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Andean region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Bocconia frutescens L.
(Papaveraceae)
Trompeto, curador,
mano de tigre
Leaves and fruits
(orally/topic), latex
(topic) and roots
(orally)
Leaves and fruits:
rashes, scabies in skin
infections, sores,
fungicidal. Roots: liver
diseases. Latex is
recommended as a
purgative and
vermifuge. From the
fruits an oil is
obtained that kills lice
and against scabies
Verbena litoralis Kunth
(Verbenaceae)
Verbena, verbena blanca Inflorescences (orally) Vaginal infections,
wounds and herpes
zoster, antibiotic,
typhoid fever,
febrifuge
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.)
DC. (Compositae)
Vira-vira macho, boto
´
nde
oro, venadillo, juan blanco,
suso
Aerial parts (orally) Febrifuge, typhoid
fever, flu, lung
diseases, bronchitis,
skin diseases
Solanum americanum Mill.
(Solanaceae)
Hierbamora, yerbamora Branches with leaves,
flowers, and fruits
Abscesses, infected
wounds
Fonnegra
Go
´
mez et al.
(2012)
Acmella oppositifolia (Lam.) R.
K.Jansen (Compositae)
Yuyo quemado, chisaca
´
,
boto
´
n de oro .
Flowers (orally) Herpes zoster,
gingivitis, liver
disease, diarrhea,
vermicide
Allium sativum L.
(Amaryllidaceae)
Ajo Bulbs (topic) Intestinal parasites
Pimpinella anisum L.
(Apiaceae)
Anı
´
s Leaves or fruits
(orally)
Flu
Borago officinalis L.
(Boraginaceae)
Borraja Flowers mixed with
citron or with aloe
vera and honey
(orally)
Flu
Furcraea cabuya Trel.
(Asparagaceae)
Cabuya Flowers (orally) Flu, whooping cough,
respiratory disorders
Impatiens walleriana Hook.f.
(Balsaminaceae)
Caracucho blanco Flowers mixed with
milk (orally)
Flu and pneumonia
Aloysia citriodora Palau
(Verbenaceae)
Cidro
´
n Leaves (orally) Flu, bronchitis,
diarrhea
Daucus montanus Humb. &
Bonpl. exSchult. (Apiaceae)
Fumaria Branches with leaves
(orally)
Tuberculosis
Fonnegra
Go
´
mez et al.
(2012)
(Continued)
TABLE 1.1 (Continued)
14 1. A review of medicinal plants used as antimicrobials in Colombia
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Andean region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Salvia scutellarioides Kunth
(Lamiaceae)
Mastranto, hierba de sapo Whole plant (orally) Herpes
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.
(Leguminosae)
Matarrato
´
n Leaves (orally/bath) Fever, dengue, liver
diseases, flu
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.
(Xanthorrhoeaceae)
Sa
´
bila Inner aloe mixed with
honey (orally)
Flu, whooping cough,
bronchial problems,
and pneumonia
Croton mutisianus Kunth.
(Euphorbiaceae)
Sangre de drago Latex, branches with
leaves (topic)
Herpes zoster
Eryngium foetidum L.
(Apiaceae)
Cilantro sabanero Whole plant (orally) Hepatitis
Vera Marı
´
n
and Sa
´
nchez
Sa
´
enz (2015)
Solanum lycopersicum L.
(Solanaceae)
Tomatera Leaves and stems
(orally)
Ulcers and intestinal
infections
Caribbean region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Aegiphila elata Sw. (Lamiaceae) Ulcers, diarrhea,
dysentery
Lo
´
pez-Palacios
(1986)
Mangifera indica L.
(Anacardiaceae)
Mango Malaria Jime
´
nez-
Escobar and
Estupin
˜
a
´
n-
Gonza
´
lez (2011)
Spondias mombin L.
(Anacardiaceae)
Jobo, cocote Malaria
Annona purpurea Moc. &
Sesse
´
Dunal (Annonaceae)
Cabezona, gallina gorda Fever
Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Corte
´
s
(Arecaceae)
Corozo, anolı
´
, palmaecorozo Purgative
Croton malambo H.Karst.
(Euphorbiaceae)
Malambo Purgative
Senna reticulata (Willd.) H.S.
Irwin & Barneby
(Leguminosae)
Bajagua Purgative
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.
