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Файл:Английский язык = English. Учебное пособие-2
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18. Раскройте скобки, поставив прилагательные и наречия в сравнительную или превосходную степень.
1. Iron is … (useful) of all metals. 2. Which is … (hard): iron or steel?
3. Silver is … (heavy) than copper. 4. Rubber is … (weak) than plastic.
5. The … (soft) of these materials is aluminium. 6. Gold is the … (expensive)
of the metals. 7. Forging is one of the … (old) known metalworking
processes. 8. The … (near) factory is two miles away. 9. The fi re was put
out … (quickly) than we expected.
19. Поставьте наречия, данные в скобках, в нужное место в предложении. Прочитайте и переведите получившиеся предложения.
1. I have a salad for lunch. (usually) 2. John is rude to his parents. (never)
3. Mary watches horror fi lms. (sometimes) 4. They go abroad for their
holidays. (often) 5. We drink strong coff ee. (hardly ever) 6. I am impressed
by music. (rarely) 7. She will remember this accident. (always) 8. The patient
is sleeping after the operation. (probably) 9. The week is over. (fi nally)
10. I go to the gym twice a week. (generally)
20. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Несколько столетий назад Германия была самой могущественной
державой мира. 2. Волга длиннее Днепра, это самая длинная река в Европе.
3. Ватикан – самое маленькое государство в Европе. 4. Это самый короткий
путь. 5. Этот путь короче. 6. Нам нужен шкаф поменьше, потому что комната маленькая. 7. Мария – наша самая старшая сестра. 8. Это самая короткая
дорога до моря. 9. Эта квартира светлее, чем квартира на первом этаже.
10. Математика была для нас самым трудным предметом в школе.
READING AND SPEAKING PRACTICE
21. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст А,
пользуясь словарем.
Text A. Metalworking
Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create individual
parts, assemblies, or large scale structures. The term covers a wide range
of work from large ships and bridges to precise engine parts and delicate
jewellery. It therefore includes a correspondingly wide range of skills,
processes, and tools.
171
Metalworking is a science, art, hobby, industry and trade. Its historical
roots span cultures, civilizations, and millennia. Metalworking has evolved
from the discovery of smelting various ores, producing malleable and ductile
metals useful for tools and adornments. Modern metalworking processes,
though diverse and specialized, can be categorized as forming, cutting or
joining processes. Today’s machine shop includes a number of machine tools
capable of creating a precise, useful workpiece.
By the historical periods of the Pharaohs in Egypt, the Vedic Kings in
India, and the Mayan Civilization in North America, among other ancient
populations, precious metals began to have value attached to them. In some
cases rules for ownership, distribution, and trade were created, enforced,
and agreed upon by the respective peoples. These skills were fi nely honed
and well executed. The techniques were practiced by artisans, blacksmiths,
atharvavedic practitioners, alchemists, and other categories of metalworkers
around the globe. For example, the ancient technique of granulation is found
around the world in numerous ancient cultures before the historic record
shows people traveled seas or overland to far regions of the earth to share
this process that still being used by metalsmiths today.
As time progressed metal objects became more common, and ever more
complex. The need to further acquire and work metals grew in importance.
Skills related to extracting metal ores from the earth began to evolve, and
metalsmiths became more knowledgeable. Metalsmiths became important
members of society. Fates and economies of entire civilizations were greatly
aff ected by the availability of metals and metalsmiths.
More individuals than ever before are learning metalworking as a creative
outlet in the forms of jewellery making, hobby restoration of aircraft and
cars, blacksmithing, tinsmithing, tinkering, and in other art and craft pursuits.
Trade schools continue to teach welding in all of its forms, and there is a
proliferation of schools of Lapidary and Jewelers arts and sciences at this –
the beginning of the 21
st
Century A.D.
Notes:
the Vedic Kings – ведические цари;
the Mayan Civilization – цивилизация Майя.
22. Найдите в тексте следующие словосочетания и составьте с
ними предложения.
Large scale structures; delicate jewellery; historical roots; various
ores; useful workpiece; precious metals; the ancient technique; important
members; a creative outlet.
172
23. Поставьте соответствующие вопросы к следующим предложениям.
1. Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create individual
parts, assemblies, or large scale structures. (Special)
2. Metalworking is a science, art, hobby, industry and trade. (Alternative)
3. The historical roots of metalworking span cultures, civilizations, and
millennia. (General)
4. Modern metalworking processes can be categorized as forming,
cutting or joining processes. (Disjunctive)
5. Today’s machine shop includes a number of machine tools capable of
creating a precise, useful workpiece. (Special)
6. The ancient technique of granulation is found around the world in
numerous ancient cultures. (General)
24. Найдите в каждом абзаце слова, которые можно было бы вынести перед текстом в качестве ключевых.
