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TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Juniperus
communis L.
Fruits Extracted for 10 days in
cold water mixed with
lemons
Kidney inflammations
Mustafa et al. (2012)
Decoction Respiratory inflammations Mustafa et al. (2012)
Berries are used for making
and flavoring the brandy
known as “klekovaca”
Used for disinfection, owing
to antibacterial properties
Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Infusion Urinary tract ailments
ˇ
Savikin et al. (2013)
Fruits,
needles
Internally applied Urinary tract inflammations,
tuberculosis, common cold,
inflammations of mucosa
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Externally applied Skin rash and throat
inflammation
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Juniperus
oxycedrus L.
Fruits Tea, tincture, oil Skin infections Rexhepi et al. (2013)
Larix decidua
Mill.
Bark,
fruits,
needles
Externally applied Wounds, ulcers, and
restlessness
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Lavandula
angustifolia
Mill.
Aerial
parts
Tea, used to rinse the eyes Inflammation and
conjunctivitis
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Linum
hirsutum L.
Seeds Decoction Urinary system
inflammations
Mustafa et al. (2012)
Leaves Infusion Respiratory inflammations Mustafa et al. (2012)
Linum
usitatissimum
L.
Seed Internally applied Gastrointestinal ulcers,
urinary tract infections,
bronchitis, and stomach
ulcers
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Lycopersicon
esculentum
Mill.
Fruits Topically applied Skin inflammation and
ulcers
Mustafa et al. (2012)
Baked fruits mixed with
sugar topically applied in
wound
Wound infections
Mustafa et al. (2012)
Aerial
parts
Topically applied to skin Antimicrobial Mustafa et al. (2015)
Malva
sylvestris L.
Leaf Tea Bronchitis Rexhepi et al. (2013)
Fresh, external application Wounds Pieroni et al. (2015)
Flower Tea Sore throat Pieroni et al. (2013)
(Continued)
114 3. Medicinal plants in the Balkans with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Infusion Respiratory tract infections
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Internally applied Lung ailments, bronchitis,
throat infections
Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Aerial
parts
Extracted with fat (melhem) Wound healing Mustafa et al. (2015)
Matricaria
chamomilla L.
Aerial
parts
Decoction Sinusitis Mustafa et al. (2012)
Tea internally used Antiseptic, antiinflammatory Hajdari et al. (2018), Jari
´
c
et al. (2007)
Tea externally used Skin and mucous
complaints, burns, wounds,
ulcers, for vaginal douche
Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Steam inhalation Sinusitis Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Tea drunk Respiratory tract infections Hajdari et al. (2018),
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Tea For rinsing the oral cavity Hajdari et al. (2018), Jari
´
c
et al. (2015)
Flowers External use Inflammations of the skin,
mouth and pharynx,
wounds and burns
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Tea used to rinse/cleanse
eyes
Conjunctivitis Hajdari et al. (2018),
Mustafa et al. (2020)
Decoction Sinusitis Mustafa et al. (2012)
Matricaria
recutita L.
Aerial
parts
Tea Oral cavity inflammations,
gingivitis, urinary system
infections
Mustafa et al. (2012)
Eye inflammations Pieroni et al. (2011)
Wound healing (ulcers of
the skin and soft tissues)
Rexhepi et al. (2013)
Mentha
longifolia (L.)
L.
Leaves Tea Bronchitis, lungs
inflammation
Mustafa et al. (2020)
Aerial
parts
Tea Respiratory infections Hajdari et al. (2018),
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Mentha x
piperita L.
Aerial
parts
Infusion Respiratory disorders Hajdari et al. (2018)
Antiseptic, used for gastric
ulcers, indigestion,
influenza, and colds
Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
(Continued)
115Medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Mentha
pulegium L.
Aerial
parts
Infusion Respiratory system
infections
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Momordica
charantia L.