(Leguminosae)
Matarrato
´
n Leaves Measles, fever
Jime
´
nez-
Escobar and
Estupin
˜
a
´
n-
Gonza
´
lez (2011)
Simaba cedron Planch.
(Simaroubaceae)
Cedro
´
n Malaria
Guaiacum officinale
L. (Zygophyllaceae)
Guayaca
´
n Venereal diseases
(Continued)
TABLE 1.1 (Continued)
15Plants traditionally used in Colombia as antimicrobials
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Caribbean region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Buxus citrifolia (Willd.)
Spreng. (Buxaceae)
Cafetillo Leaves (orally/topic) Antiseptic
Mesa-S,
Santamarı
´
a,
Garcı
´
a, and
Aguilar-Cano
(2016)
Prioria copaifera Griseb.
(Leguminosae)
Cativo, canime, trementino Resin Infected wounds
Rhizophora mangle L.
(Rhizophoraceae)
Mangle, mangle colorado,
mangle pin
˜
o
´
n, mangle rojo,
mangle rosado
Bark (powdered) Febrifuge, leprosy,
and tuberculosis
Cecropia sciadophylla Mart.
(Urticaceae)
Yarumo Whole plant (bath) Flu
Quintana
Arias (2016)
Myroxylon balsamum (L.)
Harms (Leguminosae)
Ba
´
lsamo, olor, talu
´
, caran
˜
a,
ba
´
lsamo blanco, ba
´
lsamo de
tolu
´
,ba
´
lsamo del peru
´
,
ba
´
lsamo rubio, a
´
rbol de tolu
´
,
a
´
rbol de caran
˜
a, carano, elemı
´
,
guayaca
´
n, guayaca
´
n tome
´
,
sarrapio, tache, yoya
Fruits Scabies Mesa-S et al.
(2016)
Bravaisia integerrima (Spreng.)
Standl. (Acanthaceae)
Palo de agua Leaves (orally/bath) Fever Quintana
Arias (2016)
Eryngium foetidum L.
(Apiaceae)
Cilantro Leaves (orally) Anthelmintic
Crescentia cujete L.
(Bignoniaceae)
Totumo Fruit, flower, pulp and
branches (orally)
Flu, antifungal
Bixa orellana L. (Bixaceae) Achote Leaves and seeds
(orally)
Purgative
Heliotropium indicum L.
(Boraginaceae)
Verbena blanca Whole plant (orally) Purgative
Quintana
Arias (2016)
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
(Amaranthaceae)
Paico Leaves Purgative
Momordica charantia L.
(Cucurbitaceae)
Balsamina Whole plant (topic) Fever
Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H.
Karst. (Malvaceae)
Camajo
´
n Seeds (orally) Anthelmintic
Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) Guayaba Leaves and fruits
(orally)
Febrifuge, diarrhea
Petiveria alliacea L.
(Phytolaccaceae)
Anamu
´
Leaves (orally) Flu, antiseptic
Scoparia dulcis L.
(Plantaginaceae)
Escobilla menuda, pimientica Whole plant (orally) Purgative, febrifuge
Quassia amara L.
(Simaroubaceae)
Cruceto morado Stem Malaria, flu
TABLE 1.1 (Continued)
16 1. A review of medicinal plants used as antimicrobials in Colombia
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Orinoquia region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Cuphea antisyphilitica Kunth.
(Lythraceae)
Chiaga, moraditas Venereal diseases
Hirschhorn
(1981)
Selaginella asperula Spring.
(Selaginellaceae)
A
´
rbolito de mano Leaves Sores Ortiz
Go
´
mez
(1989)
Tabebuia ochracea (Cham)
Standl. (Bignoniaceae)
Febrifuge
Protium calanense Cuatrec.
(Burseraceae)
Caran
˜
o, anime Bark Tetanos
Chelonanthus alatus (Aubl.)
Pulle. (Gentianaceae)
Arbol cabeza de rey zarumo Sores
Protium llanorum Cuatrec.
(Burseraceae)
Caran
˜
o Bark Flu
Miconia rufescens (Aubl.) DC.
(Melastomataceae)
Whole plant Lices
Heteropterys beecheyana A.Juss.
(Malpighiaceae)
Bejuco de gavila
´
n Bark Gonorrhea
Davilla nitida (Vahl) Kubitzki
(Dilleniaceae)
Chaparrito Leaves Febrifuge
Conyza canadensis (L.)
