by the diversity of species that can be found (
Quintero,
Sanchez, & Estupin
˜
an, 2018
). The species with the highest volume of commercialization in
the country is calendula (Calendula officinalis L.), followed by artichoke (Cynara scolymus
L.), and valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.)
In order to describe the Colombian medicinal plants in general and those that are indi-
cated for infectious diseases, it is necessary to mention that Colombia is a multicultural
country besides the combination of biotic and abiotic factors that give rise to a spectacular
diversity of climates, soils, and topography. Geographically, the country is divided into
five large continental natural regions (Caribbean, Pacific, Amazon, Orinoquia, and
Andean) and an insular region. Each of the country’s regions is subdivided into subre-
gions, with their own characteristics in terms of economic, social, and cultural structure as
well as their variety of climates, ecosystems, and species (
Romero, Cabrera, & Ortiz, 2006).
Therefore this part of the review was based on the study of plants traditionally used in
each region of Colombia for the treatment of infectious or infectious-related diseases
7Plants traditionally used in Colombia as antimicrobials
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
(Table 1.1). Similarly, in this review we wanted to highlight the native species with indica-
tions for antimicrobial use in the Colombian Vademecum, as well as the species with the
highest number of antimicrobial uses in traditional Colombian medicine, such as Jacaranda
caucana Pittier, Solanum nudum Hassl (Solanaceae), Hymenaea courbaril L. (Leguminosae),
Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae), Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae ), Cymbopogon
citratus (DC.) Stapf (Poaceae) and Austroeupatorium inulifolium Kunth.
In our review we found different disorders related to the four most mentioned groups
of infectious diseases. Among which the most cited were: venereal diseases (42 citations,
15.7%), respiratory diseases (60 cit., 22.5%), gastrointestinal diseases (89 cit., 33.3%), skin
diseases (76, 28.5%).
Some medicinal plants used to treat sexually transmitted diseases that we found in this
review were, for example, Persea americana (Lauraceae) and Uncaria tomentosa (Rubiaceae)
used as decoction of the aerial parts for the treatment of AIDS. Additionally, some plant
species are used to heal conditions such as gonorrhea, syphilis, ulcers, and vaginal infec-
tions, among others. Jacaranda caucana (Bignoniaceae) is used in the Andean region to miti-
gate the symptoms of syphilis, gonorrhea, and chancres. Finally, we can note that these
medicinal plants prevail in the Amazon and Pacific regions.
Respiratory diseases are one of the most treated by medicinal plants in Colombia. In
Table 1.1, 51 plants are reported to be used for a range of respiratory diseases, from the com-
mon flu to serious pulmonary tuberculosis infections. In the Orinoquia region, the Carapichea ipe-
cacuanha (Rubiaceae) species is used to treat bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, and lung
congestion, among other non-infectious diseases. The plants Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae), Aloysia
citriodora (Verbenaceae), Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae), Sambucus nigra (Adoxaceae), Furcraea
cabuya (Asparagaceae) among other species found in the Andean region are used for the treat-
ment of the common flu, pneumonia and whooping cough.
Among skin diseases treatable by traditional medicine, we were able to find sores, measles,
chickenpox, acne, scabies, even leprosy. Species like Coccoloba obtusifolia Jacq. (Polygonaceae) in
the Orinoquia region is used specifically to treat skin conditions such as pimples and rashes, its
TABLE 1.1 Plants used for the treatment of symptoms associated with infectious diseases caused by different
microorganisms in regions of Colombia.
Amazon region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Ficus insipida Willd.
(Moraceae)
Higuero
´
n, higuerote,
cachinguba, caucho, caucho
menudito, chibechi, leche de
casingua, oje
´
, cumacanae,
lipanae, damagua, bibosi,
cocoba, ficus, gomelero, ira,
sacha ooe
´
, copei
Latex Anthelmintic
Schultes and
Raffauf (1990)
Justicia blackii Leonard.
(Acanthaceae)
Ke-re’-ma The Tikuna Indians
use the leaves
(infusion in the form
of tea)
Chronic sinusitis
(infectious)
(Continued)
8 1. A review of medicinal plants used as antimicrobials in Colombia
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 1.1 (Continued)
Amazon region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Asclepias curassavica L.