25. Разделите текст А на смысловые части и выделите в каждом его
абзаце предложение, передающее основную мысль.
26. Составьте подробный план текста, выделяя микротемы каждой части и озаглавливая их.
27. Передайте обобщенно основное содержание текста на английском языке.
28. Перескажите текст А, пользуясь логико-смысловыми опорами.
29. Прочитайте текст B без использования словаря, определите, о
чем он, и дайте определения следующим терминам: layout, cutting,
joining, brazing, soldering.
Text B. General Metalworking Processes
Metalworking generally is divided into the following categories: forming,
cutting, and joining. Each of these categories contains various processes.
Marking out (also known as layout) is the process of transferring a design or
pattern to a workpiece and is the fi rst step in the handcraft of metalworking.
It is performed in many industries or hobbies, although in the repetition
industries the need to mark out every individual piece is eliminated. In the
metal trades area, marking out consists of transferring the engineer’s plan to
the workpiece in preparation for the next step, machining or manufacture.
173
Cutting is a collection of processes wherein material is brought to a
specifi ed geometry by removing excess material using various kinds of
tooling to leave a fi nished part that meets specifi cations. The net result of
cutting is two products, the waste or excess material, and the fi nished part.
If this were a discussion of woodworking, the waste would be sawdust and
excess wood. In cutting metals the waste is chips or swarf and excess metal.
These processes can be divided into chip producing cutting, generally known
as machining. Burning or cutting with an oxyfuel torch is a welding process
not machining. There are also miscellaneous specialty processes such as
chemical milling.
Drilling a hole in a metal part is the most common example of a chip
producing process. Using an oxyfuel cutting torch to separate a plate of steel
into smaller pieces is an example of burning. Chemical milling is an example
of a specialty process that removes excess material by the use of etching
chemicals and masking chemicals.
Cutting fl uid or coolant is used where there is signifi cant friction and heat
at the cutting interface between a cutter such as a drill or an end mill and
the workpiece. Coolant is generally introduced by a spray across the face
of the tool and workpiece to decrease friction and temperature at the cutting
tool / workpiece interface to prevent excessive tool wear. In practice there are
many methods of delivering coolant.
Joining processes are welding, brazing, soldering. Welding is a fabrication
process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing
coalescence. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a fi ller
material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong
joint, but sometimes pressure is used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to
produce the weld.
Many diff erent energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas
fl ame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound.
While often an industrial process, welding can be done in many diff erent
environments, including open air, underwater and in space. Regardless of
location, however, welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be
taken to avoid burns, electric shock, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to
ultraviolet light.
Brazing is a joining process in which a fi ller metal is melted and drawn
into a capillary formed by the assembly of two or more workpieces. The
fi ller metal reacts metallurgically with the workpiece(s) and solidifi es in
the capillary, forming a strong joint. Unlike welding, the workpiece is not
melted. Brazing is similar to soldering, but occurs at temperatures in excess
of 450 °C. Brazing has the advantage of producing less thermal stresses than
welding, and brazed assemblies tend to be more ductile than weldments
because alloying elements can not segregate and precipitate.
174
Brazing techniques include fl ame brazing, resistance brazing, furnace
brazing, diff usion brazing, and inductive brazing.
Soldering is a joining process that occurs at temperatures below 450 °C.
It is similar to brazing in the fact that a fi ller is melted and drawn into a
capillary to form a join, although at a lower temperature. Because of this
lower temperature and diff erent alloys used as fi llers, the metallurgical
reaction between fi ller and workpiece is minimal, resulting in a weaker joint.
Note:
torch – факел.
30. Парная работа. Составьте вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста и задайте их своему собеседнику.
31. Проверьте, насколько хорошо вы поняли прочитанный текст.
Заполните пропуски в приведенных ниже предложениях словами
из текста.
1. … … is divided into the following categories: forming, cutting, and
joining.
2. … or … with an oxyfuel torch is a welding process not machining.
3. Drilling a … in a metal part is the most common example of a chip
producing process.
4. There are many … of delivering coolant.
5. … is a fabrication process that joins materials by causing coalescence.
6. Many diff erent energy sources can be used for welding, including a …
fl ame, an … arc, a laser, an … beam, friction, and ultrasound.