Cronquist (Compositae)
Planta de la manta religiosa Fever
Handroanthus ochraceus
(Cham.) Mattos
(Bignoniaceae)
Ktsubarunae Febrifuge
Virola elongata (Benth.) Warb.
(Myristicaceae)
Maranae Roots Malaria
Psychotria lupulina Benth.
(Rubiaceae)
Sisipiyanae Roots Gonorrhea
Paullinia sessiliflora Radlk.
(Sapindaceae)
Tsukuiiniibo Tuberculosis, flu,
anthelmintic
Siparuna guianensis Aubl.
(Siparunaceae)
Romadizo Bark Flu, skin diseases
Ortiz
Go
´
mez
(1989)
Serjania clematidea Triana &
Planch. (Sapindaceae)
Bejuco gonorrea American gonorrhea
Turnera sp. (Passifloraceae) Roquito Roots Fever, infections
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.
(Malvaceae)
Gua
´
cimo Bark Diarrhea, purgative
Costus spiralis (Jacq.) Roscoe
(Costaceae)
Can
˜
a agria, can
˜
a de sapo Candidiasis, fever,
bronchitis
(Continued)
TABLE 1.1 (Continued)
17Plants traditionally used in Colombia as antimicrobials
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Orinoquia region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Heliopsis buphthalmoudes
(Jacq.) Dunal. (Compositae)
Pestan
˜
a del culo de munuanu Roots and leaves Diarrhea, tetanus
Virola cuspidata (Benth.) Warb.
(Myristicaceae)
Maranae Roots Malaria
Eugenia biflora (L.) DC.
(Myrtaceae)
A
´
rbol maraca Roots Diarrhea
Myrcia sylvatica
(G.Mey.) DC. (Myrtaceae)
Arraya
´
n, espinazo de picure Bark Fever
Ortiz
Go
´
mez
(1989)
Heliconia spp. (Heliconiaceae) Platanillo, rabo de tigre Leaves Whooping cough
Cephaelis pubescens Hoffm.
(Rubiaceae)
Mano de danta Roots Gonorrhea
Cephaelis tomentosa (Aubl.)
Vahl. (Rubiaceae)
Pestan
˜
a de espiritu Sores, infected wounds
Psychotria lupulina Benth.
(Rubiaceae)
Sisipiyanae Roots Gonorrhea
Lycoseris mexicana (L.f.) Cass.
(Compositae)
A
´
rbolito de pajarito Antiviral
Caladium macrotites Schott.
(Araceae)
Roots and leaves Antiviral, infected
wounds
Xylopia amazonica R.E.Fr.
(Annonaceae)
A
´
rbol copete, Malagueto Bark Diarrhea
Xanthium strumarium L.
(Compositae)
Bardana menor, lapa menor,
cachurro o cacharrera,
higueruela, lamparones
Whole plant, roots, or
fruits
Anthelmintic, liver
diseases, hepatitis, sore
throats, thrush,
dysentery, lung
conditions, fever, skin
rashes
Munera
(2005)
Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae) Cedro Leaves, bark Febrifuge
Copaifera officinalis L.
(Leguminosae)
Amacey, cabimbo, camı
´
bar,
copayero, currucay, marano,
calo de Ba
´
lsamo, calo del
aceite, tacamaca
Essential oil, resin Gonorrhea, urinary
antiseptic. Dermal
infections such as
athlete’s foot, psoriasis,
and infected wounds
Momordica charantia L.
(Cucurbitaceae)
Sibicogen, balsamina, mavilla,
bejuco e culebra
Whole plant (orally),
fruit cooked in olive
oil (topic)
Purgative, vermifuge,
sinusitis. It’s also used to
treat wounds, burns,
cholera, and prolonged
fevers
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link
(Leguminosae)
Ajotillo grande, bicho de cafe
´
,
cafe
´
furrusco, chilinchile,
yerba de gallinazo
Leaves and seeds
(orally)
Febrifuge, chronic
dysentery
Munera
(2005)
,
Hirschhorn
(1981)
(Continued)
TABLE 1.1 (Continued)
18 1. A review of medicinal plants used as antimicrobials in Colombia
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Orinoquia region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.
(Malvaceae)
Bona, ceiba, yunque Leaves (bath) Skin diseases and spots
Munera
(2005)
Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.)