Fruits Mixed with oil—internal
use
Wound healing Mustafa et al. (2015)
Morus nigra L. Fruits Eaten fresh Infections of upper
respiratory system
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Nicotiana
tabacum L.
Leaves
(dried)
Crushed leaves, topically
applied
Wounds Pieroni et al. (2013)
Leaves Leaf material removed from
cigarette, mixed with sugar,
and topically applied
Fungal infections of hands
or feet
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Ocimum
basilicum L.
Aerial
parts
Inhalation To clear the bronchial
passages
Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Externally used Nipple inflammation during
lactation and greasy skin
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Infusion Kidney infections,
tuberculosis
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Topically applied to eye Conjunctivitis Hajdari et al. (2018)
Tea mixed with sugar and
used
Genital wash for feminine
hygiene
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Leaves Tea Ear inflammations and
common cold
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2010)
Colds/flu Pieroni et al. (2017)
Olea
europaea L.
Fruits Oil topically applied Skin rashes and
inflammations
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Eaten fresh Tuberculosis Mustafa et al. (2015)
Ononis
spinosa L.
Flowers Tea Gastritis and gastric ulcers Rexhepi et al. (2013)
Orchis morio L Root Herbal tea Cleaning wounds Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Origanum
vulgare L.
Aerial
parts
Tea Sore throats, colds, flu, and
bronchitis
Hajdari et al. (2018), Jari
´
c
et al. (2015)
, Jari
´
c et al. (2007),
Mustafa et al. (2012), Mustafa
et al. (2015)
, Mustafa et al.
(2020)
, Pieroni (2008), Pieroni
et al. (2015)
, Pieroni et al.
(2014)
, Pieroni et al. (2013),
Pieroni et al. (2017),
ˇ
Sari
´
c-
Kundali
´
c et al. (2010)
Skin inflammations in
infants
Hajdari et al. (2018)
(Continued)
116 3. Medicinal plants in the Balkans with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Inflammation of the urinary
tract, respiratory disorders,
digestive disorders
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011),
ˇ
Sari
´
c-
Kundali
´
c et al. (2010)
Leaves Infusion Urinary tract infection
ˇ
Savikin et al. (2013)
Petroselinum
crispum (Mill.)
Fuss
Leaves,
roots
Tea Urinary tract infection
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
,
ˇ
Savikin et al. (2013)
Leaves Boiled with garlic and
carrot
Stomach infections Mustafa et al. (2012)
Phaseolus
vulgaris L.
Seeds Burned and topically
applied
Dog bite wounds Hajdari et al. (2018),
Mustafa et al. (2020), Pieroni
et al. (2014)
Burned, mixed with oil, and
externally applied with a
hen’s feather
Skin inflammations in
babies and kids
Pieroni et al. (2015)
Physalis
alkekengi L.
Fruits Fresh fruits are eaten Used to treat urinary tract
infections
Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Picea abies (L.)
H.Karst.
Resin Topically applied Skin ailments, throat
inflammation, and eye
ailments
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Wounds Pieroni et al. (2011)
Pinus
heldreichii
Christ
Needles Syrup Pulmonary ailments
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Pinus peuce
Griseb.
Cones Tea Inflammation of the urinary
tract
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Pinus mugo
Turra
Needles,
shoots
Inhalation Common colds and
bronchitis
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Needles Syrup Pulmonary ailments
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Pinus nigra
J.F. Arnold
Resin Extracted with oil Skin infections Mustafa et al. (2015)
Young
branches
Boiled for 4 h slowly, added
some sugar, lemon, and
honey, then drunk
Bronchitis and respiratory
disease
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Needles Syrup for pulmonary
ailments
Pulmonary ailments
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Resin Topically applied Skin infections Hajdari et al. (2018)
(Continued)
117Medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Pinus
sylvestris L.
Bark,
needles
Syrup (100 g of buds in
0.5 L of boiled water,
strained after 2 h and mixed
with 1 kg of honey-dose:
four to five tablespoons a
day)
Chronic bronchitis
Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Cones Cones 40 cones mixed with
honey (1 kg) eaten after 1
month
Bronchitis Mustafa et al. (2012)
Needles Syrup for pulmonary
ailments
Pulmonary ailments
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Tea Chronic bronchitis Rexhepi et al. (2013)
Needles,
resin
Balm (the sap of Scots pine,
kajmak/a creamy dairy
product similar to clotted
cream/and homemade
wine vinegar are mixed
together)
Eczema
Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Plantago
lanceolata L.
Leaves 750 g honey is mixed with
35 ground leaves: one
teaspoon, three times a day,
before a meal
Stomach ulcers
Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Cataplasm Wounds, ulcers, and for
draining pus
Jari
´
c et al. (2015), Menkovi
´
c
et al. (2011)
Internally applied Tuberculosis, bronchitis,
throat inflammation; for
internal healing
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Externally applied Skin ailments, external
ulcers, inflamed wounds
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Compress Wounds, cuts, ulcers,
inflammation of the skin
ˇ
Savikin et al. (2013)
Freshly crushed, external
application, sometimes with
salt
Wounds, internal
hemorrhages
Pieroni et al. (2015)
Fresh leaves applied
topically in wound
Wound infections Mustafa et al. (2012)
Externally as a poultice to
be applied (fresh, dried,
and oily leaf can be applied
externally onto sore area)
Wounds, cuts, festering
wounds, ulcers
Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Tea Intestinal and stomach
ulcers
Jari
´
c et al. (2007), Menkovi
´
c
et al. (2011)
(Continued)
118 3. Medicinal plants in the Balkans with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Aerial
parts
(dried)
Tea Skin burn injuries
Rexhepi et al. (2013)
Plantago
major L.
Leaves Tea Urogenital infections Mustafa et al. (2012)
Fresh, topically applied Skin infections, wounds,
furuncle, skin cut, skin
burns, skin eczema
Hajdari et al. (2018), Jari
´
c
et al. (2015)
, Jari
´
c et al.
(2007)
, Menkovi
´
c et al.
(2011)
, Mustafa et al. (2012),
Mustafa et al. (2012),
Mustafa et al. (2020), Pieroni
et al. (2011)
, Pieroni et al.
(2015)
,
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al.
(2011)
,
ˇ
Savikin et al. (2013)
,
Zlatkovi
´
c et al. (2014)
Topically applied to eye
area
Conjunctivitis Hajdari et al. (2018)
Tea Eczema Rexhepi et al. (2013)
Earache (antimicrobial) Mustafa et al. (2020)
Intestinal and stomach
ulcers
Jari
´
c et al. (2007),
ˇ
Sari
´
c-
Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
,
Zlatkovi
´
c et al. (2014)
Wound healing Mustafa et al. (2015)
Internally applied Tuberculosis, bronchitis,
throat inflammation, for
internal healing
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
750 g honey is mixed with
35 ground leaves: one
teaspoon, three times a day,
before a meal
Stomach ulcers
Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Leaves,
roots
Infusion, poultice Bronchitis, peptic ulcers.
Externally, for purulent
wounds, skin diseases, skin
ulcers, wound healing
Zlatkovi
´
c et al. (2014)
Polygonum
bistorta L.
Rhizomes,
roots
Macerated roots
(200300 g) mixed honey
(1 kg)
Respiratory infections Mustafa et al. (2012)
Tea (tea prepared and
applied as a compress)
Skin complaints, festering,
wounds, and hemorrhoids
Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Externally applied Skin inflammations Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Populus alba
L.
Aerial
parts
Topically uses Wound healing Mustafa et al. (2015)
(Continued)
119Medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Populus
nigra L.
Cortex Decoction Urinary system
inflammations
Mustafa et al. (2012)
Leaves Decoction Tuberculosis, bronchitis Mustafa et al. (2012)
Primula
acaulis (L.)
Hill
Rhizomes Taken as a syrup and tea Bronchitis Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Primula
veris L.
Whole
plant
Taken as a syrup and tea Bronchitis and colds Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Aerial
parts
Infusion Respiratory system
disorders (bronchitis)
Hajdari et al. (2018),
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Roots Decoction Bronchitis Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011),
ˇ
Savikin et al. (2013)
Flowers Tea Respiratory disease Mustafa et al. (2020)
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Primula
vulgaris Huds.
Flowers,
leaves,
roots
Internally applied Influenza, bronchitis,
pulmonary ailments,
pneumonia
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Prunus avium
(L.) L.
Fruits Tea Respiratory inflammations Mustafa et al. (2012)
Fruits Infusion Urinary infections Zlatkovi
´
c et al. (2014)
Prunus
cerasus L.
Resin Externally applied Skin inflammations Pieroni et al. (2013)
Fruits Whole fresh leaf applied Conjunctivitis (antibacterial) Hajdari et al. (2018),
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Prunus
domestica L.
Fruits Fruits (fermented 12
months and then resulting
must be distilled) raki,
topically applied
Antiseptic on wounds
Pieroni (2008); Pieroni et al.
(2014)
, Pieroni et al. (2011),
Pieroni et al. (2015), Pieroni
et al. (2014)
, Pieroni et al.
(2013)
Earaches (instilled in the
ear)
Pieroni et al. (2013)
Hot rakia, in fumigations Sinusitis Pieroni et al. (2011)
Prunus
spinosa L.
Flowers,
fruits
Externally applied Inflammation of the mouth
and pharynx
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Pteridium
aquilinum (L.)
Kuhn.
Leaves Extracted with oil Wound healing
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Decoction Antibacterial Mustafa et al. (2012)
(Continued)
120 3. Medicinal plants in the Balkans with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Pulmonaria
officinalis L.
Aerial
parts
Infusion Bronchitis
Mustafa et al. (2015),
ˇ
Sari
´
c-
Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Robinia
pseudoacacia L.
Flowers Tea Skin infections Mustafa et al. (2015)
Decoction Respiratory inflammations Mustafa et al. (2012),
Mustafa et al. (2012)
Rosa canina L. Fruits Tea Sore throat Mustafa et al. (2012)
Sore throat, flu Hajdari et al. (2018), Jari
´
c
et al. (2007)
, Mustafa et al.
(2012)
, Mustafa et al. (2015),
Pieroni et al. (2011), Pieroni
et al. (2015)
, Pieroni et al.
(2014)
, Pieroni et al. (2017)
Flowers
and fruits
Tea Respiratory problems
(cough, bronchitis, and cold)
Rexhepi et al. (2013)
Topically applied Wound healing Rexhepi et al. (2013)
Rubus
fruticosus L.
Fruits,
leaves,
roots
Internally used Skin ailments, throat
inflammations
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Aerial
parts
Infusion Wound healing Mustafa et al. (2015)
Fruits Infusion Kidney infections, oral
cavity infections
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Leaves Fresh leaves applied
topically in wound
Skin infection Mustafa et al. (2012)
Externally applied Inflammation of the mouth
and pharynx
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Tea Sore throat Pieroni et al. (2017)
Roots Decoction Appendicitis Mustafa et al. (2012)
Rubus
idaeus L.
Leaves Infusion Throat inflammations
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Oral cavity infections Mustafa et al. (2015)
Decoction Sore throat, influenza Mustafa et al. (2012)
Leaves,
fruits
Externally applied Inflammation of the mouth
and pharynx
Menkovi
´
c et al. (2011)
Rubus
ulmifolius
Schott
Leaves Crushed and mixed with
clarified butter (te
¨
lyne
¨
),
topically applied
Skin infections, wounds
Pieroni et al. (2014)
(Continued)
121Medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Rumex
patientia L.
Leaves Crushed and mixed with
animal fat
Wound healing
Pieroni et al. (2014)
Salvia
officinalis L.
Herb Infusion Mouth and throat infections
ˇ
Savikin et al. (2013)
Aerial
parts
Tea Disinfection of the oral
cavity and teeth
Jari
´
c et al. (2015),
ˇ
Sari
´
c-
Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Infusion, then added honey Tonsillitis and other
infections of respiratory
system
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Apply topically Acne, psoriasis Hajdari et al. (2018)
Leaves Tea Skin ailments, urinary tract
infections, bronchitis, throat
inflammations, influenza
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Sore throat, cough, liver
protective
Pieroni et al. (2017)
Respiratory inflammations Mustafa et al. (2020)
Decoction Sore throats, flu, tonsillitis Pieroni et al. (2005)
Salvia
pratensis L.
Leaves Internally applied Gingivitis, skin ailments,
urinary tract infections,
bronchitis, throat
inflammations, for influenza
inflammations
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Externally applied Sore throat, skin rash,
wounds, and greasy skin
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Salvia
verticillata L.
Leaves Cataplasm Wounds Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Aerial
parts
Fresh, crushed, or the fresh: Wound healing (humans),
snake bites, and skin
inflammations (animals)
Pieroni et al. (2014)
Flowers Visiting the plant is
considered very effective
Bronchitis Pieroni et al. (2013)
Sambucus
ebulus L.
Leaves Crushed and applied Wounds (in animals and
humans)
Pieroni et al. (2014)
Flowers Tincture Urinary inflammations Mustafa et al. (2012)
Sambucus
nigra L.
Flowers Infusion Respiratory inflammations
(bronchitis), sore throats
Hajdari et al. (2018),
Mustafa et al. (2012),
Mustafa et al. (2020), Pieroni
et al. (2011)
, Rexhepi et al.
(2013)
, Zlatkovi
´
c et al. (2014)
(Continued)
122 3. Medicinal plants in the Balkans with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Botanical
taxon
Part(s)
used
Preparation and/or
administration
Treated disease(s) or folk
medical uses(s) Reference/Sources
Tea Antiseptic to reduce
inflammation, influenza
Jari
´
c et al. (2015)
Tea mixed with lemon and
sugar
Bronchitis Mustafa et al. (2012),
Mustafa et al. (2015)
Extracted with oil—
topically used
Skin infections Mustafa et al. (2015)
Balm Wounds Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Stems Boiled with milk cream Skin inflammations, eczema Mustafa et al. (2012)
Bark Decoction mixed with
sheep fat or bee wax to
create poultice
Wounds
Pieroni et al. (2014)
Mixed with butter or cream,
resin, in poultice (mehlem)
Wounds, bruises Pieroni et al. (2011)
Fruits Tea Drunk for asthma, cough,
bronchitis, fever
Hajdari et al. (2018),
Rexhepi et al. (2013),
Zlatkovi
´
c et al. (2014)
250 g sugar and 1 L of fruit
juice are boiled until
reduced to 1 L, then drunk
Respiratory infections and
bronchitis
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Cambium Fresh, externally applied
with honey
Skin inflammations Pieroni et al. (2015)
Sedum
spectabile
Boreau
Leaves Fresh leaves are chewed Stomach ulcer Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Cataplasm Wounds and draining pus
from wounds
Jari
´
c et al. (2007)
Top epidermis of leaf is
removed to reveal a fleshy
tissue that is topically
applied
Conjunctivitis
Hajdari et al. (2018)
Sempervivum
hirtum L.
Leaves Internally applied Ear infection, stomach
ulcers, throat inflammation
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Externally applied Skin ailments: warts, ulcers,
corns, and skin rash
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
Sempervivum
tectorum L.
Leaves Liquid is expressed from
the leaf and topically
applied in ear
Ear infection
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
One leaf a day Stomach and intestinal
ulcers
ˇ
Sari
´
c-Kundali
´
c et al. (2011)
(Continued)
123Medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties
Medicinal Plants as Anti-infectives