(Apocynaceae)
Bencenuco, jalapa,
lombricera, viborana
Purgative, gonorrhea,
vermifuge
Laferriere
(1994)
.
Justicia chlorostachya Leonard.
(Acanthaceae)
Mee-kee-n
˜
a-ta’-ree The Makuna Indians
of the Piraparana
´
River use the root
powder mixed with
lard and rubbed on
the affected skin
Fungal skin
infections
Schultes and
Raffauf (1990)
Justicia pectoralis Jacq.
(Acanthaceae)
Minoei The Indians in the
Vaupe
´
s and
Amazonas of
Colombia take a
whole plant decoction
Lung diseases,
especially pneumonia
Ruellia malacosperma Greenm.
(Acanthaceae)
Minerva The Tikuna use the
decoction of the
leaves, they cut and
boiled in water for
5 min, cooled and
drunk
Diarrhea, measles,
fever
Minquartia guianensis Aubl.
(Olacaceae)
Acapu, chee
´
Bark decoction (orally) Vermifuge, malaria,
diarrhea
Quintana Arias
(2012)
Persea americana Mill.
(Lauraceae)
Aguacate Leaves decoction
(orally)
AIDS
Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex
Schult.) DC. (Rubiaceae)
Un
˜
a de gato Bark and leaves
decoction (orally)
AIDS
Verbena litoralis Kunth
(Verbenaceae)
Verbena Leaves (orally/bath) Flu, fever
Andean region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Piper aduncum L. (Piperaceae) Cordoncillo, pipilongo Gonorrhea
Perez-Arbelaez
(1978)
Jacaranda caucana Pittier
(Bignoniaceae)
Gualanday Leaves, bark Syphilis, gonorrhea,
chancres, other
venereal diseases
Gnaphalium bogotense Kunth.
(Compositae)
Donalonso Whole plant Diarrhea
Hirschhorn
(1981)
.
Jacaranda caroba (Vell.) DC.
(Bignoniaceae)
Curnique, aceituna Whole plant Syphilis
Berberis glauca Kunth.
(Berberidaceae)
Espuelo, tachuelo Whole plant Febrifuge, purgative
Alchemilla pectinata (Kunth)
Rothm. (Rosaceae)
Orejuela, plegadera,
cargarrocio
Whole plant Enteritis in children,
diarrhea, dysentery
(Continued)
9Plants traditionally used in Colombia as antimicrobials
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Andean region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq.)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
(Leguminosae)
Alcaparro Leaves (orally) Typhoid fever
Jaramillo
Go
´
mez (2003)
Sambucus nigra L. (Adoxaceae) Sauco, tilo Typhoid fever, colds,
tuberculosis, measles,
parasites
Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC.
(Caricaceae)
Papayuelo o papayo Fruits together with
Rubus glaucus and
Sambucus nigra flower
(orally)
Flu
Melissa officinalis L.
(Lamiaceae)
Toronjil Leaves infusion
prepared in milk
(orally)
Measles and
chickenpox
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.)
Stapf (Poaceae)
Limonaria Leaves (orally) Flu
Verbena litoralis Kunth
(Verbenaceae)
Verbena Branches with leaves,
flowers
Fever, typhoid fever,
malaria
Mentha x piperita L.
(Lamiaceae)
Yerbabuena Leaves (orally) Antibacterial, flu
Vera Olave
(2007)
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.
(Xanthorrhoeaceae)
Sa
´
bila Inner aloe (topic) Antibacterial
Aloysia citriodora Palau
(Verbenaceae)
Cidro
´
n Leaves (orally) Flu, fever
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.)
Stapf (Poaceae)
Limonaria Leaves (orally) Flu, fever
Calendula officinalis L.
(Compositae)
Cale
´
ndula Leaves (orally/topic) Antibacterial, healing
Sambucus nigra L. (Adoxaceae) Sauco Leaves, stems and
flowers (orally)
Flu
Solanum lycopersicum L.
(Solanaceae)
Tomate Fruit (orally) Antiviral
Desmodium adscendens (Sw.)
DC. (Leguminosae)
Amor seco Branches, leaves and
roots
The decoction is used
to wash wounds,
pimples, malaria
Fonnegra
Go
´
mez, Villa
London
˜
o, and
Monsalve
Fonnegra
(2012)
Petiveria alliacea L.
(Phytolaccaceae)
Anamu
´
Branches, leaves, and
flowers
Flu, infections, fever
Oxalis scandens Kunth
(Oxalidaceae); Oxalis
corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae)
Acederilla, acedera tre
´
bol Whole plant including
the roots (orally)
Intestinal parasites,
diarrhea, fever
Bixa orellana L. (Bixaceae) Achote Leaves, seeds Tonsillitis, sore throat
(Continued)
TABLE 1.1 (Continued)
10 1. A review of medicinal plants used as antimicrobials in Colombia
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Andean region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Persea americana Mill.
(Lauraceae)
Aguacate Bark (bath), Fruit Wash infected
wounds. Anthelmintic.
Abscesses, boils, skin
rash
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne
(Cucurbitaceae)
Ahuyama Seeds Anthelmintic
(tapeworm)
Hymenaea courbaril L.
(Leguminosae)
Algarrobo Bark, resin Sinusitis, diarrhea,
vermifuge. The resin
is used in lung
conditions, as an
antibacterial,
antifungal, and
antiparasitic
Myrcia popayanensis Hieron.
(Myrtaceae)
Arrayan de hoja grande Finely chopped buds
(orally)
They are used
together with sour
guava against cholerin
(infectious diarrhea)
Fonnegra
Go
´
mez et al.
(2012)
Momordica charantia L.
(Cucurbitaceae)
Balsamina Leaves, branches,
stems, fruits.
Plasters and poultices
against skin
conditions (thrush).
Ripe fruits in sirup
with honey bee are
used against fever and
malaria
Clibadium surinamense L.
(Compositae)
Basaica, salvio
´
n, margaritona Leaves (topic) Fungal infection on
feets, hands, and other
parts of the body. An
alcoholic maceration is
rubbed on the affected
part
Phlebodium aureum (L.) J.Sm.
(Polypodiaceae)
Calaguala Rhizomes (orally) Anthelmintic, syphilis
Tropaeolum majus L.
(Tropaeolaceae)
Capuchina, alcaparra
colombiana,
Flowers and leaves Antibiotic
Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz &
Pav. (Tropaeolaceae)
Cubios, abio, nabos Tuber, flowers, and
leaves (orally)
Tuber decoction is
used against shingles
(herpes zoster).
Flowers and leaves are
used as an antibiotic
and for hepatitis
Fonnegra
Go
´
mez et al.
(2012)
Artemisia absinthium L.
(Compositae)
Curahigado Branches with leaves
(orally)
Liver diseases
Justicia pectoralis Jacq.
(Acantaceae)
Curı
´
bano Branches with leaves
(orally)
Amebas, diarrhea,
hepatitis, tonsillitis
(Continued)
TABLE 1.1 (Continued)
11Plants traditionally used in Colombia as antimicrobials
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Andean region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Croton mutisianus Kunth
(Euphorbiaceae)
Drago, sangregao Latex, bark Tonsillitis, shingles
(herpes zoster), ulcers
Saurauia ursina Triana &
Planch. (Actinidiaceae)
Dulumoco Branches with leaves
(orally)
Flu
Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav.
(Iridaceae)
Espadilla Whole plant (orally) Fever, pneumonia,
purgative, flu,
measles, chickenpox
Phyllanthus niruri L.
(Phyllanthaceae)
Florescondida, cancrapiedra,
sacapiedra
Whole plant (orally) Hepatitis (A, B and C);
herpes
Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don
(Bignoniaceae)
Gualanday Bark, leaves, and
flowers
Antibiotic, venereal
diseases, boils,
chickenpox
Annona muricata L.
(Annonaceae)
Guana
´
bano Seeds (orally) Intestinal parasites
Psidium guineense Sw.
(Myrtaceae)
Guayabo agrio Buds (orally) Diarrhea, dysentery
Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae) Hiedra Branches with leaves
(orally)
Bronchitis, pertussis
Gunnera brephogea Linden &
Andre
´
(Gunneraceae)
Hoja de pantano Leaves (orally) Dysentery
Rumex crispus L.
(Polygonaceae)
Lengua de vaca,
arracachuelo, tomasa,
ruibarbo
Whole plant (orally) Purgative, skin wash,
febrifuge, venereal
diseases. Hepatitis
Fonnegra
Go
´
mez et al.,
(2012)
, Vera
Marı
´
n and
Sa
´
nchez Sa
´
enz
(2015)
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.)
