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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5442_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
et al., 2013), and Serbia (Jari
´
c et al., 2007; Jari
´
c et al., 2015; Pieroni et al., 2011;
ˇ
Savikin et al.,
2013; Zlatkovi
´
c et al., 2014
).
This trend has been fostered by the growing interest of the Western herbal market in
medicinal plants traded from this area (
Kathe et al., 2003), the need for documenting the
last remaining traces of TEK in areas, the increasing economic trends to develop eco-
tourism, and other sustainable rural activities based upon local bio-cultural heritage; and
the fact that ethnobiologists have deemed this region a unique case study for its tremen-
dous biological, cultural, and ethnic diversity (
Mustafa et al., 2012). This intensive TEK
research has shed light on the traditional uses of plant species used in different household
domains, including for home remedies to treat a variety of infectious diseases. However,
despite their common use, little is known concerning the safety and efficacy of many
homemade antimicrobial products.
Thus, the main objective of this work is to review the existing literature to identify eth-
nobotanical knowledge in the Balkans related to antimicrobial uses, which could be of
potential interest for further phytochemical, pharmacological, and/or toxicological studies,
as well as for local development. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, which
is defined as the lowest concentration of an antibacterial agent that inhibits the growth of
a microorganism in vitro, are used in this review to describe the antimicrobial potency of
a selection of medicinal plants (
CLSI, 2012). For plant extracts, only MICs # 500 μg/mL are
considered parameters for good antibacterial activity (
Chassagne et al., 2021); however,
antimicrobial potency against a microorganism is considered significant if the MIC is
# 100 μg/mL (
Eloff, 2004).
Medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties
In the following sections, we highlight 22 species within the Balkan region for their
strong antimicrobial properties. A comprehensive summary of 130 Balkan species and
their medicinal uses related to infection is provided in
Table 3.1.
Amaryllidaceae
Allium sativum L.
Allium sativum L. (garlic) is a bulbous perennial native to Central Asia, though there is
evidence of its medicinal use in Ancient Sumeria, Egypt Greece, and Rome (
Harris et al.,
2001
). Ethanolic extracts of the cloves of A. sativum exhibited inhibitory effects against
Escherichia coli (MIC 5 65.50 μg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 5 58.50 μg/mL), and
Bacillus subtilis (MIC 5 80.10 μg/mL), and the essential oil inhibited Staphylococcus aureus
(MIC 5 24 μg/mL) (
Karuppiah & Rajaram, 2012; Tsao & Yin, 2001). Allicin, a compound
metabolized by crushing or cutting the bulb of A. sativum, as well as diallyl sulfides, is pri-
marily responsible for the antibacterial activity of garlic (
Tsao & Yin, 2001; Block, 1985).
An in vivo study showed that the bulbs of A. sativum exhibited significant antibacterial
activity against penicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus injected into the tissue of rats
(
Vena
ˆ
ncio et al., 2017).
104 3. Medicinal plants in the Balkans with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 Medicinal plants from the Balkans with antimicrobial properties. Botanical taxa are reported
here as found in the literature and may include synonyms rather than current accepted names per
http://www.
worldfloraonline.org/
.
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Abies alba
Mill.
Resin Mixed with fat Antifungal
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Boiled in oil Eczema Mustafa et al. (2012)
Mixed and boiled with milk
butter
Skin infections Mustafa et al. (2012)
Topically applied Skin infections Mustafa et al. (2012); Pieroni
et al. (2013)
Balm Skin injuries
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2010)
Mixture Eye inflammations
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Needles Mixture and single
component
Pulmonary ailments
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Achillea
millefolium L.
Leaves Tea Respiratory problems Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Wounds Zlatkovi
´
c et al. (2014)
Hemorrhoids Rexhepi et al. (2013)
Eczema Mustafa et al. (2012)
Urogenital disorders Hajdari et al. (2018)
Antimicrobial and to treat
influenza
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Tincture, topical use Antibacterial, wounds Mustafa et al. (2012)
Fresh leaves, topically
applied
Infected wounds caused by
dog bite
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Wound healing (ulcers) Mustafa et al. (2012),
Mustafa et al. (2020),
Rexhepi et al. (2013)
Inflammation of the skin
and mucous membranes
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Mixed with Plantago major
leaves and topically applied
to the eye area
Conjunctivitis Hajdari et al. (2018)
Squeezed juice of leaves
and drunk
Pulmonary disorders Hajdari et al. (2018)
Dried and ground plant
applied directly on wound
Wounds, ulcers, and
hemorrhoids
Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Mixed with milk fat
(mehlem), topically applied
Acne Mustafa et al. (2020)
(Continued)
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
105Medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Cataplasm from the leaves Reduce joint inflammation
and accelerate wound
healing
Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Flowers Decoction, externally
applied
Skin irritations and acne Mustafa et al. (2012)
Aconitum
divergens
Pan
ˇ
ci
´
c
Aerial
parts
Infusion Antiseptic for the oral cavity Mustafa et al. (2012)
Leaves Squeezed and topically
applied to the wound
Skin infections
(antibacterial)
Mustafa et al. (2012)
Agrimonia
eupatoria L.
Aerial
parts
Infusion Antiinflammatory and to
treat earache
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Decoctions or macerated in
raki and drunk
Skin diseases Pieroni (2008)
Used externally Skin, mouth, and
pharyngeal inflammations
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Tea As “natural penicillin” for
all manner of ailments,
colds, laryngitis
Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
For blood purification and
to treat wounds
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Leaves Applied directly on the
wound
Wounds and cuts Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Alchemilla
vulgaris L.
Whole
plant
Tea Wounds and ulcers Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Aerial
parts
Tea, externally used Ulcers, eczema, skin rashes Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Allium
ampeloprasum
Thunb.
(Allium
porrum)
Whole
plant
Leaf juice instilled in ear Ear infection
Mustafa et al. (2020), Pieroni
et al. (2014)
, Pieroni et al.
(2015)
, Pieroni et al. (2013);
Pieroni, So
˜
ukand, Quave,
Hajdari, and Mustafa (2017)
Leaves Externally applied Wounds (suppurative) Pieroni et al. (2015)
Allium cepa L. Bulb Epidermis is removed and
it is directly applied, or the
onion is chopped up and
applied as a cataplasm, or
lightly baked onions are
placed on the affected area
under a bandage (externally
used)
Injuries, for draining pus
from infected areas
(antibacterial)
Jari
´
c et al. (2015), Mustafa
et al. (2015)
(Continued)
106 3. Medicinal plants in the Balkans with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Fresh sliced bulb Eye inflammations
Pieroni et al. (2014)
Boiled with soap and after
cooling applied on the nail
Nail infections Mustafa et al. (2012),
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Allium
sativum L.
Bulb Eaten Antifungal, to treat urinary
tract infections, bronchitis
Mustafa et al. (2012),
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Eye inflammations Pieroni et al. (2017)
Mixed with honey Respiratory system
disorders (bronchitis)
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Tincture Antibacterial Mustafa et al. (2012)
Boiled in milk (four to 5
cloves) and drunk as tea
To “disinfect” the intestine Mustafa et al. (2012)
Tea Inflammations and
infections of the urogenital
tract, cystitis
Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Equal quantities of chopped
garlic and honey are mixed
together—one teaspoon to
be taken three times a day
with warm water
Pneumonia
Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Decoction Skin problems Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Cataplasm from chopped
garlic
External ulcers Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Internally applied Tuberculosis, purification of
lungs, tooth inflammation,
throat inflammation
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Externally applied Ulcers and rheumatism, for
skin ailments
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Alnus
glutinosa (L.)
Gaertn.
Bark Externally applied Inflammation of the mouth
and pharynx
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Althaea
officinalis L.
Leaves,
flowers,
roots
Internally applied Urinary tract inflammation
and bronchitis
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Roots Decoction Lung disorders and oral
cavity antiseptic
Mustafa et al. (2012)
Arctium
lappa Willd.
Leaves Applied directly on wound Ulcers and to promote
wound healing
Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Boiled in milk (used
externally)
Skin inflammation and
ulcers
Mustafa et al. (2012)
(Continued)
107Medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Roots,
leaves,
seeds
Tea Mouth infections, digestive
ailments, and internal ulcers
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2010)
Stomach inflammation,
stomach ulcers, and
digestive disorders; wounds
and skin rash
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Arctostaphylos
uva-ursi (L.)
Spreng.
Leaves Infusion Urinary tract inflammations Jari
´
c et al. (2015), Menkovi
´
c
et al. (2011)
, Mustafa et al.
(2015)
,
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al.
(2010)
,
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al.
(2011)
,
ˇ
Savikin et al. (2013)
Aerial
parts,
flowers,
leaves
Tea Bronchitis, urinary system
inflammation, and inflamed
tonsils
Mustafa et al. (2020)
Aerial
parts
Tea Antiseptic Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Aristolochia
clematitis L.
Fruits Tea Antibacterial properties.
Externally used for skin
infections and wounds (for
rinsing and poultice tea)
Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Artemisia
absinthium L.
Aerial
parts
Mixed with honey Promote wound healing Pieroni et al. (2014)
Bellis
perennis L.
Whole
plants
Decoction Skin infection Mustafa et al. (2012)
Aerial
parts
Externally used Skin diseases and promote
wound healing
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Aerial
parts
Fresh juice of leaves is
applied to the eyes
Eye inflammations Pieroni et al. (2015)
Betula pendula
Roth.