O.F.Cook (Leguminosae)
Ceibo, ceibo bucare,
cachimbo, pı
´
samo, ca
´
mulo y
bucaro
Flowers (orally) Flu
Bixa urucurana Willd.
(Bixaceae)
Achote Seeds Antiviral, antifungal
Ortega
David
(2015)
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.
(Malvaceae)
Gua
´
cimo Barks, leaves, root,
and fruits
Sores, syphilis, malaria,
fever, flu, elephantiasis,
disinfectant
Munera
(2005)
,
Ortega
David
(2015)
Ricinus communis L.
(Euphorbiaceae)
Alcherva, castor, catapucia
mayor, cherva, croto
´
n,
higuera del diablo, higuerillo,
palma de cristo, piojo del
diablo, querva, ta
´
rtago de
venezuela
Seeds oil Eczema, herpes, skin
rashes, wounds, burns. It
is also used against
baldness, both in lotions
and in poultices
Munera
(2005)
Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.)
L.Andersson (Rubiaceae)
Anillada menor, bejuquillo,
picahonda, poaja, raicilla,
radix brasilensis
Roots Bronchitis,
bronchopneumonia, lung
congestion, corneal ulcers,
diarrhea, dysentery
(amebic), intermittent
fever, malaria, among
other noninfectious
diseases
Myrtus communis L.
(Myrtaceae)
Arraya
´
n, murta, murtinhos,
murtra, mirta, miltra,
murteira, murtera
Leaves essential oil Antiseptic and antibiotic
(comparable to penicillin
and other antibiotics with
a similar spectrum of
action)
Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roem.
(Cucurbitaceae)
Estropajo, cabacina, buchina,
esponjilla, esponja vegetal
Leaves, seeds oil Ameba, herpes, chronic
sinusitis. Infused leaves are
used for dysentery; the
fresh juice instilled in the
eyes is used for
conjunctivitis. The oil
extracted by pressure or
boiling of the peeled seeds
is used in skin diseases
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
(Myrtaceae)
Eucalipto Leaves, seeds Antiseptic for urinary
tract infections. Throat
and bronchial conditions
Annona muricata L.
(Annonaceae)
Guana
´
bano Flowers Pectoral, febrifuge, flu.
(Continued)
TABLE 1.1 (Continued)
19Plants traditionally used in Colombia as antimicrobials
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
Orinoquia region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use References
Coccoloba obtusifolia Jacq.
(Polygonaceae)
Uvero Infected wounds,
pimples, and skin rash.
Ortega
David (2015)
Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don
(Bignoniaceae)
Gualanday Malaria, spot healing,
acne, skin rash.
Trichanthera gigantea (Humb.
& Bonpl.) Nees (Acanthaceae)
Cajeto Skin infection
Ortega
David (2015)
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.
(Leguminosae)
Matarrato
´
n Leaves (orally and
bath)
Febrifuge, skin rash,
dermatitis
Petiveria alliacea L.
(Phytolaccaceae)
Anamu
´
Leaves (orally), roots
(bath)
Skin conditions, intestinal
and respiratory infections
Anacardium occidentale
L. (Anacardiaceae)
Maran
˜
o
´
n Sap Bronchitis, lung diseases
Xylopia aromatica (Lam.)
Mart. (Annonaceae)
Malagueto Fruits Malaria
Caryodendron orinocense
H.Krast.(Euphorbiaceae)
Seeds Germicide, wound
infections
Hyptis brachiata Briq.
(Lamiaceae)
Mastranto Leaves (orally) Antiparasitic, diarrhea
Pacific region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use Reference
Mammea americana
L. (Calophyllaceae)
Mamejo, mamey Seeds Insecticide
Duke (1970)
Momordica charantia
L. (Cucurbitaceae)
Balsamina Febrifuge
Neurolaena lobata (L.)
R. Br. ex Cass. (Compositae)
Contragavila
´
n Gonorrhea, malaria
Prioria copaifera Griseb.
(Leguminosae)
Cativo Resin Venereal ulcers
Psychotria brachiata Sw.
(Rubiaceae)
Puga, baca, pacuru Leaves Purgative
Quassia amara L.
(Simaroubaceae)
Hombre grande Malaria
Spigelia anthelmia L.