7. Soldering is similar to … in the fact that a fi ller is melted and drawn
into a capillary to form a join, although at a lower temperature.
32. Составьте резюме по содержанию прочитанного текста.
33. Расскажите на английском языке все, что знаете о процессах
металлообработки.
34. Прочитайте текст С, постарайтесь понять его содержание и выполните послетекстовые задания.
Text C. Forging
Forging is one of the oldest known metalworking processes.
Traditionally, forging was performed by a smith using hammer and anvil,
and though the use of water power in the production and working of iron
dates to the 12
th
century, the hammer and anvil are not obsolete. The smithy
175
or forge has evolved over centuries to become a facility with engineered
processes, production equipment, tooling, raw materials and products to
meet the demands of modern industry.
In modern times, industrial forging is done either with presses or with
hammers powered by compressed air, electricity, hydraulics or steam. These
hammers may have reciprocating weights in the thousands of pounds. Smaller
power hammers, 230 kg or less reciprocating weight, and hydraulic presses
are common in art smithies as well. Some steam hammers remain in use, but
they became obsolete with the availability of the other, more convenient,
power sources.
Forging can produce a piece that is stronger than an equivalent cast or
machined part. As the metal is shaped during the forging process, its internal
grain deforms to follow the general shape of the part. As a result, the grain is
continuous throughout the part, giving rise to a piece with improved strength
characteristics.
Some metals may be forged cold, but iron and steel are almost always
hot forged. Hot forging prevents the work hardening that would result from
cold forging, which would increase the diffi culty of performing secondary
machining operations on the piece. Also, while work hardening may be
desirable in some circumstances, other methods of hardening the piece, such
as heat treating, are generally more economical and more controllable. Alloys
that are amenable to precipitation hardening, such as most aluminium alloys
and titanium, can be hot forged, followed by hardening.
Production forging involves signifi cant capital expenditure for machinery,
tooling, facilities and personnel. In the case of hot forging, a high temperature
furnace (sometimes referred to as the forge) will be required to heat ingots or
billets. Owing to the massiveness of large forging hammers and presses and
the parts they can produce, as well as the dangers inherent in working with
hot metal, a special building is frequently required to house the operation. In
the case of drop forging operations, provisions must be made to absorb the
shock and vibration generated by the hammer. Most forging operations will
require the use of metal-forming dies, which must be precisely machined
and carefully heat treated to correctly shape the workpiece, as well as to
withstand the tremendous forces involved.
Note:
anvil – наковальня.
35. Закончите следующие предложения.
1. Forging is …
2. The hammer and anvil are ...
3. Industrial forging is done either with presses or …
176
4. Some steam hammers became obsolete with …
5. Forging can produce …
6. Iron and steel are almost …
7. Heat treating is generally more economical and more controllable than ...
8. Alloys can be hot forged …
36. Парная работа. Составьте вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста и задайте их своему собеседнику.
37. Составьте резюме по содержанию прочитанного текста.
TEST
1. Из предложенных вариантов ответов выберите один правильный.
1. She is running … .
a) quick c) quickly
b) quicker b) the quickest
2. The profesor speaks too … .
a) fastly c) faster
b) fast d) fastest
3. The team played … and lost the match.
a) badly c) worst
b) worth d) bad
4. The teacher asked the pupils to listen … .
a) careful c) care
b) carefully d) carely
5. My father works … but he doesn’t earn much money.
a) hardly c) hard
b) harder d) hardest
6. At fi rst he draws … then … .
a) quickly – slowly c) quickly – slow
b) quick – slowly d) quick – slow
7. Tom turned around … because there was a … shout.
a) immediately – sudden c) immediate – sudden
b) immediate – suddenly d) immediately – suddenly
8. She paints … . She is a … painter.
a) goodly – well c) well – good
b) goodly – good d) good – good
177
9. Your English is much … now. You’ve made … mistakes this time.
a) best – least c) the best – less
b) better – less d) good – less
10. Please, tell me something … than this old joke.
a) interesting c) the most interesting
b) less interesting d) more interesting
2. Прочитайте текст и составьте резюме по содержанию прочитанного.
The Engineering Profession
Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history. Without the
skills included in the broad fi eld of engineering, our present-day civilization
never could have evolved. The fi rst toolmakers who chipped arrows and
spears from rock were the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers. The
craftsmen who discovered metals in the earth and found ways to refi ne and
use them were the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers. And the
skilled technicians who devised irrigation systems and erected the marvellous
buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time.