Bark,
leaves
Bladder infections, urinary
tract infections, purification
of urinary bladder, renal
inflammations, blood
purification, purification of
lungs, common cold, and
fever
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Betula
verrucosa
Ehrh.
Cortex Decoction Kidney infections Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Bark Burned, the vapors are
exposed to the skin
Skin inflammations Pieroni et al. (2013)
(Continued)
108 3. Medicinal plants in the Balkans with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Brassica
oleracea L.
Leaves Topically applied Burn injuries
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Fermented leaves topically
applied
Antibacterial Mustafa et al. (2012)
Fresh leaf as compress Skin inflammation
ˇ
Savikin et al. (2013)
Calendula
officinalis L.
Flowers Extracted with cold milk Stomach ulcers Mustafa et al. (2012)
Internally applied Urinary tract inflammations,
cervical wounds, eye
ailments, hemorrhoids,
different injuries, wounds,
and external ulcers
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Fat-based ointments Skin complaints, burns, and
wounds
ˇ
Savikin et al. (2013)
Tea and tincture Gastric and duodenal ulcers
ˇ
Savikin et al. (2013)
Mixed with pig or other fats
to create an ointment
“mehlem,” which is topically
applied
Eczema and other
inflammatory skin
disorders, the skin for burns
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Extracted in oil in the sun
for 40 days and stored for
use when needed; topically
applied
Burns of the skin
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Flowers combined with
flowering aerial parts of
Hypericum perforatum and
extracted in olive or
sunflower oil for 40 days in
the sun to yield a blood-red
oleolite; topical application
Skin injuries and promote
wound healing
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Aerial
parts
Mehlem (mixed with pig’s
fat)
Laceration and skin
infections
Mustafa et al. (2020)
Extracted with different oils Antibacterial, antifungal Jari
´
c et al. (2007), Mustafa
et al. (2015)
Calluna
vulgaris (L.)
Hull
Aerial
parts
Used internally Urinary tract infections
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Capsella bursa-
pastoris (L.)
Medik
Aerial
parts
Used externally Superficial skin injuries,
wounds, and burns
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
(Continued)
109Medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Carlina
acaulis L.
Roots Used externally Dermatosis and to rinse
wounds and ulcers
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Flowers,
roots,
stems
Decoction Eczema and acne
Rexhepi et al. (2013)
Castanea sativa
Mill.
Fruits Tea Skin ailments
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2010)
Centaurea
cyanus L.
Flowers Decoction Eye infections Mustafa et al. (2012)
Externally used Eye inflammations
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Tea Respiratory disorders Mustafa et al. (2015)
Centaurium
erythraea
Rafn.
Aerial
parts
Tea, internally used Stomach ulcers, laryngitis,
cold remedies
Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Chelidonium
majus L.
Aerial
parts
Infusion Bronchitis and stomach
ulcers
Mustafa et al. (2012)
Externally Skin conditions such as
blister rashes and scabies
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Extract applied directly to
wound
Skin infections Rexhepi et al. (2013)
Latex Leaves topically applied Skin inflammations and
eczema
Hajdari et al. (2018),
Mustafa et al. (2015),
Mustafa et al. (2020)
Externally applied and used Skin complaints (skin
eruption, psoriasis, eczema)
Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Cichorium
intybus L.
Seed oil Topically applied Skin infections (in children) Hajdari et al. (2018)
Roots Decoction Urinary system infections
and bronchitis
Mustafa et al. (2012)
Citrullus
lanatus
(Thunb.)
Matsum. &
Nakai
Fruits Juice is expressed and
dropped into the ear canal
to treat ear
Ear infection
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Internally applied to treat Gastrointestinal ailments,
bacterial infections, common
cold, pneumonia, throat
ache, for influenza, blood
purification
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Juice mixed with honey Cough Mustafa et al. (2012)
(Continued)
110 3. Medicinal plants in the Balkans with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Conium
maculatum L.
Roots Boiled in milk and used Ulcers
Mustafa et al. (2012)
Cucumis
sativus L.
Fruits Juice Skin inflammations
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2010)
Cucurbita
pepo L.
Leaves Tea Sore throat, intestinal
infections, kidney
inflammations
Mustafa et al. (2012)
Fruit, seed Internally used Bacterial infections and
prostate inflammations.
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Cydonia
oblonga Mill
Leaves,
seeds
Internally used Stomach ulcers
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Leaves Infusion Respiratory inflammations Mustafa et al. (2012)
Equisetum
arvense L.
Stem and
leaves
Infusion Urinary system infections Mustafa et al. (2012)
Whole
plant
Fresh plant mixed with
honey and milk cream,
extracted for 1 week
General infections Hajdari et al. (2018), Jari
´
c
et al. (2007)
, Menkovi
´
c et al.
