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Файл:Английский язык = English. Учебное пособие-2
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Today the best British food is supposed to be surprisingly regional. It is
greatly infl uenced by local agricultural conditions and depends on geography
and climate. For instance, in Scotland, where oats grow better than wheat,
local dishes use oatmeal rather than wheat fl our. Scottish national dish,
porridge, using oats, is eaten only with a pinch of salt.
In Wales, too, oatmeal is the chief cereal, and in both places scones,
oatcakes and pancakes are traditionally cooked.
England is famous for the hard cheeses the names of which derive from
the rich dairy farming areas, such as Cheddar, Cheshire, Leicester, Derby, etc.
Many of them are still made in local farm dairies.
Hams also have a regional character and are cured in diff erent ways in
Yorkshire, Wiltshire, Cumberland and Suff olk.
Cornwall is famous for meat pies. The pork, veal, ham and egg pies are
associated with Midland England. Pigeon and game pies are connected with
sporting estates. Steak and kidney pies and puddings are everywhere, but
Black Pudding, made from pig’s blood, is a speciality of North England.
Sausages too, depending on where they are made, are diff erent in fl avour.
A special place in the life of the British is occupied by tea. They are the
world’s greatest tea drinkers. They drink a quarter of all the tea grown in the
world each year. Many of them drink it on at least eight diff erent occasions
during the day. They drink it at meals and between meals. They even drink
early morning tea in bed.
UNIT VI. The Capital of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland. Engineering
Vocabulary
Oral Practice: The Capital of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
Grammar: Согласование времен (The Sequence of
Tenses)
Reading and Speaking Practice:
Text А. Engineering and Its Functions
Text B. What is an Engineer?
Text С. Gustave Eiff el
Test
VOCABULARY
1. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами; переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. accomplishment [əˈkʌmplɪʃmənt] n. выполнение; завершение; до-
стижение
We celebrated the accomplishment of all our goals.
2. appliance [əˈplaɪəns] n. устройство; прибор; приспособление
The customer returned the appliance because it was defective.
3. application [ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn] n. применение; заявление; заявка
The research has many practical applications.
4. circuit [ˈsɜːkɪt] n. цепь (электрическая); длина окружности
Students measured the change in voltage across the circuit.
5. defi nition [ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn] n. определение, толкование; четкость, ясность
There are many defi nitions of the word ‘block’.
6. device [dɪˈvaɪs] n. устройство, прибор; план, схема
The device has lowered the rate of car accidence signifi cantly.
7. engineering [ˌendʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ] n. инженерное искусство; техника; ма-
шиностроение
Igor had trouble deciding which branch of engineering to study.
8. equipment [ɪˈkwɪpmənt] n. оборудование; оснащение; аппаратура
The equipment is shipped with detailed installation instruction.
9. evaluation [ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn] n. оценка, оценивание
The scientist took some samples of products for evaluation.
122
10. hardware [ˈhɑːdweə] n. аппаратура, элементы электронных
устройств; техническое обеспечение
He bought some new hardware for his system.
11. input [ˈɪnpʊt] n. ввод, подвод; потребление, поглощение энергии
Mr. Smith provided some valuable input at the start of the project.
12. lever [ˈliːvə] n. рычаг
Pull this lever to open the gate.
13. maintenance [ˈmeɪntɪnəns] n. содержание и техническое обслу-
живание
This company is engaged in the installation and maintenance of alarm
system.
14. management [ˈmænɪdʒmənt] n. управление; руководство
Good management is of prime importance in business.
15. modifi cation [ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] n. изменение, модификация
The projector has made several modifi cations to the original design.
16. performance [pəˈfɔːməns] n. 1) представление; исполнение
This evening’s performance starts at 8 o’clock.
2) характеристика (работы машины и т.п.)
This new model off ers superior performance.
17. purpose [ˈpɜːpəs] n. цель, намерение
What is the purpose of your visit?
18. qualitative [ˈkwɒlɪteɪtɪv] adj. качественный
Qualitative analysis determines the chemical constituents of a substance
or mixture.
19. quantitative [ˈkwɒntɪteɪtɪv] adj. количественный
Scientists are gathering quantitative information about human intelligence.
20. to refer [rɪˈfɜː] v. иметь отношение; отсылать, обращаться (к кому-л.,
чему-л.)
He referred frequently to his notes while speaking.
21. to require [rɪˈkwaɪə] v. требовать; нуждаться (в чем-л.)
The project will require a great amount of time and money.
22. requirement [rɪˈkwaɪərmənt] n. требование; потребность
The new computer system will meet all our requirements.
23. responsible [rɪˈspɒnsəbl] adj. несущий ответственность; ответ-
ственный, разумный
He is responsible enough for this job.
24. rivet [ˈrɪvɪt] n. заклепка
The tower is composed of 12,000 diff erent components and 2,500,000 ri-
vets.
25. (to) select [sɪˈlekt]
v. отбирать, выбирать
You should select an option from the main menu.
adj. отборный, избранный
The apples for the juice were big and select.
123
26. solution [səˈluːʃn] n. 1) раствор
The solution boiled at 90 °C.
2) решение
The solution required a series of computations.
27. tool [tuːl] n. инструмент, приспособление
You need a special tool to introduce the pipe into the hole.
28. wireless [ˈwaɪəlɪs] adj. беспроводной
The café off ers free wireless Internet access.
2. Прочитайте следующие словосочетания с новой лексикой и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на сочетаемость
слов.
Аccomplishment of desires, a household appliance, a practical application,
to de-energize a circuit, the defi nition of the word, electrical engineering, a
measuring equipment, to make an evaluation, some new hardware, to pull
this lever, the maintenance of alarm system, eff ective management, to make
modifi cations in smth, the evening’s performance, qualitative analysis,
quantitative information, to refer to smth for proof, to require major repair, to
meet the requirements, to be responsible for smth, to set a rivet, to select by
vote / at random, the solution of a question, to mix a solution, drilling tool,
wireless Internet.
3. Поставьте разные типы вопросов к следующим предложениям.
1. The research has many practical applications.
2. Students measured the change in voltage across the circuit.
3. The scientist took some samples of products for evaluation.
4. Good management is of prime importance in business.
5. This evening’s performance starts at 8 o’clock.
6. The tower is composed of 12,000 diff erent components and
2,500,000 rivets.
7. The solution required a series of computations.
4. Образуйте словосочетания и предложения с новыми словами.
ORAL PRACTICE
5. Прочитайте текст и скажите, какую из частей города можно назвать Money of London, Goods of London, Hands of London, Lungs of
London. Обоснуйте свой ответ.
124
THE CAPITAL OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
London was founded by the Romans more than two thousand years ago
and was called Londinium. It was not built as a city in the same way as Paris
or New York. London began life as a Roman fortifi cation at a place where it
was possible to cross the River Thames.
At present, London is the capital of England and of the United Kingdom,
with a population of about 9 million. It is the largest city in Britain and one
of the largest in the world. Historical and geographical circumstances have
made London one of the world’s most important commercial and cultural
centres, while its range of historical connections and its buildings attract
millions of tourists from overseas each year.
The gradual growth of the city helps to explain the fact that London does
not have just one centre, it has a number of centres, each with a distinct
character: the fi nancial and business centre is called the City, the government
centre is Westminster, the shopping and entertainment centre is the West End,
the industrial centre is the East End.
The City is the oldest part of London, its commercial and business part.
Numerous banks, offi ces, fi rms and trusts are concentrated there. The area of
the City is about a square mile. It is an area with a long and exciting history,
and it is proud of independence and traditional role as a centre of trade and
commerce. The City does not refer to the whole of central London but rather
to a small area east of the centre, which includes the site of the original
Roman town.
The City of London is one of the major banking centres of the world and
one can fi nd the banks of many nations here. Here, too, you can fi nd the Bank
of England, the Stock Exchange and Lloyds, the most famous insurance
company in the world.
Only fi ve thousand people live in the City. Before and after the business
hours the streets of the City are crowded with more than a million people
who came there to work.
Westminster is another central and important part of London. Most
governmental buildings are situated there. On the left bank of the Thames
is Westminster Palace, famous as the Houses of Parliament. It is the seat of
the British Parliament. Opposite the Houses of Parliament is Westminster
Abbey. It’s a very beautiful church built over 900 years ago. The tombs of
many great statesmen, scientists and writers are there. The Clock Tower with
the hour-bell called “Big Ben” is known all over the world.
To the west of Westminster is the West End. It is the richest and most
beautiful part of London. Here we fi nd most of the big shops, hotels,
museums, art galleries, theatres and concert halls. Piccadilly Circus is the
125
heart of London’s West End. In the West End there are wide streets with
beautiful houses and many parks, gardens and squares.
To the east of Westminster is the East End, an industrial district of the
capital. There are no parks or gardens in the East End and you can’t see many
fi ne houses there. Most of the plants and factories are situated there.
London has many places of interest. One of them is Buckingham Palace.
It’s the residence of the Queen. The English are proud of Trafalgar Square,
which was named so in memory of Nelson’s victory in the battle of Trafalgar
in 1805. There is the British Museum, the biggest museum in London, which
is famous for its library – one of the richest in the world.
Everything in London is full of attractiveness. All London’s long-past
history is told by its streets. There are many streets in London which are
known all over the world. Among them Oxford Street, Downing Street and a
lot of others. An underground (the Tube) is a famous place too. It was the fi rst
underground in the world. Even the buses are the remarkable sight in London.
6. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, используя содержание текста.
1. How big is London?
2. What is its population?
3. Where is it situated?
4. What is the oldest part of London? What is it like during the day?
5. What is the government part of London? Describe it.
6. What is the shopping part of London? Describe it.
7. What is the industrial centre of London?
7. Дополните предложения.
1. London was founded …
2. Two thousand years ago London was called …
3. London attracts …
4. London has a number of …
5. The oldest part of London is …
6. The area of the City is …
7. The City includes …
8. On the left bank of the Thames is …
9. “Big Ben” is the name of the …
10. The richest part of London is …
11. There are no many … in the East End.
8. Парная работа. Составьте вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста и задайте их своему собеседнику.
126
9. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос: What museums are the
most famous and important in London?
In the sphere of visual art London can supply any visitor with a vast range
of emotions. The British Museum is an almost incomparable introduction
to Egyptian, Greek, and Roman arts in all their branches, from pottery to
sculpture. The collection has been arranged with great care and the layout is
clear and easy to grasp.
The National Gallery in Trafalgar Square has one of the best balanced
picture collections in the world. It can show the progress of Italian painting
from the medieval to the mature mastery of Renaissance; some outstanding
pictures of the old Roman masters; an excellent choice of Spanish
painters, with El Greco, Velasquez, and Ribera leading; a great variety of
unsurpassed Dutch and Flemish masters; a most valuable display of French
paintings from the early days of the Impressionists; and, of course, the bulk
of the fi nest English painting, with Gainsborough, Turner, Constable, and
Reynolds.
The Tate Gallery in Millmank has a collection complementary to that of
the National Gallery, for it presents modern masters of England and France.
Their collection of French Impressionists is outstanding, and there are some
fi ne examples of modern sculpture.
The Victoria and Albert Museum in Brompton Road has a splendid
collection mainly of the applied arts, of all countries and periods, also a new
Costume Court, and many exhibits of interest to any student of the visual
arts.
10. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Лондон был основан римлянами.
2. Лондон – столица Англии и Великобритании.
3. Население Лондона – около 9 миллионов человек.
4. В Лондоне нет единственного центра.
5. В Вестминстерском дворце располагается британский парламент.
6. В промышленной части Лондона нет красивых зданий.
7. Лондонская библиотека является одной из самых богатых в мире.
8. Лондонское метро самое старое в мире.
11. Составьте план текста и перескажите его в соответствии с
планом.
127
GRAMMAR
СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН
(THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES)
Правило согласования времен в английском языке представляет
определенную зависимость времени глагола в придаточном предложении (главным образом дополнительном) от времени глагола в главном
предложении. В русском языке такой зависимости не существует.
Основные положения согласования времен сводятся к следующему:
• если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в настоящем или будущем времени, то сказуемое придаточного предложения
может стоять в любом времени, которое требуется по смыслу:
Tom says
(Том говорит,)
he studies English.
(что изучает английский язык.)
he will study English.
(что будет изучать английский язык.)
he studied English.
(что изучал английский язык.)
• если сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, то сказуемое придаточного предложения должно стоять в одном из
прошедших времен (Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Futurein-the-Past). Если глагол придаточного предложения относится к настоящему времени, то в английском языке этот глагол выражается через
Past Simple или Past Continuous. Если глагол придаточного предложения
относится к прошедшему времени, то в английском языке этот глагол
употребляется в Past Perfect. Если глагол придаточного предложения
относится к будущему времени, то в английском языке в придаточном
предложении употребляется Future-in-the-Past:
He said that he studied English. Он сказал, что изучает английский.
She reported that they were writing
text at the moment.
He said that he had studied English. Он сказал, что изучал английский.
He said that he would study English. Он сказал, что будет изучать английский.
Она сообщила, что они пишут тест сейчас.
Если в главном предложении глагол-сказуемое употребляется в Past
Simple, при переводе прямой речи в косвенную необходимо соблюдать
правило согласования времен:
128
Present Simple → Past Simple I study → I studied
Present Continuous → Past Continuous I am studying → I was studying
Present Perfect → Past Perfect I have studied → I had studied
Past Simple → Past Perfect I studied → I had studied
Past Continuous → Past Continuous I was studying → I was studying
Future Simple → Future-in-the-Past I will study → I would study
can could
may might
must had to
here there
this that
these those
now then
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before yesterday / the previous day
last night the night before / the previous night
two days ago two days before
tomorrow the next day / the following day
next week the next week / the following week
in a week a week later
! В ряде случаев правило согласования времен не соблюдается:
• если сказуемое придаточного предложения выражено модальными
глаголами must, should, ought to и инфинитивом: My director said that
I must meet him. – Мой директор сказал, что я должен встретить его;
• если сказуемое придаточного предложения выражает общеизвестный факт: The professor reminded us that water boils at 100 °C. – Профес-
сор напомнил нам, что вода кипит при температуре 100 °C.
12. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, учитывая правило согласования времен.
1. She thought I would achieve good results. 2. In 1898 the Curies
announced that they had discovered the element radium. 3. We can’t imagine
how people could do without electrically operated devices. 4. They haven’t
129
heard that isotopes are atoms of the same atomic number but of diff erent
atomic weights. 5. The professor said that the term “engineering” had many
Russian equivalents. 6. Today we often say that we live in an age of science
and technology. 7. They announced that the research had been carried out
successfully. 8. They said that the object had been badly illuminated during
the experiment. 9. The scientists were certain that the man would invent
artifi cial intelligence. 10. They meant industrial technology that began about
200 years ago with the development of power-driven machines.
13. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Поставьте к данным предложениям разные типы вопросов.
1. She says that she works at the university. – She says that she worked at
the university. – She says that she will work at the university. 2. She said that
she worked at the university. – She said that she had worked at the university. –
She said that she would work at the university. 3. The patient said that he had
kept the thermometer in his armpit for 7 minutes. 4. I said that I didn’t complain
of anything. 5. He says that you are right. 6. Igor told me that he would meet
me at the university. 7. Anna told me that she was preparing for the exam. 8. He
said he would not go to the university the next day. 9. He knew that something
had been wrong with the device. 10. Max said that he would be an engineer.
11. He understood that the speaker had been on the business trip in Japan.
14. Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в соответсвии с правилом
согласования времен.
1. Tom thought that Alex … (to see) a new device already. 2. Tom thinks
that Alex … (to see) a new device already. 3. She says that she … (to know)
him. 4. She said that she … (to know) him. 5. Our professor informed the
students that he … (to work) at the laboratory tomorrow. 6. Our professor
informs the students that he … (to work) at the laboratory the following day.
7. The teacher told that the Earth … (to move) around the Sun. 8. Cavendish
discovered that water … (to consist of) hydrogen and oxygen. 9. Nobody
knew what … (to happen) next. 10. Anna said that she … (to attend) the
professor’s lecture the previous day. 11. She … (to say) that she hadn’t heard
about it. 12. She … (to say) that she didn’t hear about it. 13. The secretary …
(to say) that the manager was speaking on the phone. 14. The secretary …
(to say) that the manager is speaking on the phone. 15. Anna … (to say) her
father was a manager at the big company. 16. Anna … (to say) her father is a
manager at the big company. 17. He … (to know) that she lives in Moscow.
18. He … (to know) that she lived in Moscow. 19. The speaker … (to report)
that it would be the cold weather the following week. 20. The speaker …
(to report
) that it will be the cold weather the following week.
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