Engineering is often defi ned as making practical application of theoretical
sciences such as physics and mathematics. Many of the early branches of
engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that
depended on observation and experience.
The great engineering works of ancient times were constructed and
operated largely by means of slave labour. During the Middle Ages people
began to seek devices and methods of work that were more effi cient and
humane. Wind, water, and animals were used to provide energy for some
of these new devices. This led to the Industrial Revolution that began in the
eighteenth century. First steam engines and then other kinds of machines
took over more and more of the work that had previously been done by
human beings or by animals. James Watt, one of the key fi gures in the early
development of steam engines, devised the concept of horsepower to make
his customers understand the amount of work his machines could perform.
Since the nineteenth century both scientifi c research and practical
application of its results have escalated. The mechanical engineer now has
the mathematical ability to calculate the mechanical advantage that results
from the complex interaction of many diff erent mechanisms. He or she also
has new and stronger materials to work with and enormous new sources of
power. The Industrial Revolution began by putting water and steam to work;
since then machines using electricity, gasoline, and other energy sources
have become so widespread that they now do a very large proportion of the
work of the world.
178
UNIT IX. Scientific and Technological
Progress. Metal and the Metalworking
Industry
Vocabulary
Oral Practice: Scientifi c and Technological Progress
Grammar: Неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив
(The Infi nitive). Инфинитивные обороты
Reading and Speaking Practice:
Text А. Physical Properties of Metals and Alloys
Text B. Foundry Metal Casting
Text С. Machine Tools
Test
VOCABULARY
1. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами; переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. aluminium [ˌæljʊˈmɪnɪəm] n. алюминий
The manufacturers say that there is no danger of the aluminium leaking
into the water.
2. arrangement [əˈreɪndʒmənt] n. устройство; расположение; согла-
шение
They came to the arrangement after prolonged negotiations.
3. beam [biːm] n. луч
The tourists remembered about the time after they had seen the beams of
fl ashlights.
4. boiling [ˈbɔɪlɪŋ] n. кипение; кипячение
The boiling point of a substance depends on the surrounding pressure.
adj. кипящий
Boiling water gives off steam.
5. casting [ˈkɑːstɪŋ] n. литье, отливка
One of the basic processes of the metalworking industry is the production
of metal castings.
6. chromium [ˈkrəʊmɪəm] n. хром
Chromium is a body-centred cubic.
7. cobalt [kəˈbɔːlt] n. кобальт
Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27.
179
8. constitution [ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃn] n. 1) конституция
The Constitution ensures our fundamental rights.
2) устройство; состав
Constitution denotes the manner of arrangement of the metal atoms as to
geometric form in solid crystals.
9. copper [ˈkɒpə] n. медь
Copper is a very conductive metal.
10. electrical conductivity [ɪˈlektrɪk(ə)l ˌkɒndʌkˈtɪvɪtɪ] электрическая
проводимость
Electrical conductivity is the measure of a material’s ability to allow the
transport of an electric charge.
11. gold [ɡəʊld] n. золото
The ring is solid gold.
12. heat conductivity [hiːt ˌkɒndʌkˈtɪvɪtɪ] теплопроводность
Heat conductivity is measured as the heatconducting ability of a unit
length or thickness of a substance per unit of cross-sectional area.
13. iron [ˈaɪən] n. железо
Iron is a soft metal.
14. lathe [leɪð] n. токарный станок
Lathes are used in woodworking, metalworking, metal spinning, glass-
working, ect.
15. lead [led] n. свинец
Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82.
16. machine tool [məˈʃiːn ˌtuːl] механический станок
The machine tool squares the wood into fl at boards.
17. magnesium [mæɡˈniːziəm] n. магний
Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the Universe.
18. melting [ˈmeltɪŋ] n. плавка; расплавление
Melting or fusion is a physical process that results in the phase transition
of a substance from a solid to a liquid.
adj. плавящийся; плавильный
The metals of lower melting points are generally the soft metals and those
of high melting are the hard metals.
19. metallic [mɪˈtalɪk] adj. металлический
The medicine has a metallic taste.
20. molten [ˈməʊltən] adj. расплавленный, литой
The machine tool extrudes enough molten glass to fi ll the mold.
21. nickel [ˈnɪkl] n. никель
Nickel is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge.
22. permanent [ˈpɜːmənənt] adj. постоянный; неизменный
It’s a temporary job but I hope it will be made permanent.
23. platinum [ˈplætɪnəm] n. платина
Noble metals include gold, silver and platinum.
180
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