(Loganiaceae)
Lombricera Purgative, vermifuge
Tussacia friedrichsthaliana
Hanst (Gesneriaceae)
Desbaratador Diarrhea
Anacardium excelsum
(Bertero ex Kunth) Skeels
(Anacardiaceae)
Espave
´
Bark decoction (orally) Diarrhea
(Continued)
TABLE 1.1 (Continued)
20 1. A review of medicinal plants used as antimicrobials in Colombia
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
topical use favors the disinfection and cleaning of open wounds. In the Andean region, the
tuber of the species Tropaeolum tuberosum (Tropaeolaceae) and the branches of Croton mutisianus
(Euphorbiaceae) are used to treat Herpes zoster. While in the Caribbean and Pacific regions a
predominant species such as the mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) is employed for the treatment
of leprosy. Most of the treatments consist of oral decoctions and topical ointments.
On the other hand, one of the main causes of mortality in children under 5 years of age is
enteric and diarrheal diseases. The high impact of these diseases is a consequence of the lack of
Pacific region
Scientific name Common name Plant part Medicinal use Reference
Cassia occidentalis L.
(Leguminosae)
Potra Whole plant decoction
(orally)
Vermifuge
Cassia reticulata Willd.
(Leguminosae)
Lauren
˜
o Purgative
Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.)
A.Rich. (Rubiaceae).
Raicilla Roots Amebicide
Couma macrocarpa Barb.Rodr.
(Apocynaceae)
Popa Latex Amebicide
Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle
(Poaceae)
Hierba de limo
´
n Fever, malaria
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.
(Leguminosae)
Matarato
´
n Leaves Febrifuge
Uragoga eme
´
tica (L.f.) Baill.
(Rubiaceae).
Moncoa, muncua Febrifuge
Duke (1970)
Malachra alceifolia Jacq.
(Malvaceae)
Malva Febrifuge, venereal
diseases
Hamelia patens Jacq.
(Rubiaceae)
Hoja morada, bencenuco Leaves (tea)/roots Fever, sanguinolent
diarrhea, purgative,
syphilis
Duke (1970),
Perez-Arbelaez
(1978)
Elaeagia utilis (Goudot) Wedd.
(Rubiaceae)
Barniz de pasto, a
´
rbol de cera,
mopa
Pulmonary
tuberculosis
Perez-Arbelaez
(1978)
Rhizophora mangle
L. (Rhizophoraceae)
Mangle Bark (pulverized) Febrifuge, leprosy,
tuberculosis
Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.)
K.Schum. (Rubiaceae)
Mediagola Bark Febrifuge
Simaba cedron Planch.
(Simaroubaceae)
Cedron Seeds. A preparation
called “curarina” is
obtained from this
organ.
Febrifuge
Simarouba amara Aubl.
(Simaroubaceae)
Marouba Bark Febrifuge
Costus villosissimus Jacq.
(Costaceae)
Can
˜
agria Stem Febrifuge (including
typhoid fever)
TABLE 1.1 (Continued)
21Plants traditionally used in Colombia as antimicrobials
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
aqueduct and sewage systems in certain areas of the country, leading to a low quality of drink-
ing water and exposure to pathogens (
Overgaard et al., 2012; Solano-Aguilar et al., 2013). In the
Pacific region, the tea made from the leaves of Hamelia patens Jacq. (Rubiaceae) is used to treat
acute diarrhea and bloody diarrhea (traces of blood in the feces). The poor diet and hygiene
conditions also lead to the acquisition of parasites, especially among children, which explain
why it is one of the most common conditions treated by healers or shamans. We found a record
of 41 plants that fulfill this purpose, functioning either as an anthelmintic or a purgative. The
use of decoctions and infusions for the treatment of intestinal parasites can be found all over
the country, however, more reports were found in the Caribbean region.
Among the plants found in this review, we next highlight those known for their healing
properties for several types of diseases, meaning a wide spectrum of activities including
fever, hepatitis, dysentery, lung conditions, venereal diseases, and skin rashes.
