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2) Говорить на каком-либо языке:
• He doesn’t speak a word of French. – Он вообще не говорит
по-французски.
3) Разговаривать, вести серьезный разговор или беседу:
• I’ll speak to the director about a pay rise for you. – Я поговорю
с директором о том, чтобы он увеличил вам зарплату.
ЗАПОМНИ
to speak to sb – разговаривать с кем-либо;
so to speak – так сказать;
to be on (no) speaking terms with sb – (не) разговаривать, (не)
общаться с кем-либо;
generally/roughly/strictly speaking – вообще говоря/ грубо говоря/строго говоря;
Actions speak louder than words. – Меньше слов, больше дела.
It speaks for itself. – Это говорит само за себя..
4) Произносить речь, выступать:
• I’ve been invited to speak at the party’s annual convention. –
Меня пригласили выступить на ежегодном съезде партии.
5) Высказываться, излагать свое мнение о ком-либо/о чем-либо:
• They speak highly of her. – Они хорошо отзываются о ней.
ЗАПОМНИ
to speak in favour of sb/sth//against sb/sth – высказываться в
пользу или против кого-либо/чего-либо;
to speak your mind – откровенно высказать свою точку зрения;
to speak well/highly/ill of sb – хорошо/дурно отзываться о ком-
либо.
§3. (To) talk [tɔːk]
Глагол to talk Существительное talk
1) Вести легкую беседу; болтать,
трепать языком:
• Stop talking! – Хватит болтать! Перестаньте разговаривать!
Запомни:
to talk sport/politics/business – говорить о спорте/о политике/о делах;
to talk sense – говорить толково/разумно, говорить дело;
to talk nonsense/rubbish – нести чушь.
1) Болтовня, треп, пустой разговор:
• It’s just/mere talk. – Это просто
треп.
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Глагол to talk Существительное talk
2) Разговаривать, вести беседу:
• She was talking of her trip. – Она
рассказывала о своей поездке.
Запомни:
to talk to sb, to have a talk with sb – разговаривать с кем-либо;
to talk shop – говорить о своей работе во время общего разговора, когда это
неуместно.
3) Вести переговоры, совместно об-
суждать что-либо:
• They were talking about the crisis of
overproduction. – Они говорили о
кризисе перепроизводства.
4) Читать лекцию:
• The lecturer talked on drug problems. – Лектор говорил о проблеме
наркомании.
5) To talk является фразовым глаголом:
to talk sb into doing sth – уговорить кого-либо делать что-либо;
to talk sb out of doing sth – отговорить кого-либо делать что-либо;
to talk sth over – обсудить что-либо подробно.
2) Разговор, беседа:
• I want to have a talk with you. – Мне
надо с вами поговорить.
3) (talks) – переговоры:
• The next round of Middle East peace
talks is o. – Следующий раунд
ближневосточных мирных переговоров отменяется.
4) Лекция, доклад:
• He gave a talk on the history of
Rome. – Он прочел лекцию об
истории Рима.
§4. To tell [tel] – told2 [təuld]
1) Рассказывать, информировать, сообщать кому-либо о чемлибо. После to tell может стоять прямое дополне ние, обозначающее
человека. После to say такое дополнение не ставят:
• Tell me something about yourself. – Расскажите мне что-нибудь
о себе.
• I kept saying it to them until they remembered it. – Я повторял
им это до тех пор, пока они не запомнили.
ЗАПОМНИ
to tell sb (about/of) sth – рассказывать кому-либо что-либо/о чем-
либо;
to tell your address/name/the time – сказать, сообщить свой
адрес/имя/который час;
to tell the truth – говорить правду; по правде говоря;
to tell a lie – лгать, говорить неправду;
to tell a joke/secret/story – рассказать шутку/секрет/ историю;
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to tell tales – рассказывать небылицы/сказки;
to tell sb’s fortune – предсказать кому-либо судьбу;
to tell the way – указать дорогу; сказать, как пройти;
I told you so. – Я же вам говорил.
I(‘ll) tell you what. – Вот что я тебе скажу.
You can never tell. – Как знать? Кто знает?
2) Приказывать, велеть кому-либо делать что-либо:
• He told me to stay. – Он велел мне остаться.
• Do what you are told. – Делай, что тебе говорят.
3) Отличать, различать, видеть разницу:
• I couldn’t tell him by his voice. – Я не узнал его по голосу.
ЗАПОМНИ
to tell the dierence – различать;
to tell one from another/tell sb/sth apart – отличать одно от дру-
гого.
4) Сказываться (на здоровье, результатах и т. п.):
• The strain was beginning to tell on him. – Напряжение начинало
сказываться на нем.
Speaking comes by nature,
silence by understanding.
German proverb
Упражнение-тренажер. Заполните пропуски в предложениях и
словосочетаниях, где say, speak, talk и tell образуют устойчивые
структуры.
1) I’ll … you what. 2) It goes without … . 3) to … nothing of sb/
sth; 4) … jokes and stories; 5) to have a … with sb; 6) to … ill of sb;
Some people talk too much
and say too little.
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7) to give a …; 8) to … the way; 9) It is … /They …; 10) to … sb out
of doing sth; 11) to … it over; 12) to … the time; 13) to … politics;
14) I … him so. 15) to … no; 16) to … sb into doing sth; 17) to
… tales; 18) to … a lot of sense; 19) to … goodbye; 20) to … fortunes; 21) to … shop; 22) … me her name and address. 23) to … yes;
24) You can never … . 25) so to …; 26) to … nonsense; 27) to …
business; 28) … your mind! 29) to … the truth; 30) to … the dierence; 31) It is easier … than done. 32) Let the facts … for themselves.
33) needless to …; 34) to … on sb’s health; 35) to … the twins apart;
36) that is to …; 37) to be on no … terms with sb; 38) to … a lie;
39) to … sorry; 40) generally …; 41) You … it! 42) to … the least;
43) to … well of sb.
Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, где say,
speak, talk и tell не образуют устойчивых словосочетаний.
1) Boss … in favour of my proposal. 2) There was no business, just
… . 3) She didn’t … why they left. 4) He can’t … because of a throat
infection. 5) I don’t like to … in public. 6) The Minister … to a group
of industry leaders on Tuesday. / The Minister will have … with senior
members of the new administration. 7) Please … more slowly. You’ve
… it too quickly. 8) They are so alike that I can’t … one from the other.
9) The illness left him unable to … . 10) He was … to sit down and
wait. 11) He’s such a chatterbox! He … non-stop. 12) I would like to …
a few words about our team. 13) Sue and Bob still aren’t … . 14) Why
wasn’t I … about the accident? 15) Please don’t all … at the same time.
16) What a silly thing to …! 17) Listen, John, you’re going to have to
have a … with Marty. 18) I know who she is, but we’ve never … .
19) This evening Professor Welch will be … about Shakespeare’s historical plays. / He gave a … today about recent advances in cancer
treatment. 20) I’ve forgotten what I was going to … . 21) I thought
I … you to be in bed by 10 o’clock! 22) He … on condition of anonymity. 23) How do you … your last name? 24) Is this one of those
birds that can …? 25) Can you … me how to log on to the Internet?
26
) What language is it they’re …? 27) Don’t … anyone about this just yet.
28) Don’t interrupt me when I’m … . 29) The book doesn’t … where
he was born. 30) The peace … look promising.
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116. Shade – shadow
Значение к рассмотрению: тень.
§1. Shade [ʃeɪd]
Shade в значении ‘тень, тенек, прохлада’ – это место, куда сол-
нечные лучи или свет от луны не падают; ant. – light:
• The temperature is over 30° in the shade. – В тени температура
за 30°.
§2. Shadow [‘ʃædəu]
1) Shadow в значении ‘тень’ – это тень как контур определен-
ной формы, которую отбрасывают живые существа и предметы на
какую-либо поверхность:
• Our shadows lengthened with the setting sun. – Наши тени удли-
нялись в лучах заходящего солнца.
ЗАПОМНИ
shadows under your eyes – тени под глазами;
to cast a shadow – 1) отбрасывать тень; 2) (on/over sb/sth) – бро-
сать тень на кого-либо/на что-либо;
to be frightened/nervous/scared of your own shadow – бояться
собственной тени;
to chase shadows – гоняться за призраками, мечтать о несбыточном.
2) Зона темноты, в которой трудно разглядеть людей или предметы, т.к. что-то не дает свету проникать туда. В этом значении
shadow часто стоит во множественном числе:
• This corner of the room is always in shadow. – Этот угол ком-
наты всегда в тени.
• The child was afraid that wild animals were lurking in the shadows
at the corner of his bedroom. – Ребенок боялся, что в темном
углу его спальни прячутся дикие звери.
ЗАПОМНИ
in the shadows/in shadow – в полумраке, во мраке, в темноте.
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3) Очень малое количество чего-либо; syn. – small amount;
• There is at least a shadow of hope for the better. – Еще есть по-
следняя надежда на лучшее.
ЗАПОМНИ
without/beyond a shadow of a doubt – без тени сомнения, без ма-
лейшего сомнения.
Old sins cast long shadows.
English proverb
Заполните пропуски словами shade(s) и shadow(s).
1) In the ..., something moved. 2) You will not get sunburnt if you
lie in the ... . 3) The room was half in ... . 4) You can’t spend all your
life chasing ... . 5) ‘I’m right here,’ I said, stepping out of the ... .
6) The large trees make a very pleasant ... . / Long ... stretched across
the grass from the apple trees. 7) The ... lengthened as the sun went
down. 8) You look tired – there are ... under your eyes. 9) I moved
my chair into the ... under a tree. 10) He is a ... of the man he used to
be. 11) I never had a ... of a doubt that he was right. 12) These plants
grow well in sun or ... . 13) The argument cast a ... on their friendship.
14) The man’s face is hidden in a deep ... cast by his umbrella. / On
hot day women use umbrellas as ... . 15) The trees provide ... for the
animals in the summer. / The tree cast a ... over the garden. 16) Why
do you always follow him as if you were his ...? 17) It was surprisingly
cool in the ... . 18) When I was a small girl, I often tried to step on my
own ... but I could never do it. 19) I prefer to sit in the ... rather than the
sun. 20) He is not a brave man. He seems to be afraid of his own ... .
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Someone is sitting in the shade today because someone planted a tree
long time ago. W. Buffett
Ключи к упражнениям
1. Able – capable
1) capable of; 2) able; 3) capable of looking; 4) capable of doing;
5) capable of saying; 6) able to write; 7) able to phone; 8) capable;
9) incapable of curing; 10) unable/incapable; 11) Unable to sleep;
12) able to aord; 13) capable of carrying; 14) able to see; 15) capable
of blowing; 16) unable to cope; 17) incapable of; 18) unable to get.
2. Accident – case – chance – event – incident
1) accident; 2) case; 3) events; 4) accident; 5) chance; 6) incidents;
7) cases; 8) case; 9) event; 10) incident; 11) chance; 12) accidents;
13) event, chance; 14) incident; 15) case; 16) case; 17) accident/chance;
18) case; 19) chance; 20) accident; 21) accident; 22) chance; 23) events;
24) event; 25) accidents.
3. Accommodation – home – house – housing – place – residence
1) home; 2) the house/home; 3) place; 4) accommodation/housing;
5) house, home; 6) home; 7) place of residence; 8) house; 9) home;
10) home; 11) house/place; 12) house; 13) house; 14) home; 15) residence; 16) accommodation/housing; 17) home; 18) place; 19) home;
20) home; 21) house; 22) accommodation/housing; 23) residence;
24) accommodation/housing; 25) home; 26) home; 27) place; 28) accommodation/housing; 29) residence; 30) accommodation.
4. To accuse – to blame – to charge
1) charged with; 2) blame for; 3) blames; 4) accused of; 5) blame;
6) charged with; 7) accused of; 8) blame for; 9) charged with;
10) charged with; 11) blame her for; 12) blamed John for/blamed;
13) charged with; 14) blame.
5. (To) ache – pain – to hurt
1) pain; 2) hurt; 3) pain; 4) aches; 5) hurt; 6) pain; 7) aching;
8) pain; 9) hurts; 10) aches and pains; 11) hurt; 12) pain; 13) pain;
14) hurts; 15) pain; 16) ache; 17) hurt; 18) pain; 19) ached; 20) hurt;
21) pain, aches; 22) hurt/ache; 23) hurt.
6. To achieve – to approach – to reach
A1) +; 2) reach; 3) approaching; 4) achieved; B 1) reached; 2) +;
3) reach; 4) +; C 1) approaching; 2) +; 3) +; 4) reached; D 1) achieved;
2) +; 3) approached; 4) achieve; Е 1) +; 2) +; 3) achieved; 4) +.
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7. Act – action – activity
1) action; 2) act; 3) activities; 4) action; 5) activities; 6) act;
7) activity; 8) activities; 9) action; 10) action; 11) activities; 12) action; 13) act; 14) actions; 15) action; 16) actions; 17) activity; 18) act;
19) activity; 20) actions.
8. Actual – real. Actually – really
1) actual; 2) real; 3) actual; 4) really; 5) real; 6) actual; 7) actually; 8) real; 9) Really; 10) actually/really; 11) real; 12) actually;
13) actual; 14) really; 15) actual; 16) real; 17) Actually; 18) real; 19) actual;
20) Really; 21) actually; 22) real; 23) real; 24) actual; 25) actually.
9. Advice – to advise – tip
1) advise buying; 2) advice; 3) tip; 4) tips; 5) some good advice/a
piece of good advice/a good piece of advice; 6) strongly advise against;
7) strongly advise you not to; 8) tip; 9) advice; 10) much advice;
11) little advice; 12) some advice; 13) good tip; 14) advice; 15) advise
waiting; 16) tips; 17) advice; 18) tips/advice; 19) advice; 20) advice.
10. To aect – eect – impact – (to) inuence
1) eects; 2) inuence; 3) aects/inuences; 4) impact; 5) aect;
6) eects; 7) inuenced; 8) aect; 9) inuence; 10) eect; 11) aected/
inuenced; 12) impact; 13) inuenced; 14) eects; 15) aected/inuenced; 16) impact; 17) inuence; 18) eect; 19) aected; 20) eect;
21) eect; 22) eect/impact; 23) impact; 24) aects/inuences; 25) inuence.
11. To aord – to allow – to let – to permit
1) allow/permit; 2) aord; 3) let; 4) allowed; 5) let; 6) permits/
permitted; 7) allowed; 8) Let; 9) aord; 10) permitted; 11) allowed;
12) allowed/permitted; 13) let; 14) let; 15) permits; 16) aord; 17) allowed, permit; 18) Let; 19) allow/permit; 20) allow/let; 21) permitted;
22) let; 23) allowed/let; 24) allowed; 25) allow/let.
12. (To) aid – to assist – assistance – (to) help
1) assistance; 2) aid/assistance/help; 3) assist; 4) Help; 5) help/
helped; 6) Aid; 7) help; 8) aids; 9) help; 10) aid/assistance/help;
11) aid; 12) help; 13) aid/assistance; 14) Help; 15) assistance; 16) help;
17) aid/assistance/help; 18) assisted; 19) assist; 20) help; 21) assistance/
help; 22) aid; 23) help; 24) assistance; 25) aid.
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13. Ailment – disease – disorder – illness – sickness
1) disease/illness; 2) disease; 3) illness; 4) disorders; 5) disease;
6) ailments; 7) sickness; 8) through illness/sickness; 9) disease;
10) disorder; 11) sickness; 12) ailments; 13) sickness; 14) disease/illness;
15) disorders; 16) ailments; 17) disease/illness; 18) disease; 19) disorder;
20) ailments/illnesses; 21) diseases/illnesses; 22) disease; 23) diseases/
disorders; 24) diseases; 25) car/motion/travel sickness.
14. Aim – goal – objective – purpose – target
Упр. 1: A1) purpose; 2) objectives; 3) +; B 1) +; 2) aim/purpose;
3) +; C 1) target; 2) purpose; 3) goal; D 1) +; 2) +; 3) objective;
Е 1) purposes; 2) objectives; 3) aim.
Упр. 1: 1) aims/goals; 2) purposes; 3) goal; 4) target; 5) goal;
6) objectives; 7) purpose; 8) aim; 9) targets; 10) goal, goals; 11) purpose; 12) objective; 13) goals, objectives; 14) purpose; 15) objectives;
16) purpose; 17) purpose; 18) goal; 19) objectives; 20) target; 21) goals;
22) purpose; 23) aim; 24) aim/purpose; 25) objective.
15. Alike – (un)like – (un)likely
1) like; 2) alike; 3) like; 4) unlikely; 5) likely/unlikely; 6) alike;
7) like; 8) unlikely; 9) like; 10) unlike; 11) alike; 12) like; 13) unlikely;
14) like; 15) likely/unlikely; 16) like; 17) Unlike; 18) alike; 19) likely;
20) like; 21) like; 22) like; 23) like; 24) like; 25) like.
16. Alive – life – (to) live – living
1) lives; 2) alive; 3) live; 4) living; 5) live; 6) living; 7) alive;
8) live; 9) living; 10) living; 11) life; 12) living; 13) alive; 14) living;
15) living; 16) alive; 17) live; 18) living; 19) life; 20) live; 21) alive;
22) live … life; 23) living; 24) living; 25) live.
17. All – whole
1) whole; 2) a whole; 3) All; 4) whole; 5) all the time/the whole
time; 6) the whole; 7) on the whole/all in all; 8) all; 9) a whole; 10)
All; 11) the whole point; 12) The whole of /All of; 13) a whole; 14) all;
15) The whole thing; 16) a whole; 17) as a whole; 18) The whole of/
All of, and all; 19) a whole; 20) Whole/All; 21) all; 22) all; 23) All;
24) all/the whole of; 25) All kinds/sorts/types of.
18. Almost – nearly
A1) nearly; 2) +; 3) Almost; B 1) almost; 2) +; 3) nearly; C 1) almost;
2) almost; 3) +; D 1) +; 2) almost; 3) +; Е 1) almost; 2) nearly; 3) +.
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19. Alone – lonely – single – solo
1) alone; 2) single; 3) alone; 4) alone, lonely; 5) alone; 6) alone;
7) single; 8) solo; 9) single; 10) alone; 11) lonely; 12) solo; 13) alone;
14) single; 15) lonely; 16) single; 17) alone; 18) alone; 19) lonely;
20) alone.
20. Also – either – too – as well
1) also; 2) also; 3) too; 4) also; 5) either, too; 6) either; 7) too = as
well//also//Also; 8) also; 9) either; 10) also; 11) either; 12) also//too =
as well//Also; 13) either; 14) also; 15) too.
21. To alter – to change – to exchange
1) altered/changed; 2) changing; 3) exchanged; 4) change; 5) altered; 6) exchanged; 7) changes; 8) (ex)changed; 9) changed; 10) alter;
11) changing; 12) altered; 13) changed; 14) alter; 15) change;
16) exchange; 17) change; 18) changed; 19) altered; 20) exchange;
21) changed; 22) (ex)change; 23) altered; 24) changed; 25) Change.
22. (To) alternate – alternative. Alternately – alternatively
1) alternate; 2) alternate; 3) alternatively; 4) alternative; 5) alternately; 6) Alternatively; 7) alternate; 8) Alternate; 9) alternately;
10) alternative; 11) alternatively; 12) alternate; 13) alternate; 14) alternate; 15) alternately.
23. Amount – number – quantity
Упр. 1: 1) A; 2) a; 3) The; 4) a; 5) the; 6) The; 7) A; 8) The; 9) A;
10) The; 11) A; 12) The; 13) The; 14) the.
Упр. 2: 1) are; 2) were; 3) has; 4) have; 5) is; 6) has; 7) have;
8) is; 9) volunteer; 10) are; 11) was; 12) has; 13) were; 14) varies.
Упр. 3: A1) +; 2) amounts; 3) +; B1) number; 2) amount; 3) +;
C1) number; 2) +; 3) amount; D1) +; 2) quantity; 3) +.
24. Another – (the) other(s)
Упр. 1: 1) the other; 2) other; 3) other; 4) the other; 5) the other;
6) other; 7) other/another; 8) another; 9) other; 10) another; 11) other; 12) the other; 13) another; 14) other/another; 15) other; 16) others;
17) another/other; 18) another; 19) others; 20) another; 21) the other;
22) a – the other, б – another; 23) other.
Упр. 2: 1) the others; 2) others; 3) other; 4) others; 5) the other;
6) the others; 7) Another; Another; The other; 8) others; 9) another (one); 10) another; 11) another; 12) another/the other; 13) others;
14) another; 15) other.
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