(2011)
, Mustafa et al. (2012),
Mustafa et al. (2020), Seifi,
Abbasalizadeh, Mohammad-
Alizadeh-Charandabi,
Khodaie, and
Mirghafourvand (2018)
Aerial
parts
Externally applied Wounds and burns Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011),
ˇ
Sari
´
c-
Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Internally applied Urinary tract infections,
renal ailments, renal
inflammations, urinary
bladder inflammations
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Euphrasia
officinalis L.
Leaves Fresh leaves topically
applied
Eye inflammation Hajdari et al. (2018),
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011),
Mustafa et al. (2020)
Euphrasia
rostkoviana
Hayne
Aerial
parts,
leaves
Internally applied Bronchitis and gingivitis
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Externally applied Eye ailments,
inflammations, and injuries
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Fragaria
vesca L.
Fruits,
leaves
Internally applied Throat inflammations
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Fraxinus
angustifolia
Vahl
Leaf Directly to wound Wound healing Rexhepi et al. (2013)
(Continued)
111Medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Fraxinus
ornus L.
Bark Mixed with beeswax and
topically applied
Infected wounds
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Galium
verum L.
Aerial
parts
Tea taken externally Skin ailments, wounds,
ulcers, and acne
Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Externally applied Poorly healing wounds Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Flowers Tea Urinary system infections Mustafa et al. (2012)
Gentiana
cruciata L.
Whole
plant
Fresh plant mixed with
honey and milk cream,
extracted for 1 week
Nail infections Mustafa et al. (2012)
Gentiana
lutea L.
Leaves Infusion, drunk Urinary tract infections Hajdari et al. (2018)
Root Macerate in rakija (40 days
of maceration), to be drunk
in the morning before eating
Stomach ulcer Mustafa et al. (2020), Pieroni,
Giusti, and Quave (2011)
Glechoma
hederacea L.
Aerial
parts,
leaves
Internally applied and used Bronchial purification,
bronchitis, laryngitis, nasal
congestion, throat
inflammations, tuberculosis
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Aerial
parts
Tea (drunk) Astringent, diuretic, tonic
effects on the bronchial and
urinary system, for
bronchitis, diarrhea, and to
improve appetite
Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Hedera helix L. Leaves,
fruits,
flowers
Internally applied and used Bladder inflammations,
bronchitis
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Externally applied and used Wounds and swollen legs
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Helianthus
annuus L.
Seed Extracted with animal fat Skin infections Mustafa et al. (2015)
Seed oil Topically applied Skin infections (in children) Hajdari et al. (2018)
Hypericum
maculatum
Crantz
Aerial
parts
Externally applied Skin inflammation, blunt
injuries, wounds, burns
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Flowers Decoction used Urinary tract inflammations
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2010)
Aerial
parts,
flowers
Internally applied and used Throat inflammations
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Externally applied and used
(Oleolite)
Ovarian inflammations,
cervical wounds, burns,
hemorrhoids, eye injuries,
and throat inflammations.
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
(Continued)
112 3. Medicinal plants in the Balkans with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Hypericum
perforatum L.
Aerial
parts
Tea Wound healing
Mustafa et al. (2015), Seifi
et al. (2018)
, Zlatkovi
´
c et al.
(2014)
Extracted with olive oil,
topically applied
Skin infections, skin after
sunburn or thermal burn,
eczemas, wound healing
Hajdari et al. (2018), Jari
´
c
et al. (2007)
, Mustafa et al.
(2012)
, Mustafa et al. (2020),
Seifi et al. (2018), Zlatkovi
´
c
et al. (2014)
Variola, athlete’s foot,
postpartum infection
(applied to genitals), to treat
acne
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Oleolite mixed with iodine
and topically applied
Skin infections Hajdari et al. (2018)
Externally applied Skin inflammation, injuries,
wounds, burns
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Flowers,
aerial
parts
Tea Sore throat Pieroni et al. (2014)
Decoction topically applied Wounds and skin
inflammations
Pieroni et al. (2013), Pieroni
et al. (2014)
Flowers Infusion Stomach disorders, genital
infections
Mustafa et al. (2012), Pieroni
et al. (2015)
Hyssopus
officinalis L.
Aerial
parts
Tea internally applied Bronchitis, colds Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Juglans
regia L.
Fruits and
leaves
Tea, directly into the
wound
Eczema, shingles, skin
inflammation
Rexhepi et al. (2013)
Leaves,
fruits
(unripe)
Cataplasm Gangrene, wounds, ulcers Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Unripe
fruits
Extracted with oil 3040
days exposed to sun
Skin burns and protecting
skin from sunburn
Mustafa et al. (2020)
Fruits Honey (1 kg) mixed with
fruits (1 kg) extracted for 1
month
Lung inflammations
Mustafa et al. (2012)
Roots Extracted for 1 month with
sunflower oil and then
liquid mixed with honey
Lung inflammations and
bronchitis
Mustafa et al. (2012)
(Continued)
113Medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives