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soil, or the inexpressible beauty of the people around us. What we shall
probably be able to say, is that it all belongs to us and that is where we belong.
Our Republic is a small, beautiful country with the heroic past and
interesting present. It is situated in Eastern Europe. The Republic borders on
Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia. It has an area of 207,595 square
kilometres and a population of more than 9.5 million. Measured by its
territory, Belarus ranks 13
th
among the states of Europe. Two thirds of
Belarus’ population live in cities. There are 115 cities in the Republic. Its
capital is Minsk, with the population of about two million people. Minsk is
also the coordinating center of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
The largest cities in Belarus are Minsk, Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel, Grodno, and
Mogilev, in which the administrative centers of the Republic are located.
The climate in our country is moderately continental. The climate is mild
and one can travel comfortably here at any time of the year. The moderately
continental climate of the Republic is a gift from the Atlantic Ocean, and the
winds that blow from the ocean make Belarus a zone of stable harvest.
One more name that our country has gained for a good reason is “a blueeyed land”. It’s called so due to its pale blue lakes and ribbons of rivers.
Belarus can boast some 3000 rivers and 10,000 lakes. Lake Naroch is the
biggest one, while Lake Svitsas is the gem of Belarusian lakes. One can’t
help admiring its marvelous beauty and delightful surroundings. According
to a legend a village disappeared in its water long ago.
The country’s relief is fl at with hills. One third of the Republic’s
territory is covered with forests. Thanks to that our country is called “the
land of woods”. The most widespread example is its national reserve –
Belovezhskaya Puscha. The Puscha is fully covered with ancient forests. It’s
the area of outstanding natural beauty. Wild deer still roam the park. It also
has an impressive number of bird species. But the unquestionable king there
is the European bison, which strikes the visitors by its unlimited power and
strength. One can enjoy listening to the everlasting noise of oaks and feast your
eye on golden pine woods, where mushrooms made themselves comfortable.
By the way, Belovezhskava Puscha is included into the UNESCO List of the
World’s Heritage sites.
Talking about present-day Belarus, I can’t but say a few words about this
well-developed country, its education and culture.
Nowadays Belarus can take pride in its high-quality products such as:
tractors and lorries, dairy products and bicycles, mineral fertilizers and
synthetic fi ber, mineral oil and furniture. Belarusian goods are well-sold not
only in the republic itself, but on the world market as well.
Agriculture specializes in milk and meat production. The main cultures
here are potatoes, fl ax, grain, herbs and vegetables. More than 30 minerals
61
have been discovered nowadays in Belarus. Among them we have oil, natural
gas, coal, rock salt, potassium salts, marl, iron ore, dolomites, and others.
Scientifi c and intellectual potential is the strategic resource of our country.
There are a good many educational establishments in Belarus. The republic is
reforming its educational system today with a view to creating a new national
school, corresponding to international standards and ensuring each and every
citizen the right to high-quality education according to their abilities.
Notes:
seemingly – на вид;
fl avor – вкус, аромат;
soil – почва, земля;
inexpressible – непередаваемый, неописуемый;
commonwealth – содружество, государство;
harvest – урожай;
gem – жемчужина, самоцвет;
delightful – восхитительный;
reserve – заповедник;
to roam – бродить;
heritage – наследие;
herbs – травы; лекарственные растения;
marl – известковая глина;
iron ore – железная руда.
6. Прочитайте английские слова и подберите к ним русские эквиваленты.
1. to describe
2. softness
3. heroic
4. population
5. independent
6. moderately
7. ribbon
8. surroundings
9. to strike
10. ability
a) население
b) независимый
c) лента
d) описывать
e) поражать
f) героический
g) умеренно
h) возможность
i) мягкость
j) окрестности
7. Распределите следующие слова и словосочетания по колонкам в
зависимости от объекта описания.
The Republic Climate Lakes and rivers Forest
62
Mild; blue; beautiful country; covered with forests; marvelous; golden
pine woods; ancient; moderately continental; well-developed; the gem;
national reserve; heritage.
8. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова.
Flavor, soil, commonwealth, harvest, gem, reserve, iron ore, bison, pride,
fertilizer, establishment.
9. Дополните предложения, выбрав один правильный ответ.
1. The Republic of Belarus is situated in ... .
a) Eastern Europe b) West Europe c) South Europe
2. It has an area of … square kilometers.
a) 190 b) 207, 595 c) 270
3. The coordinating center of the Commonwealth of Independent States is … .
a) Gomel b) Brest c) Minsk
4. The climate of the Republic is infl uenced by … .
a) lake Naroch b) the Atlantic Ocean c) lake Svitsas
5. One third of the Republic’s territory is covered with … .
a) lakes b) rives c) forests
6. The unquestionable king of Belovezhskaya Puscha is … .
a) European bison b) deer c) stork
7. … is included into the UNESCO List of the World’s Heritage sites.
a) Lake Naroch b) Belovezhskaya Puscha c) Minsk
8. One of the main cultures here is … .
a) corn b) sunfl ower c) fl ax
10. Поставьте соответствующие вопросы к следующим предложениям.
1. Our Republic is situated in Eastern Europe. (Special)
2. It has an area of 207,595 square kilometers. (Alternative)
3. Measured by its territory, Belarus ranks 13
th
among the states of
Europe. (Disjunctive)
4. The largest cities in Belarus are Minsk, Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel, Grodno,
and Mogilev. (Special)
63
5. The climate in our country is moderately continental. (Disjunctive)
6. There are 3000 rivers and 10,000 lakes. (General)
7. Nowadays Belarus produces tractors and lorries, dairy products and
bicycles, mineral fertilizers and synthetic fi ber, mineral oil and furniture.
(Special)
8. Agriculture specializes in milk and meat production. (General)
9. The main cultures here are potatoes, fl ax, grain, herbs and vegetables.
(Disjunctive)
10. There are a good many educational establishments in Belarus.
(Alternative)
11. Вставьте вместо пропусков подходящие по смыслу слова: patchwork;
the symbol; animal; wings; the landscape; endless; space; small; farewell;
переведите текст.
Not without a reason did Vladimir Korotkevich sing a song of praise to
our Motherland and call it “a fairy-tale country”, since … of Belarus is really
picturesque. Our native land is remarkably beautiful with its … expanses
of fi elds, meadows and swamps, with its varied and plentiful … and plant
kingdom. As far as the eye can see, a gently rolling … of fi elds, interspersed
by pockets of woodland, stretches into the distance. Everything, it seems, is
a pleasant shade of green. The surprising thing is that for such a … country,
providing home for 9.5 mln people, is has so much open … . The weather
is beautiful, the atmosphere is clear and the late afternoon light is warm and
magical. Another poetic name that suits our country very much is “the land
beneath white …”. It is so, because the stork is … of Belarus. Their nests
are seen everywhere. Vladimir Muliavin even dedicated one of his ballads to
them and called it “A Bird’s Cry”. When it’s being performed the spectators
are completely absorbed in the dramatic atmosphere of the song and stay in
dead silence till the end. Furthermore, you can hear their … cry at the end of
October each year.
12. Перескажите текст “The Republic of Belarus”, используя следующий план:
a) geographical position;
b) lakes and rivers;
c) forests;
d) present-day Belarus.
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GRAMMAR
ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PERFECT
В ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОМ И СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГАХ
Сказуемое во временах группы Perfect образуется c помощью вспомогательного глагола to have в настоящем (have, has), прошедшем (had)
или будущем (shall have, will have) неопределенном времени и III формы смыслового глагола.
Время
Личные
местоимения
Глагольная форма
Вспом. гл. Смысл. гл.
Present Действительный залог
I, we, you, they
he, she, it
have V
has
+ I have (I’ve) already asked him about
it. – Я уже спросил его об этом.
? Have you asked?
– I have (I’ve) not asked. (haven’t)
Страдательный залог
I, we, you, they
he, she, it
have been V
has been
+ I have been asked about it today. –
Меня спросили об этом сегодня.
? Have you been asked about it today?
– I have not been asked about it today.
Past Действительный залог
I, he, she, it, we,
had V
you, they
+ I had (I’d) asked him about it. – Я уже
спросил его об этом.
? Had you asked him about it?
– I had (I’d) not asked him about it. (hadn’t)
Страдательный залог
I, he, she, it, we,
had been V
you, they
3
asked
paid
3
asked
paid
3
asked
paid
3
asked
paid
Случаи
употребления
Действие, законченное к моменту речи. Наличие результата связывает свершившееся
действие с настоящим.
! В русском языке соответствует прошедшему времени.
Употребляется со словами just (только что), yet (еще),
already (уже), lately (недавно),
recently (недавно), never (ни-
когда), ever (когда-либо), since
(с тех пор). Может употребляться также со словами, обозначающими еще не истекшие
периоды времени – today, this
week (month, year), поскольку
они также не мешают сосредоточить внимание на результате
действия в настоящем
Выражает прошедшее действие, закончившееся до указанного момента в прошлом
(by (к), before (до), by the end of
the… (к концу…), before the…
(до…)).
! Два или несколько прошедших действий, передаваемых в
той же последовательности, в
какой они происходили, выражаются глаголами в Past Simple
несмотря на то, что одни действия предшествовали другим:
65
Время
Личные
местоимения
Глагольная форма
Вспом. гл. Смысл. гл.
+ I had been asked when you came. –
Меня уже спросили, когда ты пришел
(прежде чем).
? Had you been asked when you came?
– I had not been asked when you came.
Future Действительный залог
I, we
shall / will
have
he, she, it,
will have
you, they
+ I shall have asked. – Я уже спрошу
(прежде чем).
? Will you have asked?
– I shall (I’ll) not have asked.
Страдательный залог
I, we
shall / will
have been
he, she, it, you,
they
will have
been
+ I shall have been asked. – Меня (уже)
спросят.
? Will you have been asked?
– I shall not have been asked.
Futurein-thePast
I, we
he, she, it,
Действительный залог
should /
would have
would have
you, they
He said that he would have asked by
6 o’clock. – Он сказал, что спросит (уже)
к 6 часам.
Страдательный залог
I, we
should /
would have
been
he, she, it, you,
they
would have
been
V
3
asked
paid
V
3
asked
paid
V
3
asked
paid
V
3
asked
paid
Случаи
употребления
He came home late in the
evening, had supper, read the book
and went to bed. – Он пришел до-
мой поздно вечером, поужинал,
почитал газету и лег спать.
Выражает будущее действие, которое будет закончено
до определенного момента в
будущем, выраженного указанием времени, или ранее другого будущего действия (by (к),
before (до), by the end of the… (к
концу…), before the… (до…))
Будущее законченное действие по отношению к прошедшему времени. Заменяет
Future Perfect в придаточных
предложениях, когда глагол в
главном предложении стоит в
прошедшем времени
66
Время
Личные
местоимения
He said that he would have been asked
by 6 o’clock. – Он сказал, что его уже
спросят к 6 часам.
Глагольная форма
Вспом. гл. Смысл. гл.
Случаи
употребления
Спряжение глагола to be
(Perfect Tense in the Active Voice)
Местоимение Present Past Future Future-in-the-Past
I have been
He, she, it has been will have been would have been
We
have been
You, they will have been would have been
had been
13. Прочитайте следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на время глагола-сказуемого.
1. We shall have written our homework by six o’clock. 2. I have never
heard of that book. 3. He has left his report at home. 4. You have done this
exercise well. 5. I have just written this formula on the blackboard. 6. Mrs.
Brown came to tell us that she had checked our laboratory works. 7. I gave her
the fl owers I had bought for her. 8. We had decorated the room by 4 o’clock.
9. I haven’t seen my teacher since last year. 10. He hasn’t received any letter
from them since July. 11. I haven’t seen you for ages. 12. We haven’t heard
of you since you left the town.
shall / will have been should / would have
been
shall / will have been should / would have
been
14. Определите в каждом предложении видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого.
1. Modern telegraph systems have been infl uenced by achievements of
science and technology. 2. Attention has been paid to the speed of the sending
machines. 3. Computers have changed the way in which many kinds of jоbs
are done. 4. The engineers have been asked to make an experimental model
of the device lately. 5. They have modifi ed shock absorbers. 6. The company
has been deeply involved in the development of car technology. 7. The
students of our department will have passed all the exams by the end of June.
8. The professor has described achievements in robotics to his students. 9. He
67
has invented a calculating method recently. 10. The engineers had equipped
the robot with new sensors before they put it into operation.
15. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в отрицательные и вопросительные, помните о порядке слов.
1. Не has read this book. 2. Mr. Smith has written many poems. 3. The
girls have given their friend a clock. 4. I have told you the answer to this
question. 5. This writer has lived in England for a long time. 6. She has seen
some of his plays. 7. Pete has left his documents at home. 8. My supervisor
has published his lectures. 9. They have written letters home. 10. The
professor has corrected our answers.
16. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в форме Present Simple,
Present Continuous, Past Simple или Present Perfect.
1. I just (to call) him. 2. I (not / to call) him yesterday, I was busy. 3. My
parents just (to go) away. 4. My friends (to go) away 5 minutes ago. 5. The
fi sherman (to sell) now all his fi sh. 6. He (to sell) the last one half an hour
ago. 7. I (not / to see) him for three years. 8. I (to meet) him last week.
9. The newspaper (to come)? – Yes, Ann is reading it now. 10. You (to wear)
your hair long when you were at school? – Yes, my mother (to insist) on it.
11. He (not / to smoke) for two weeks. He is trying to give it up. 12. When he
(to arrive)? – He (to arrive) at 2.00. 13. You (to shut) the window? 14. You
(to be) here before? – Yes, I (to spend) my holidays here last year. – You
(to have) a good time? – Yes, the sun never (to stop) shining. 15. In the
morning, coming down the stairs, Rosemary (to see) Tony lying in the sitting
room: “What you (to do) here?” ‒ “I (to sleep) here”. – “I am sorry we (to take)
your room”. 16. He’s a night watchman. He works at night and (to sleep) in
the daytime. It’s noon now, and he still (to sleep). 17. I fi rst (to meet) Richard
a month ago, and I (to meet) him several times since then. 18. I usually (to go)
to bed before midnight. 19. I (to sit) here all night and I swear I (not / to doze)
for a moment. 20. What’s your brother doing? – He (to play) tennis with our
neighbor. They (to play) it every day. 21. He wants to buy a car, but fi rst he
must learn how to drive, so he (to take) drying lessons. 22. “Where is my
daughter?” – “She (to talk) to a policeman”. – “What (to happen)?” – “She
(to drive) without a license”. 23. It’s 3 p.m. and he (not / to eat) anything
today, but he (to eat) a good dinner last night. 24. “Is Mary ready to come
out?” – “No, she still (to dress)”. 25. He often (to read) detective stories; he
(to read) a very good one now.
17. Сравните, проанализируйте и переведите следующие пары
предложений.
68
1. We have fi nished the work. – The work has been fi nished.
2. They had installed the new apparatus by yesterday evening. – The new
apparatus had been installed by yesterday evening.
3. They have off ered him an interesting job. – An interesting job has been
off ered to him.
4. The group will have carried out the plan by next summer. – The new
plan will have been carried out by next summer.
18. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребив страдательный залог. Поставьте общие и специальные вопросы к данным
предложениям.
1. We have obtained necessary results. 2. He has done everything
properly. 3. They had solved all the problems. 4. He had presented the report
before the conference began. 5. We will have recorded the data by 3 o’clock.
6. They will have checked the devices by tomorrow. 7. He said that he would
have prepared all the documents by Monday.
19. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык, используя времена группы Perfect.
1. Ты показал друзьям свою работу? – Нет, она еще не готова. 2. Посмотри, он правильно написал формулу на доске. 3. Она только что вернулась из командировки. 4. Гости ушли до того, как я вернулся домой.
5. Том нервничал, потому что не подготовил домашнее задание. 6. Мы
подготовимся к экзаменам к началу сессии. 7. Опыты были закончены
к 5 часам. 8. Он уже закончил работу, когда я пришел к нему. 9. Ты уже
видел этот фильм? 10. Я знаю его с 2010 года.
READING AND SPEAKING PRACTICE
20. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст А,
пользуясь словарем.
Text A. “Nothing is Permanent Except a Change”
You might have come across this quotation more than once in your lifetime.
This quotation has a deep and true meaning, which is valid for anyone and
everyone living on this Earth. These changes are phases of developments, as
these changes are the medium through which developments take place. A few
of these changes have been named as “Inventions” and “Discoveries”. The
only small diff erence between Inventions and Discoveries is: Inventions are
things that are already there, but we just have to get our hands on them and
69
render them to be useful and Discoveries are things for humans’ benefi t that
are made up from scratch are Inventions.
The Greatest Inventions of the Past
Since the early days people have been inventing new things to make the
life easier. Inventions have changed the world immensely.
A lot of people travel by planes. But it would be impossible without the
Wright brothers who made the fi rst fl ight in 1903.
The Englishman Alexander Graham Bell patented his invention of the
telephone in 1876. Very soon in the 20
th
century the telephone was already in
every offi ce and almost every house.
Nowadays the car is probably the most widely used and most useful of
all the inventions. The German engineer Karl Benz produced the fi rst petrol
driven car in 1885.
Some Famous Inventors
At the beginning of every invention there is its author with his desire to
change, create and improve. I would like to say a few words about some of
the famous inventors.
Alexander Popov was a Russian physicist who fi rst demonstrated the
practical application of radio waves. In 1894 he built his fi rst radio.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was the founder of cosmonautics. Initially, he
was a Mathematics and Physics teacher. But he never gave up the idea about
space travel. His drawings and calculations became the basis of practical
space fl ights.
Few of the top inventions that were made since the beginning of human
life are mentioned below:
• Fire
The most important discovery of all time since ages is that of fi re. Without
fi re, nothing can work. If we consider any small thing, let it be cooking, to
any large thing, let it be a steam engine, nothing can work without the help
of fi re. And the most amusing fact is that the discovery of fi re was actually
an accident. Heat was produced due to friction, when two stones got rubbed
against each other. This heat gave rise to fi re in the dry hay, and marked one
of the most crucial discoveries ever made by human beings. Luckily, this
discovery took place in the early centuries by the cave men.
• Electricity
Salute to Sir Thomas Alva Edison, who thought of fl ying a kite in the
stormy weather, with a metallic key attached to one end of the thread, which
he held in his hand. As soon as the electric current from the clouds stroked the
kite, the current started fl owing and as he touched the key, he felt an electric
current passing through his body, as his feet touched the ground, giving the
eff ect of earthing. This marked the beginning of discovery of electricity,
which enabled other discoveries like those of light bulbs, air conditioners, etc.
70
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