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Файл:Английский язык = English. Учебное пособие-2
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24. porosity [pɔːˈrɒsɪtɪ] n. пористость
The term ‘porosity’ is used in multiple fi elds including pharmaceutics,
metallurgy, engineering, and materials.
25. resistance [rɪˈzɪstəns] n. сопротивление
The rivals were totally unprepared for resistance.
26. rotation [rəʊˈteɪʃən] n. вращение
The spinning motion gives a stability to the axis of rotation.
27. silver [ˈsɪlvə] n. серебро
The cover of the book was laid over with gold and silver.
28. substance [ˈsʌbstəns] n. субстанция; вещество
This chemical substance can be resolved into an acid and oxygen.
2. Прочитайте следующие словосочетания с новой лексикой и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на сочетаемость слов.
Hydrate of aluminium, to come to an arrangement over smth, in the beam
of a car’s headlights, a boiling point, chromium peroxide, cobalt minerals,
to adopt a constitution, nuclear constitution, copper alloys, electrical
conductivity, pure gold, heat conductivity, to smelt iron, lathe operator, as
heavy as lead, machine tool, high-quality magnesium hydroxide, a metallic
luster, molten metal, nickel bronze, smb’s permanent address, platinum
chloride, porosity of the rock mass, resistance to corrosion, the rotation of a
shaft, solid silver, a toxic substance.
3. Образуйте возможные словосочетания из слов в обеих колонках.
AB
silver point a physical light
metal ring lathe process
a boiling castings a beam of operator
4. Образуйте словосочетания и предложения с новыми словами.
ORAL PRACTICE
5. Прочитайте текст. Поставьте к нему разные типы вопросов и
дайте на них краткие и полные ответы.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
It’s diffi cult to overestimate the role of science and technology in our
life. They accelerate the development of civilization and help us in our
cooperation with nature.
181
Scientists investigate the laws of the universe, discover the secrets of
nature, and apply their knowledge in practice improving the life of people.
Let’s compare our life nowadays with the life of people at the beginning of
th
the 20
century. It has changed beyond recognition. Our ancestors hadn’t the
slightest idea of the trivial things created by the scientifi c progress that we
use in our everyday life. I mean refrigerators, TV sets, computers, microwave
ovens, radio telephones.
They would seem miracles to them that made our life easy, comfortable
and pleasant. On the other hand, the great inventions of the beginning of
th
the 20
century, I mean radio, airplanes, combustion and jet engines have
become usual things and we can’t imagine our life without them. A century
is a long period for scientifi c and technological progress, as it’s rather rapid.
Millions of investigations and the endless number of outstanding discoveries
have been made. Our century has had several names that were connected
with a certain era in science and technology. At fi rst it was called the atomic
age due to the discovery of the splitting of the atom. Then it became the age
of the conquest of space when for the fi rst time in the history of mankind
a man overcame the gravity and entered the universe. And now we live in
the information era when the computer network embraces the globe and
connects not only the countries and space stations but a lot of people all over
the world. Sci-fi writers told us about the probable usage of the computers in
science but, I believe, nobody really thought that a computer would become
an absolutely necessary thing in our everyday life – a workspace and an
entertainer in one thing.
Mobile phones also have become ingrained in our everyday lives at
present and the majority of people can hardly imagine themselves without
cell phones. It seems it was quite recently when a telephone at home was the
only way to talk with somebody far away from you. Today many people feel
quite helpless if they have left their mobile phones at home. First of all cell
phones give us an opportunity to keep in touch with people in any place and
in any time (it’s especially important for businesspeople). Besides, modern
mobile phones are multifunction: they provide access to the Internet, have
various games, cameras, memory sticks, etc.
The latest researches in biology such as the decoding of human genome
which was fi nished at the very beginning of the 21
st
century or in chemistry
and physics which led to the opening of new frontier nanotechnologies have
not infl uenced our life yet.
However, this does not mean that there would be no infl uence. The possible
results, for example, on medicine are fascinating. And, well, it is diffi cult to
predict what will happen in the future – technologies are improving all the
time and I would not be surprised if in 10 years things that now we cannot
imagine would become common and familiar.
182
6. Найдите в тексте и прочитайте предложения, в которых употребляются следующие слова и словосочетания. Поставьте вопросы к
этим предложениям.
To overestimate; the development of civilization; to investigate; nowadays;
ancestors; the great inventions; the endless number; the atomic age; the age
of the conquest of space; the information era; cell phones; memory sticks; the
decoding of human genome; to predict.
7. Поставьте соответствующие вопросы к следующим предложениям.
1. The science and technology accelerate the development of civilization
and help us in our cooperation with nature. (Disjunctive)
2. Scientists investigate the laws of the universe, discover the secrets of
nature, and apply their knowledge in practice improving the life of people.
(Disjunctive; special)
3. Our ancestors hadn’t the slightest idea of the refrigerators, TV sets,
computers, microwave ovens and radio telephones. (General)
4. We can’t imagine our life without radio, airplanes, combustion and jet
engines. (Alternative; disjunctive)
5. A century is a long period for scientifi c and technological progress.
(General)
6. Modern mobile phones are multifunction. (General)
8. Закончите следующие предложения.
1. It’s diffi cult to overestimate …
2. The science and technology help us in …
3. Scientists apply their knowledge in …
4. Our ancestors hadn’t the slightest idea of …
5. The great inventions of the beginning of the 20
th
century have become …
6. A century is a long period for scientifi c and technological progress …
7. The endless number of outstanding discoveries …
8. The computer network embraces the globe and connects …
9. The majority of people can hardly imagine themselves without …
10. Modern mobile phones have various …
9. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос: What do you think about
cloning?
Films and science fi ction books have often played with the idea of
reproducing exact copies of people. Today, science fi ction has become science
fact. We have our fi rst real clones, though they are not human beings – yet!
183
The gene revolution began in 1997, when British scientists from Edinburgh
University produced the fi rst cloned sheep, Dolly. Since then scientists have
cloned mice, cows, dogs and pigs. Cloning animals opens exciting medical
possibilities.
Many people are in need of tissues and organs for transplantation. But it
isn’t easy to get such organs as, for example, heart, liver or kidneys. Cloning
can solve this problem.
Many animals are on the brink of extinction. Cloning can be used to
preserve them.
Scientists can create animals which produce more milk, meat and wool,
or animals which don’t catch certain diseases. This can save the lives of
starving people.
Cloning is a controversial issue. Some people are ready to eat cloned
fruits and vegetables, but many people are against cloning animals. They
think it is morally unacceptable. The question of human cloning is even more
controversial.
Suppose we cloned a man. Are we really sure he will be a man? Who will
be responsible for him? Who will bring him up? Will he be happy? Will he
have the same rights as we have? What would happen if a dictator, someone
like Hitler, cloned himself? Would we be able to survive?
Nevertheless, the idea of human cloning seems very exciting.
10. Выскажите свою точку зрения по поводу технического прогресса.
GRAMMAR
НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА. ИНФИНИТИВ
(THE INFINITIVE). ИНФИНИТИВНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ
Неличные формы глагола
Неличные формы глагола, к которым относятся причастие, инфинитив и герундий, отличаются от личных тем, что не имеют категории
лица, числа, времени и наклонения и не употребляются в предложении
в функции сказуемого, хотя могут быть его частью. Они все имеют общие глагольные свойства, но выполняют различные синтаксические
функции в предложении, так как также обладают качествами, типичными для других частей речи: To translate (инфинитив) the text I used a
dictionary. – Чтобы перевести текст, я воспользовался словарем. Smoking
(герундий) is not allowed here. – Курить (курение) здесь не разрешается.
184
The stars shining (причастие) in the dark sky seem blue. – Звезды, сияющие в темном небе, кажутся голубыми.
Инфинитив (The Infi nitive)
Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, которая только называет
действие, не указывая на лица и числа. Инфинитив отвечает на вопросы
«что делать?», «что сделать?»: to buy (покупать), to sell (продавать). Инфинитив в предложении употребляется без частицы to после модальных
глаголов.
В современном английском языке инфинитив имеет следующие формы:
Время Active Passive
Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
Функции инфинитива в предложении:
Функции инфинитива Пример
Подлежащee To walk in the garden was very pleasant. – Гулять в
Обстоятельство цели To read the book I went to the reading-hall. – Чтобы
Определение He is going to take part in the conference to be held in
Дополнение He was glad to have been given a new job. – Он был
Часть сказуемого You may come in. – Вы можете войти.
to write to be written
to be writing –
to have written to have been written
to have been writing –
саду было очень приятно.
прочитать эту книгу, я пошел в читальный зал.
Moscow. – Он собирается принять участие в конференции, которая должна состояться в Москве.
рад, что ему дали новую работу.
Сложное дополнение (The Complex Object)
Данное грамматическое явление представляет собой конструкцию,
состоящую из существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в
объектном падеже и неопределенной формы глагола. На русский язык
данный языковой комплекс переводится придаточным предложением, в
котором существительное – подлежащее, а инфинитив – сказуемое: My
mother would like me to enter the university. – Моя мама хотела бы, что-
185
бы я поступил в университет. Данная конструкция не имеет аналогов в
русском языке.
Сложное дополнение в английском языке используется с такими
группами глаголов:
• глаголы, выражающие желание и потребность – to want (хотеть), to
wish (желать, мечтать), to desire (желать, мечтать), would like (хотелось
бы): My wife wishes me to get a promotion. – Моя жена мечтает о том,
чтобы я получил повышение по должности;
• глаголы, выражающие осведомленность, знание – to think (размышлять), to know (знать), to report (сообщать): He thought me to have
given back this thing. – Он думал, что я вернул эту вещь;
• глаголы, выражающие ожидание – to believe (верить), to expect
(предполагать), to suppose (предполагать, считать): I expected her to have
had the better results. – Я ожидал, что у нее будут результаты получше;
• глаголы, выражающие приказ, принуждение – to order (приказывать): The doctor ordered me to take the pills twice a day. – Доктор пред-
писал мне принимать таблетки дважды в день.
В случае использования Complex Object с глаголами чувственного
восприятия (to see (смотреть), to hear (слышать), to notice (подмечать),
to watch (наблюдать), to observe (исследовать)) частица to опускается:
I saw her go out. – Я видел, как она вышла из дома.
Также необходимо запомнить ряд глаголов, обозначающих запрет
или разрешение (to let (позволять), to make (заставлять), to have (распоряжаться), to cause (причинять, заставлять)), с которыми Complex
Object используется без частицы to: You cause her think as you do! ‒ Ты
навязываешь ей свое мнение!
Сложное подлежащее (The Complex Subject)
Синтаксическое явление представляет собой комплекс из подлежащего, выраженного существительным или местоимением, и инфинитива: This old man is said to be seriously ill. – Говорят, что этот старик
серьезно болен.
Как видно из примера, существительное соединено с инфинитивом
дополнительным звеном в виде глагола в пассивном залоге. Эта часть
предложения может быть выражена таким образом: to be supposed to
(предполагают, что); to be heard to (слышат, что); to be believed to (верят,
что); to be known to (известно, что); to be announced to (объявляют, что);
to be expected (ожидают, что).
Глагол-связка to be изменяется в соответствии с временной категорией предложения и числом имени существительного: The Apocalypses was
supposed to have been in 2012 according to Maya Calendar. – Предполагали,
что конец света наступит в 2012 году в соответствии с календарем майя.
186
Помимо вышеперечисленных конструкций, используемых в Passive
Voice, Complex Subject может употребляться с глаголами to seem, to
appear, to turn out, to happen в форме Active Voice: Did I happen to meet
you? – Я, случайно, не встречал вас раньше? The test turned out to be
diffi cult for each person of my group. – Оказалось, контрольная была
сложной для каждого из моей группы.
Также Complex Subject употребляется после таких словосочетаний,
как to be sure (обязательно), to be likely (вероятно), to be certain (несомненно): Dad is sure to repair the bike. – Папа обязательно починит вело-
сипед. Ann is likely to miss the train. – Аня наверняка опоздает на поезд.
Самостоятельный инфинитивный оборот
В английском языке встречается оборот, состоящий из имени существительного в общем падеже и инфинитива. Имя существительное в
таком обороте обозначает лицо или предмет, совершающий действие,
выраженное инфинитивом, или подвергающийся этому действию. Этот
оборот носит название «самостоятельный инфинитивный оборот». Такой оборот стоит в конце предложения и отделен запятой. Он переводится на русский язык предложением с союзом причем, в котором глагол выражает долженствование.
Самостоятельный инфинитивный оборот встречается в юридических текстах и коммерческих документах: The sellers off ered the buyers
5,000 tons of oil, delivery to be made in October. – Продавцы предложили
покупателям 5000 тонн нефти, причем поставка должна была быть произведена в октябре.
11. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Назовите инфинитив и скажите, в какой форме он употреблен.
1. I am glad to help you.
2. I am glad to be helping you.
3. I am glad to have helped you.
4. I am glad to have been helping you.
5. I am glad to be helped.
6. I am glad to have been helped.
7. I meant to have invited them.
12. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая
внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. To complete this laboratory experiment will not take much time.
2. A new machine was invented both to receive and to transmit messages with
187
greater speed. 3. The apparatus to be assembled is very complicated. 4. This
method is not accurate enough to give reliable results. 5. I expected to be
invited to the conference. 6. Our aim is to produce metals of new generations.
7. This scientist want to create a metal with the strength of titanium and
the beauty of gold. 8. The fi rst ores of iron to be mined were deposits of
magnetite. 9. To achieve the desired result various kinds of machine tools
are employed. 10. Student’s task was to investigate the eff ects of various
alloying elements on the properties of steel.
13. Перефразируйте сложные предложения, заменив их простыми
распространенными предложениями с инфинитивом.
Model: They sent me to the university. They wanted me to study law. –
They sent me to the university to study law.
1. I am buying bread. I want to feed the bird. 2. He opened the door.
He intended to go out. 3. He rushed into the burning house. He wanted to
save the child. 4. He rang the bell. He wanted to tell us that the dinner was
ready. 5. The farmer shot the rifl e. He wanted to frighten the birds. 6. He sent
his children to his sister’s house. He wanted them to watch the television
programme. 7. I am saving up. I want to buy a car. 8. I keep my hens in a fi eld
surrounded by wire netting. I want to protect them against the foxes.
14. Раскройте скобки, употребив инфинитив в правильной форме.
1. I hope … (to see) you soon. 2. We expect … (to be) back in two days.
3. He expected … (to help) by his friends. 4. The woman pretended …
(to read) and … (not to hear) he bell. 5. He made me … (to do) it all over
again. 6. Please let me … (to know) your decision as soon as possible. 8. I’d
like him … (to go) to a university but I can’t make him … (to go). 9. That
is too heavy for one person … (to carry); let me … (to help) you. 10. The
teacher advised us … (to use) dictionaries. 11. The idea was too complicated
… (to express) in just one paragraph.
15. Поставьте частицу to там, где это необходимо.
1. We heard the lorry … stop near the house. 2. I want my elder sister …
take me to the zoo. 3. I believe the Internet … be the greatest invention ever.
4. The teacher doesn’t let us … use our mobile phones. 5. They didn’t expect
her … be late. 6. The police offi cer made him … tell the truth. 7. I would
like you … admit your fault. 8. Swan believes Vicky … be the best manager
188
in our store. 9. Nick persuaded me … go in for sports. 10. We saw Jacob …
break the window. 11. I consider this sculpture … be a masterpiece. 12. She
noticed Mary suddenly … turn pale.
16. Раскройте скобки, употребив Complex Object.
1. The Smiths want … (we, to visit) them next month. 2. Do you want
… (she, to post) the letter for you? 3. What does the teacher expect … (his
pupils, to do) during the lesson? 4. When do you expect … (they, to arrive)?
5. The man wouldn’t like … (his son, to become) a dentist. 6. Alice didn’t
expect … (the exams, to start) in April. 7. Don’t make … (I, to repeat) that
again. 8. The professor let … (the students, to go) home early. 9. I know …
(he, to be) a very experienced driver. 10. Nobody noticed … (we, to leave)
the room. 11. What made … (you, to believe) him? 12. Let … (Mary, to
explain) you everything.
17. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Назовите Complex Subject. Поставьте к данным предложениям разные
типы вопросов.
1. They are said to come to our city tomorrow. 2. He is said to be ill.
3. The doctor was expected to call in (to come) in the evening. 4. They
are said to know English very well. 5. She is said to live in Minsk. 7. The
delegation is reported to leave for England. 8. The Minsk Tractor Plant is
known to produce modern tractors. 9. They are known to be good friends.
10. This department store is known to be the most popular store in the town.
11. This text is considered to be very hard for translation.
18. Перефразируйте сложные предложения, заменив их простыми
распространенными предложениями с Complex Subject.
Model: It is said that he is a Olympic champion. – He is said to be an
Olympic champion.
1. It is said that she is a good doctor. 2. It is known that they are good
friends. 3. It is reported that the expedition will arrive in two days. 4. It is
known that this library has a big collection of manuscripts. 5. It is expected
that our pupils will have new computers this year. 6. It was heard that the fi lm
was a great success. 7. It was seen that the car stopped near the house. 8. It
was expected that the documents would be signed next week. 9. It is believed
that our team will be the winner. 10. It is announced that the new law will be
published in some newspapers.
189
19. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Известно, что он придерживается другого мнения по этому вопросу. 2. Говорят, что этот дом был построен около двухсот лет тому
назад. 3. Он, по-видимому, удовлетворен результатом своей работы.
4. Очень вероятно, что этот вопрос будет обсужден на собрании сегодня. 5. Известно, что Ломоносов был самым блестящим ученым своего времени. 6. Ожидают, что делегация прибудет завтра. 7. Вряд ли он
примет участие в этой работе. 8. Он, кажется, очень честный человек.
9. Он оказался одним из самых способных студентов нашего института.
10. Лекция, наверное, будет интересной.
READING AND SPEAKING PRACTICE
20. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст А,
пользуясь словарем.
Text A. Physical Properties of Metals and Alloys
The word “constitution” used with reference to metallic substances does
not have the same meaning as “composition”. Constitution denotes the
manner of arrangement of the metal atoms as to geometric form in solid
crystals, and the regular or ordered arrangement of diff erent kinds of metal
atoms and their relation to each other in such a crystal.
The pattern formed by this orderly arrangement of the atoms is known as
the space lattice.
Most metals crystallize with one of the three following lattice structures:
• Close-packed cubic: copper, nickel, lead, aluminium, cobalt, silver,
gold, platinum.
• Body-centred cubic: iron, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium.
• Hexagonal close-packed: zink, cadmium, magnesium, beryllium,
titanium.
This union of atoms into a geometric array is the physical diff erence
between liquid and solid metal.
The formation of metal crystals within a melt begins at each cooling
surface of the liquid mass and extends from the exterior to the interior as
the heat is lost from the mass. Every change in the conditions of cooling,
such as increasing or decreasing the rate at which heat is conducted away
from the freezing mass, will have an infl uence on the size and shape of the
crystals and, therefore, on the constitution and properties of the solidifi ed
mass.
190
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