Stapf (Poaceae)
Limoncillo, can
˜
a de limo
´
n,
can
˜
a pauta, limonaria,
limonera
Whole plant (orally) Febrifuge, diarrhea,
malaria, bronchitis,
measles, chickenpox
Fonnegra
Go
´
mez et al.
(2012)
Plantago major L.
(Plantaginaceae)
Llante
´
n Whole plant or leaves
(orally)
Respiratory diseases,
infected wounds. In
sirup with honey, it is
recommended for
bronchitis
Malva parviflora L.
(Malvaceae)
Malva Branches or leaves
(orally)
Antibiotic, respiratory
diseases, fever,
bronchitis, flu,
vaginitis,
conjunctivitis
Tanacetum parthenium
(L.) Sch.Bip. (Compositae)
Manzanillo
´
n Flowers (orally) Liver disease,
vermifuge
Bidens pilosa L. (Compositae) Mazequia, Pataperro, cadillo Whole plant (orally) Flu, liver disease. In
poultices it is used for
leprosy and other skin
diseases
(Continued)
TABLE 1.1 (Continued)
12 1. A review of medicinal plants used as antimicrobials in Colombia
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Andean region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Tragia volubilis L.
(Euphorbiaceae)
Ortiga, ortiga blanca Branches with leaves
(orally)
Wound infections
Cinchona pubescens Vahl
(Rubiaceae)
Quina Bark (orally) Antibiotic, antiseptic,
febrifuge, malaria
Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC.
(Caricaceae)
Papayuela Fruits Amebiasis
Fonnegra
Go
´
mez et al.
(2012)
Phenax rugosus (Poir.) Wedd.
(Urticaceae)
Parietaria Whole plant (orally) Liver diseases, to
wash infected wounds
Iresine diffusa Humb. and
Bonpl. ex Willd.
(Amaranthaceae)
Penicilina Branches with leaves
(orally)
Urinary tract
infections, diarrhea,
infected wounds,
antibiotic
Monnina phytolaccifolia Kunth.
(Polygalaceae)
Pito, cargamanta,
cargamento
Branches and leaves
macerated for 3 days
Sinusitis
Musa x paradisiaca L.
(Musaceae)
Pla
´
tano guineo Exudate dissolved in
hot water
Tuberculosis, diarrhea
Satureja brownei (Sw.) Briq.
(Lamiaceae)
Poleo, poleo macho Branches with leaves
(orally)
Pneumonia,
bronchitis, fever
Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex
Britton & P.Wilson
(Verbenaceae)
Prontoalivio, curalotodo,
oregano de cerro
Branches with leaves
(orally)
Flu, disinfectant,
febrifuge, diarrhea
Austroeupatorium inulaefolium
(Kunth) R.M.King & H.Rob.
(Compositae)
Salvia blanca, salvia amarga,
venadillo
Branches with leaves
(orally)
Dental abscesses,
amoebae, gingivitis,
washing infected
wounds, tuberculosis,
liver disease,
tonsillitis, malaria
Fonnegra
Go
´
mez et al.
(2012)
Alternanthera pubiflora (Benth.)
Kuntze (Amaranthaceae)
Sanguinaria, guardaparque,
menudita
Leaves (orally) Meningitis
Salix humboldtiana Willd.
(Salicaceae)
Sauce macho, sausa Bark (orally) Fever and malaria
Sambucus nigra L. (Adoxaceae) Sauco Flowers (orally) The flowers decoction
is mixed with honey
bee. It is employed to
treat fever, flu,
respiratory diseases,
conjunctivitis, and
intestinal parasites
Tibouchina lepidota (Bonpl.)
Baill. (Melastomataceae)
Sietecueros Raw flowers (orally) Measles, severe
diarrhea, vaginal
infections
Pseudelephantopus spicatus (B.
Juss. ex Aubl.) Rohr ex C.F.
Baker (Compositae)
Sueldaconsuelda, totumillo,
contrayerba
Whole plant (orally) Malaria, dysentery,
diarrhea
Fonnegra
Go
´
mez et al.
(2012)
(Continued)
TABLE 1.1 (Continued)
13Plants traditionally used in Colombia as antimicrobials
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives