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MEDICINAL PLANTS AS ANTI-INFECTIVES
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MEDICINAL
PLANTS AS
ANTI-
INFECTIVES
Current Knowledge and New
Perspectives
Edited by
FRANC¸ OIS CHASSAGNE
UMR 152 PharmaDev, IRD, UPS, Universite
´
de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be
mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any
injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or
operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-323-90999-0
For Information on all Academic Press publications
visit our website at
https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: Nikki P. Levy
Acquisitions Editor: Nancy J. Maragioglio
Editorial Project Manager: Andrea R. Dulberger
Production Project Manager: Swapna Srinivasan
Cover Designer: Miles Hitchen
Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India
Contents
List of contributors xi
Preface xv
I
Medicinal plants as anti-infectives:
an appraisal of current
knowledge worldwide
1. A review of medicinal plants used as
antimicrobials in Colombia 3
Yina Pa
´
jaro-Gonza
´
lez, Andre
´
s Felipe Oliveros-Dı
´
az,
Julia
´
n Cabrera-Barraza, Jose
´
Cerra-Dominguez
and Fredyc Dı
´
az-Castillo
Introduction 3
Materials and methods 6
Plants traditionally used in Colombia as
antimicrobials 6
Jacaranda caucana Pittier (Bignoniaceae) 22
Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae) 22
Hymenaea courbaril L. (Leguminosae) 22
Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae) 23
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae) 23
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Poaceae) 23
Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth)
R.M.King & H.Rob. (Asteraceae) 23
Biological evaluation as antimicrobials of plant
extracts in Colombia 24
Antibacterial activity 44
Antiviral activity 47
Antibacterial evaluation of 25 native plants of the
Colombian Caribbean region against strains of
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to
carbapenems and Staphylococcus aureus resistant
to methicillin (Colciencias, Project code:
110777757752) 47
Mammea americana L. (Calophyllaceae) 49
Maclura tinctoria L. D.Don ex Steud.
(Moraceae) 50
Conclusions 51
References 51
2. Plants used in Lebanon and the Middle
East as Antimicrobials 59
Roula M. Abdel-Massih and Marc El Beyrouthy
Introduction: overview on medicinal plants and their
traditional uses as antimicrobials in Lebanon 59
Lebanese plants with antimicrobial activity 62
Amaryllidaceae 62
Anacardiaceae 63
Apiaceae 64
Asteraceae/Compositae 65
Berberidaceae 65
Cannabaceae 66
Cistaceae 67
Conifers 67
Lamiaceae 68
Myrtaceae 73
Portulacaceae 74
Ranunculaceae 75
Rutaceae 76
Rosaceae 77
Conclusion 77
Acknowledgment 84
References 84
3. Medicinal plants in the Balkans with
antimicrobial properties 103
Sarah Shabih, Avni Hajdari, Behxhet Mustafa
and Cassandra L. Quave
Introduction 103
Medicinal plants with antimicrobial properties 104
Amaryllidaceae 104
Apiaceae 127
v
Asteraceae 127
Betulaceae 128
Lamiaceae 129
Malvaceae 130
Pinaceae 131
Rosaceae 131
Urticaceae 132
Conclusions 133
References 133
4. Medicinal plants used in South Africa
as antibacterial agents for
wound healing 139
Samantha Rae Loggenberg, Danielle Twilley,
Marco Nuno De Canha and Namrita Lall
Introduction 139
Pathophysiology of wound healing 141
Wound infection 142
Currently available treatments and products 142
Topical creams 142
Transdermal drug delivery systems 143
Bacteria associated with infections of
dermal wounds 143
Bacillus subtilis 144
Staphylococcus aureus 144
Staphylococcus epidermidis 145
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 145
South African medicinal plant species with activity
against wound-associated bacteria 146
Aloe barberae Dyer 146
Aloe excelsa Berger 147
Aloe ferox Miller 161
Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeel 162
Erythrina lysistemon Hutch 162
Galenia africana L 163
Grewia occidentalis L 163
Melianthus comosus Vahl. 164
Plectranthus fruticosus L’He
´
r 164
Polystichum pungens (Kaulf.) C. Presl 165
Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br. 165
Urtica urens L. 166
Compounds present in plants traditionally used for
wound healing in South Africa 166
Aloe species 166
Elephantorrhiza elephantina 167
Erythrina lysistemon 169
Galenia africana 170
Melianthus comosus 170
Plectranthus fruticosus 171
Sutherlandia frutescens 171
Discussion 172
Conclusion 175
Index 175
Glossary 175
References 176
5. The use of South African
medicinal plants in the pursuit to
treat gonorrhea and other
sexually transmitted diseases 183
Tanyaradzwa Tiandra Dembetembe, Namrita Lall
and Quenton Kritzinger
Introduction 183
Background on gonorrhea 185
The causal agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae 185
Status of available treatments for gonorrhea 189
Selected South African plants used in traditional
medicine for the treatment of sexually
transmitted diseases and their bioactivity 192
Aloe ferox 192
Cassia abbreviata 194
Combretum molle 194
Elaeodendron transvaalense 195
Hypoxis hemerocallidea 195
Peltophorum africanum 196
Tabernaemontana elegans 197
Terminalia sericea 198
Conclusion 198
References 199
6. Antibacterial activity of some selected
medicinal plants of Pakistan 209
Zia Ur Rehman Mashwani, Rahmat Wali, Muhammad Faraz Khan,
Fozia Abasi, Nadia Khalid and Naveed Iqbal Raja
Introduction 209
Antibacterial properties of different medicinal plants
from Pakistan 210
Conclusion 232
References 232
vi Contents
7. Medicinal plants used as antidiarrheal
agents in the lower Mekong basin 235
Franc¸ois Chassagne
Introduction 235
Traditional medicine for diarrheal diseases in the
Mekong Basin 237
The role of traditional medicine in the
management of diarrhea 237
The cultural belief system of people living in
the Mekong area 238
Pharmacological validation of plants
used for diarrhea 239
Models assessing the effect of plants on the signs
and symptoms of diarrhea 240
Antidiarrheal effect 240
Spasmolytic activity 240
Models assessing the antimotility and antisecretory
activities 241
Antimotility activity 241
Antisecretory activity 241
Models assessing the antiinfective properties 242
Antibacterial activity 242
Antiviral and antiparasitic activity 243
Other models 243
Medicinal plants used for diarrhea in the lower
Mekong basin 243
Literature search methodology 243
Overview of the dataset 244
Discussion of some selected plant species 248
Psidium guajava 248
Chromolaena odorata 249
Alstonia scholaris 250
Allium sativum 250
Centella asiatica 251
Punica granatum 251
Caesalpinia sappan 252
Mangifera indica 252
Holarrhena pubescens 253
Oroxylum indicum 254
Conclusion 254
References 255
8. Medicinal plants from West Africa used
as antimalarial agents: an overview 267
Agne
`
s Aubouy, Aissata Camara and Mohamed Haddad
Introduction 267
Traditional use of medicinal plants in West
Africa 269
Plant extracts and plant compounds validated by
in vitro and/or in vivo approach 270
In vitro antimalarial evaluation of
plant extracts 272
In vivo antimalarial evaluation of
plant extracts 273
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antimalarial
compounds 273
Clinical trials in humans for the evaluation of
antimalarial plants and compounds 295
The case of Artemisia in West Africa 298
Conclusion 300
References 300
II
Medicinal plants as anti-infectives:
recent innovations
and regulations
9. Mycobacterial quorum quenching and
biofilm inhibition potential of
medicinal plants 309
Jonathan L. Seaman, Carel B. Oosthuizen, Lydia Gibango
and Namrita Lall
Introduction 309
Significance of quorum quenching research 311
Current state of quorum quenching research 312
Quorum sensing versus quorum quenching 315
Biofilms 315
Background on biofilms 315
Biofilms and Mycobacterium tuberculosis 317
Virulence factors 319
Background on virulence factors 319
Virulence factors and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis 319
Medicinal plants as quorum quenching agents 321
Medicinal plants and mycobacterial quorum
quenching 322
Phytochemicals used in bacterial quorum
quenching 326
Conclusion 329
References 329
viiContents
10. Untargeted metabolomics for the study
of antiinfective plants 335
Joshua J. Kellogg
Introduction 335
Plants as sources of antiinfective agents 335
Bioassay-guided fractionation 336
Metabolomics 336
Methods of detection 338
Data analysis 339
Biochemometrics 339
Metabolomics-driven antiinfective discovery
from plants 340
Challenges and future directions 345
Metabolome coverage 345
Annotation/identification 349
Synergy 352
Conclusions 352
References 353
11. Value chains and DNA barcoding for
the identification of antiinfective
medicinal plants 361
Seethapathy G. Saroja, Remya Unnikrishnan, Santhosh Kumar J.
Urumarudappa, Xiaoyan Chen and Jiangnan Peng
Introduction 361
Taxonomy and DNA barcoding 361
Infectious diseases and antiinfective
plants 362
Herbal products, commercialization,
and quality issues of antiinfective
plants 363
Advancements in quality control
methods 363
Materials and methods 365
Results and discussion 365
Embelia ribes—anthelmintic plant 365
Swertia chirayita—antiviral plant 367
Picrorhiza kurroa—antiviral plant 369
Paris polyphylla—anthelmintic plant 370
Saussurea costus—anthelminthic/antiparasitic
plant 372
Syzygium aromaticum—antimicrobial
plant 373
Andrographis paniculata—antimicrobial
plant 374
Future perspectives 375
References 376
12. Fungal endophytes: a source of
antibacterial and antiparasitic
compounds 383
Romina Pacheco, Sergio Ortiz, Mohamed Haddad
and Marieke Vansteelandt
Introduction 383
Current situation of microbial infections 383
Microbial natural products as sources of
new drugs 384
Endophytic fungi 385
Antimicrobial compounds from
endophytic fungi 388
Antibacterial compounds 388
Antivirulence compounds 404
Antiparasitic compounds 405
Discussion and conclusion 425
References 428
13. Antiviral potential of medicinal plants:
a case study with guava tree against dengue
virus using a metabolomic approach 439
Thomas Vial, Chiobouaphong Phakeovilay , Satoru Watanabe,
Kitti Wing Ki Chan, Minhua Peng, Eric Deharo, Franc¸ ois Chassagne,
Subhash G. Vasudevan and Guillaume Marti
Introduction 439
Dengue disease 439
Conventional treatment 441
Medicinal plants 442
Case study: metabolomics reveal antidengue
compounds isolated from Psidium guajava 442
Introduction 442
Objectives 445
Results 445
Discussion 451
Materials and methods 452
Acknowledgments 455
References 455
14. How history can help present research
of new antimicrobial strategies: the case of
cutaneous infections’ remedies containing
metals from the Middle Age Arabic
pharmacopeia 459
Ve
´
ronique Pitchon, Elora Aubert, Catherine Vonthron
and Pierre Fechter
Introduction 459
viii Contents
Brief history of Arabic medicine 460
Principles of Arab medicine: theoretical
aspects 461
Arab sources of pharmacology: the aqr¯ab¯adh
¯
ın,
a constituted literature 462
Cutaneous infections and medications 463
The specificity of skin and eye diseases in the
pharmacopeias and the nature of the
diseases treated 463
Plants and metals useful for skin
diseases 464
Toxicity of metals 468
Renewed interest in metalorganic
molecule combinations 470
Elementary metal particle 470
Organometallic molecule 472
Metal nanoparticles 473
Characterization of plantmetal
combinations 474
Conclusion 475
References 475
15. Improved traditional medicine for
infectious disorders in Mali 479
Rokia Sanogo, Mahamane Haı
¨
dara and
Adama De
´
nou
Introduction 479
General information on improved traditional
medicines 480
Definition 480
Regulatory framework 480
Categories of improved traditional
medicines 481
Marketing authorization files for ITMs
in Mali 481
Historical development of ITMs in Mali 484
ITMs in the management of infectious
diseases 484
ITMs for the management of malaria 485
ITM for the management of dysentery 489
ITM for the management of viral
hepatitis 490
ITM for the management of gastric ulcer
associated with Helicobacter pylori 491
ITM for the management of
dermatosis 492
Conclusion and perspectives 493
Index of ITMs 494
References 494
16. Selecting the most promising local
treatments: retrospective
treatment-outcome surveys and
reverse pharmacology 501
Joe
¨
lle Houriet, Jean-Luc Wolfender and Bertrand Graz
Introduction 501
Clinical efficacy 503
Reverse pharmacology approach 504
Step 1: Retrospective treatment outcome
study 505
Steps 2 and 3: clinical evaluations 508
Step 4: Laboratory stage 509
New and promising approaches for the laboratory
stage in a reverse pharmacology approach 510
Changes of paradigms 511
Pharmacokinetics 513
Models to study absorption and
biotransformation of natural products and
herbal preparations 514
Deciphering the mode of action of herbal
preparations: successes and limitations 516
Examples of application of metabolomic studies
in human 517
Case study: perspectives on the Phaleria nisidai
decoction study 519
Conclusion and perspectives 520
Acknowledgments 522
References 522
17. Nagoya Protocol and access to
genetic resources 529
Bruno David
Introduction 529
History and evolution of concepts 529
Development of environmental
awareness 529
Concept of biodiversity 530
The Convention on Biodiversity 531
Problems left unsolved by the CBD 533
The Nagoya Protocol 534
The national biodiversity legislations 536
Practical advice 538
Discussion 540
Non stabilized and heterogeneous
regulations 540
Ambiguities 541
Some paradoxical effects 543
ixContents