Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык = English. Учебное пособие-2
.pdf
TEST
1. Из предложенных вариантов ответов выберите один правильный.
1. A ... report lay on the table.
a) write c) written
b) wrote d) writing
2. … of wood the bridge could not carry heavy loads.
a) To build c) Built
b) Being built d) Building
3. … the experiment the students left the laboratory.
a) Finished c) Having fi nished
b) Being fi nished d) Having been fi nished
4. The fi gures … in his report were published in the latest scientifi c journal.
a) to mentioned c) having been mentioned
b) being mentioned d) mentioned
5. … a car at night Tom met with an accident.
a) Driven c) Drive
b) Drove d) Driving
6. The thesis … from Spain is cognitive.
a) translated c) being translated
b) translating d) having been translated
7. … their things quickly, they hurried to the station.
a) Packed c) Having packed
b) Being packed d) Packing
8. The new materials recommended for bridge construction were described
in the article … by our professor.
a) writing c) being written
b) written d) having been written
9. … in a new way modern houses have better facilities.
a) Build c) Being built
b) Built d) Having been built
10. Kerosene is the fuel … in jet engines.
a) using c) being used
b) used d) having been used
231
2. Прочитайте текст и составьте резюме по содержанию прочитанного.
In 1952, a major computing company took a decision to get out of the
business of making mainframe computers. They believed that there was only
a market for four mainframes in the whole world. That company was IBM.
The following year they reversed their decision.
In 1980, IBM decided that there was a market for 250,000 PCs, so they set
up a special team to develop the fi rst IBM PC. It went on sale in 1981 and set
a worldwide standard for IBM-compatibility which, over the next ten years,
was only seriously challenged by one other company, Apple Computers.
Since then, over seventy million PCs made by IBM and other manufacturers
have been sold. Over this period, PCs have become commodity items. Since
IBM made the design non-proprietary, anyone can make them.
The history of the multibillion-dollar PC industry has been one of mistakes.
Xerox Corporation funded the initial research on personal computers in their
Palo Alto laboratory in California. However, the company failed to capitalize
on this work, and the ideas that they put together went into the operating
system developed for Apple’s computers. This was a graphical interface:
using a mouse, the user clicks on icons which represent the function to be
performed.
The fi rst IBM PC was developed using existing available electrical
components. With IBM’s badge on the box it became the standard machine
for large corporations to purchase. When IBM were looking for an operating
system, they went initially to Digital Research, who were market leaders
in command-based operating systems (these are operating systems in which
the users type in commands to perform a function). When the collaboration
between IBM and Digital Research failed, IBM turned to Bill Gates to write
their operating system.
Bill Gates founded Microsoft on the basis of the development of MS /
DOS, the initial operating system for the IBM PC. Digital Research has
continued to develop the operating system, DR / DOS, and it is considered
by many people to be a better product than Microsoft’s. However, without
an endorsement from IBM, it has become a minor player in the 70 market.
Novell, the leaders in PC networking, now own Digital Research, so things
may change.
UNIT XI². Arts and Culture. The Internet
Vocabulary
Oral Practice: Arts and Culture
Grammar: Условные предложения (Condition Sentences)
Reading and Speaking Practice:
Text А. The Future of the Internet
Text B. Social Networks
Text С. Mark Zuckerberg
Test
VOCABULARY
1. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами; переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. to access [ˈækses] v. иметь доступ
The system enables to access class materials online.
2. (to) average [ˈævərɪdʒ] n. среднее число
According to a recent statistics, an average Internet call lasts fi ve times as
longer as the average regular telephone call.
v. выводить среднее число
To average, add all the numbers and divide how many numbers you added.
3. bandwidth [ˈbændwɪdθ] n. ширина полосы; пропускная способ-
ность
The modem has a bandwidth of 56 kilobits per second.
4. to browse [braʊz] v. просматривать; пролистывать
Tom was browsing through the photographs.
5. to log (in) [lɒɡ] v. регистрироваться
The company has been logging in this area for many years.
6. mandatory [ˈmændət(ə)rɪ] adj. обязательный
During the process of registration, users are asked to fi ll in mandatory
fi elds requiring personal information.
7. net [net] n. сеть; сетка; паутина
You might fi nd all necessary information about this accident on the net.
8. profi le [ˈprəʊfaɪl] n. профиль; очертание; изображение в профиль;
параметры пользователя
The social profi le of a person is an image of oneself that someone presents
to others.
233
9. to provide [prəˈvaɪd] v. обеспечивать; снабжать; предоставлять
These materials provide the insulation needed in cold weather.
10. rush hour [ˈrʌʃ ˌaʊə] n. час пик
I want to avoid the rush hour traffi c if possible.
11. site [saɪt] n. местоположение
There are printable maps on the website.
12. social network [ˈsəʊʃəl ˈnetwɜːk] социальная сеть
In today’s world social networks are among the most popular enterprises.
13. to upgrade [ˈʌpɡreɪd] v. обновлять; модернизировать
The equipment of power plant was upgraded.
14. to upload [ˌʌpˈləʊd] v. загружать
Nowadays anyone can upload the pictures from the digital camera to the
computer.
2. Прочитайте следующие словосочетания с новой лексикой и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на сочетаемость слов.
To access information from a computer, to calculate an average, on the
average, a bandwidth of 56 kilobits per second, to browse through books, to
log in…, to fi ll in mandatory fi elds requiring personal information, a mosquito
net, a radio net, to see smb’s face in profi le, profi les of the founders of a party,
a social profi le, to provide smb with proper equipment, rush hour, the site of a
battle, social network, to upgrade an equipment, to upload the pictures.
3. Поставьте разные типы вопросов к следующим предложениям.
1. The company has been logging in this area for many years.
2. During the process of registration, users are asked to fi ll in mandatory
fi elds requiring personal information.
3. The social profi le of a person is an image of oneself that someone
presents to others.
4. In today’s world, social networks are among the most popular
enterprises.
5. Nowadays anyone can upload the pictures from the digital camera to
the computer.
4. Образуйте словосочетания и предложения с новыми словами.
ORAL PRACTICE
5. Прочитайте текст, поставьте к нему разные типы вопросов и
дайте на них краткие и полные ответы.
234
ARTS AND CULTURE
There are many arts in the world, but the most popular are: literature, music,
theatre, cinema and others. Every person has his or her own favourite art.
Music has always fascinated people. It touches their hearts and makes
them laugh or cry. Music can be heard everywhere. Nowadays there are a lot
of musical genres: classical music, rock music, pop music, club music and
others. I can listen to any genre of music. It depends on my mood. When I am
sad I listen to classical music. When I am happy I like listening to energetic,
fast music and hard beat. However, some people listen to one kind of music
only and they listen to it no matter what mood they are in.
There are a lot of wonderful works of literature. Famous writers and poets
created a big variety of poems, stories and novels that are read all over the
world. Russian poets and writers like Pushkin, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky are
famous all over the world. Their works are translated into many languages.
Theatre is a popular kind of arts, too. There are a lot of theatres in our
country, but most of them are situated in Minsk.
Nowadays theatres are becoming less and less popular, and cinema has
got big popularity instead. Modern fi lms are full of audio and computer
special eff ects and people go to the cinema to enjoy them. The so-called
home cinemas have appeared lately. More and more people buy modern TV
sets with large fl at screens and special sound equipment and watch fi lms at
home.
My favourite art is painting. I enjoy going to art galleries to look at
paintings. I think that this type of art will exist forever. Artists express their
feelings and emotions in their paintings. My favourite painting is landscape.
I think that Russian landscapists are the best in the world. One of my friends
draws very well. She is going to enter the University of Arts to become a
professional artist. But I think that amateurs are the best artists.
Unfortunately I do not have any talent for this or that art. I used to sing in
childhood, but then I gave it up. I think that arts are not for me.
6. Прочитайте и переведите следующие однокоренные слова. Определите, к каким частям речи они относятся.
remark – remarkable – remarkably;
amaze – amazing – amazement;
collector – collection – collect – collective – collectivity;
refl ect – refl ection – refl ector – refl ective;
understanding – understand – understandable;
education – educate – educationally – educational;
admire – admiration – admirer – admirable;
235
representative – represent – representation;
foundation – founder – found – founded;
painting – paint – painter – painted;
impression – impressive – impressionism.
7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. Are you interested in art? What art in particular? 2. What world-famous
artists do you know? 3. Who is your favourite painter? Why? 4. Which of the
two genres – portrait or landscape painting – attracts you more? 5. Do you
know any British museums? 6. Do you ever go to picture galleries and art
museums? Which galleries or museums? 7. Where can we see sculptures?
Where are they usually placed and why? 8. Do you think photography can
be called a visual art? 9. Have you ever tried your hand at any of these three
arts – painting, sculpture and photography? How successful were you?
8. Соотнесите названия праздников с датой их проведения.
1. The 25th of December is
2. The fi rst Monday after May 1 is
3. The 1
4. The last Monday in August is
5. The 14
6. The 26
7. The 5
8. The 1
9. The last Monday in May is
10. The 31
st
of January is
th
of February is
th
of December is
th
of November is
st
of April is
st
of October is
a) New Year’s Day
b) Guy Fawkes’ Night
c) Summer Bank Holiday
d) April Fool’s Day
e) Christmas Day
f) Halloween
g) May Day
h) St. Valentine’s Day
i) Spring Bank Holiday
j) Boxing Day
9. Прочитайте и перескажите текст.
In the modern world people are judged not only by what they do but how
they do it. Life in the society is impossible without everyday contacts and
meetings, so all relationships depend on the way people behave and treat
each other. Human relations and communication skills are important. That’s
why along with education, people should develop cultural issues.
The word “culture” has many meanings. One of the most common
explanations refers to the spiritual and material achievements of the humanity.
There are many types of culture. For example, folk culture, popular culture,
corporate culture, elite culture, etc. They are all closely connected. Folk or
national culture is like a habit of people. It is the everyday life and routine
of certain group of people. Elite culture is well-developed and many-sided.
It is the attitude towards art, architecture, theatre, music, literature. Popular
236
or mass culture gives people standards to be what they like. It is especially
suitable for young people. Corporate culture is collective beliefs and value
systems of a certain company.
Thus, all types of culture require certain model of behavior or set of rules for
social conduct. However, one thing is common for all people. It’s politeness –
the most important sign of any culture. It’s not only saying “Excuse me”,
“Sorry”, “Good morning”, “Bless you”. Politeness is something that should
be developed in every sphere of life. For example, greeting people you know
in the street, wishing your friend a nice day, off ering a seat to old people –
these are all signs of politeness. So, living a civilized life in accordance with
culture isn’t as diffi cult as it might seem.
GRAMMAR
УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
(CONDITION SENTENCES)
Условное придаточное предложение является частью сложноподчиненного предложения, где главное предложение выражает следствие условия, выраженного в придаточном. Условные предложения могут выражать
реальное и нереальное условие, а главное предложение, соответственно,
реальное или нереальное следствие. И условие, и следствие могут относиться к настоящему, прошедшему и будущему.
Первый тип условных предложений
Случаи
употребления
Конструкция
Примеры
Условные предложения первого типа выражают реальные,
осуществимые предположения.
С помощью данных предложений обычно высказываются
предположения, относящиеся к будущему времени
• Главное предложение (следствие) – Future Simple.
• Придаточное предложение (условие) – Present Simple
If I meet Tom, I will tell him about
your wedding. – Если я встречу
Тома, я расскажу ему о твоей
свадьбе.
Вполне вероятно (осуществи мо), что я встречу Тома,
поэтому здесь употребляется
первый тип условных предложений:
• If I meet Tom (условие –
Present Simple);
•...I will tell him about your
wedding (следствие – Future
Simple)
237
Примеры
Ann will call me if Kate fi nds the
key. – Анна позвонит мне, если
Катя найдет ключ.
What will you do if you don’t get
this job? – Что вы будете делать,
если не получите эту работу?
Вполне вероятно (осуществимо), что Катя найдет
ключ:
• Ann will call me (след-
ствие – Future Simple);
• ...if Kate fi nds the key (ус-
ловие – Present Simple)
Вполне вероятно (осуществимо), что вы не получите
работу:
• What will you do (след-
ствие – Future Simple);
• ...if you don’t get this job?
(условие – Present Simple)
Второй тип условных предложений
Случаи
употребления
Конструкция
Перевод на
русский язык
Примеры
Условные предложения второго типа выражают невероят-
ные или маловероятные предположения.
С помощью данных предложений высказываются предполо-
жения, относящиеся к настоящему и будущему времени
• Главное предложение (следствие) – would + инфинитив
(без to).
• Придаточное предложение (условие) – Past Simple.
В придаточной части условных предложений второго типа
глагол to be употребляется в форме were со всеми лицами един-
ственного и множественного числа.
! Сочетание If I were you переводится Если бы я был на
вашем месте:
If I were you, I would travel fi rst class. – Если бы я был на
вашем месте, я бы путешествовал первым классом.
Условные предложения второго типа переводятся на русский язык с частицей бы
If I won $1000, I would buy
a new TV set. – Если бы я
выиграл 1000 долларов, я
купил бы новый телевизор.
Ситуация маловероятна, человек ее воображает, поэтому употребляется второй тип условных
предложений:
• If I won $1000 (условие –
Past Simple);
• ...I would buy a new TV set
(следствие – would + инфинитив
(без to)).
Обе части предложения пере-
водятся с частицей бы
238
Примеры
Boris would not lend us money
if we asked him. – Борис не
одолжил бы нам деньги,
если бы мы его попросили.
If Alex were here, he would
help us. – Если бы Алекс
был здесь, он бы помог нам.
If you could be an animal,
what animal would you be? –
Если бы вы могли стать
животным, кого бы вы
выбрали?
Ситуация маловероятна, че-
ловек ее воображает:
• Boris would not lend us
money (следствие – would + ин-
финитив (без to));
• ...if we asked him (условие –
Past Simple).
Обе части предложения пере-
водятся с частицей бы
Ситуация маловероятна, че-
ловек ее воображает:
• If Alex were here (условие –
Past Simple);
• ...he would help us (следствие – would + инфинитив (без
to)).
If Alex were here – вместо was
употребляется were (по правилу
образования условных предложений второго типа).
Обе части предложения переводятся с частицей бы
Ситуация невероятна, человек ее воображает:
• If you could be an animal (ус-
ловие – Past Simple);
• ...what animal would you be?
(следствие – would + инфинитив
(без to)).
Обе части предложения пере-
водятся с частицей бы
Случаи
употребления
Конструкция
Перевод на
русский язык
Третий тип условных предложений
Третий тип условных предложений выражает предположения,
которые относятся к прошедшему времени, и поэтому
являются невыполнимыми
• Главное предложение (следствие) – would + Perfect Infi nitive
(без to).
• Придаточное предложение (условие) – Past Perfect
Условные предложения третьего типа переводятся на русский
язык с частицей бы
239
Примеры
If I had seen Ann yesterday,
I would have told her about
it. – Если бы я видел Анну
вчера, я рассказал бы ей об
этом.
If your letter had been re-
ceived ten days ago, the books
would have been bought by
that bookshop. – Если бы
ваше письмо было получено десять дней назад, книги были бы куплены тем
книжным магазином.
Предположение относится к
прошлому, поэтому употребляется третий тип условных предложений:
• If I had seen Ann yesterday
(условие – Past Perfect);
• ...I would have told her about
it (следствие – would + Perfect
Infi nitive (без to)).
Обе части предложения пере-
водятся с частицей бы
Предположение относится к
прошлому:
• If your letter had been received
(условие – Past Perfect);
• ...the books would have been
bought (следствие – would +
Perfect Infi nitive (без to)).
Обе части предложения пере-
водятся с частицей бы
10. Прочитайте и запомните перевод союзов, с помощью которых
строятся условные предложения.
If – если; unless – если
... не; in case – в случае, если; on condition, on
condition that – при условии, если (что); provided (that) – при условии,
если (что); even though – даже если; suppose (that), supposing (that) –
предположим (что); предполагая (что).
11. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
1. If the weather is good, we’ll go to the country. 2. If the weather is good,
we go to the country. 3. If the weather was good, we went to the country.
4. If the weather were good, we would go to the country. 5. If the weather
conditions had been favorable, the construction of the bridge would have
been completed in time. 6. If the model fi ts well, the observed data will be
correct. 7. One will easily calculate the volume if he knows the dimensions of
the body. 8. Unless computer techniques had been developed, space research
would have never progressed beyond the amoeba. 9. Work is no use unless
you believe in it. 10. You will get good results if you apply this method of
calculation. 11. If the air were composed only of nitrogen, burning would be
impossible. 12. If the satellite’s speed were less than required, it would drop
and enter the atmosphere. 13. If we had used new methods, we would have
saved a lot of time.
240
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]