Jacaranda caucana Pittier (Bignoniaceae)
Jacaranda caucana and Jacaranda mimosifolia species are recognized for the treatment of
venereal infections and skin diseases in Colombia. Howeve r, no rigorous ph armacological
and clinical studies were found to confirm this activity. The antiprotozoal activity against
Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania sp., and Trypanosoma cruzi has been proven (
Weniger
et al., 2001
). The Colombian Vademecum has approved the use of Jacaranda caucana as an
antiseptic. Some of the compounds isolated from Jacaranda species are triterpenoids and
phenylethanoid glycosides and neolignans (
Martin, Quinteros, Hay, Gupta, &
Hostettmann, 2008; Martin et al., 2009; Ogura, Cordell, & Farnsworth, 1977
).
Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae)
Solanum nudum is a plant growing in South America and used in Tumaco (southwest of
Colombia) for the treatment of fevers associated with malaria. Some steroidal compounds
isolated from this plant such as tumacoside A and tumaquenone displayed antimalarial
activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum, a chloroquine-resistant FCB-1 strain, with
an IC
50
of 27 and 16 μM (17.02 and 9.54 μg/mL), respectively (Saez et al., 1998). These com-
pounds have been equally effective against clinical isolates (
Arango, Carmona, & Blair,
2008
), without showing mutagenicity, clastogenicity, and cytotoxicity effects (Alvarez,
Pabo
´
n, Carmona, & Blair, 2004; Garcı
´
a-Huertas, Pabo
´
n, Arias, & Blair, 2013; London
˜
o
et al., 2006
). The extracts of the fruits and leaves of this plant present IC
50
values of 15.1
and 18.7 μg/mL, respectively (
Monzote et al., 2016). The Colombian Vademecum has
approved the use of Solanum nudum as an antiseptic.
Hymenaea courbaril L. (Leguminosae)
Hymenaea courbaril L., known as algarrobo, gua
´
pinol, locust, jutaby, or courbaril, is an impos-
ing tree distributed from the western coast of central Mexico south to Bolivia and the south of
central Brazil. The ethanol extract and fractions obtained of H. courbaril (barks) were investigated
against bacterial clinical isolates, showing MIC values of 125, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 μg/mL
22 1. A review of medicinal plants used as antimicrobials in Colombia
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
against E. faecalis 3110, E. coli 3004, S. aureus 8066, A. baumannii 7810 and K. pneumoniae 7845,
respectively. Among 14 species selected based on their ethnopharmacological use for treating
diarrhea, Hymenaea courbaril L. showed significant antiviral activity against rotavirus. Fisetin
obtained from xylem sap showed activity against the fungi Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton
mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, Cryptococcus neoformans,andC. gattii at concentrations of
32128 μg/mL (
da Costa et al., 2014).
Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae)
The whole plant can be used to prepare the medicine, although the roots and fruits are
also used separately. It has anthelmintic properties and is used against respiratory, skin,
and gastrointestinal diseases. The components of its essential oil significantly inhibited
bacteria and fungi such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. Its phytochemical composi-
tion includes the presence of flavones, saponins, and bioactive sesquiterpene lactones
(
Sharifi-Rad et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2017).
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae)
This plant grows in the Orinoquia region and is used in cases of sores, fever, cold, gastroin-
testinal problems, elephantiasis, and malaria. Itsmaincomponentsareflavonoidsandphenolic
acids which give it antimicrobial and antioxidant activity (
Pereira, 2019; Morais et al., 2017).
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Poaceae)
This species is well distributed throughout the national territory, albeit it is more used in the
Andean region. Its pharmacological and therapeutic properties have been widely reported.
Shah et al. (2011) conducted a review in which they show antiamebic, antibacterial, antidiar-
rheal, antifilarial, antifungal, antimalarial, antimutagenicity, antimycobacterial, antinociceptive,
ascaricidal, and antiprotozoal activities. Triterpenoids and phenolic compounds such as quinone
flavonoids are part of its phyt ochemical const ituents.
Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth) R.M.King & H.Rob. (Asteraceae)
This plant is called “salvia amarga” by Andean region natives, and its uses are wide
including the treatment of dental access, tuberculosis, tonsillitis, and malaria. It is consid-
ered an invasive species that is distributed throughout the world and there are reports of
its cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antifungal properties (
Madawala, Chandrasiri, Diwakara,
Wijesundara, & Karunaratne, 2014
). Recently, it was shown that its essential oil, rich in
oxygenated sesquiterpenes, is a good inhibitor of Gram-negative bacteria growth such as
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (
Lucena et al., 2019).
23Plants traditionally used in Colombia as antimicrobials
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives