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UNIT VIII. My Speciality is an Engineer.
The Process of Working with Metals
Vocabulary
Oral Practice: My Speciality is an Engineer
Grammar: Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
Reading and Speaking Practice:
Text А. Metalworking
Text B. General Metalworking Processes
Text С. Forging
Test
VOCABULARY
1. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами; переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. alloy [ˈælɔɪ] n. сплав
This alloy includes a small admixture of silver.
2. assembly [əˈsemblɪ] n. собрание; сбор; сборка
I have never seen such an assembly.
3. brazing [ˈbreɪzɪŋ] n. пайка (твердым припоем)
Brazing is a joining process.
4. burning [ˈbɜːnɪŋ] n. горение, сжигание, обжиг
Burning or cutting with an oxyfuel torch is a welding process.
5. chip [ˈtʃɪp] n. щепка, стружка, кусочек, осколок
Wood chips covered the fl oor of the workshop.
6. craft (handcraft) [krɑːft] n. ремесло; искусство
The potter spends years perfecting his craft.
7. cutting [ˈkʌtɪŋ] n. резание; рубка; фрезерование
Cutting diamonds can be gruelling work.
8. drilling [ˈdrɪlɪŋ] n. высверливание; бурение
If they strike oil, drilling will begin early next year.
9. ductile [ˈdʌktaɪl] n. эластичный; ковкий
Aluminium is ductile, but diffi cult to cool.
10. to evolve [ɪˈvɒlv] v. развивать(ся); выделять; издавать
Some people don’t believe that man evolved from monkeys.
11. to forge [fɔːdʒ] = to smith [smɪθ] v. ковать
In the childhood he wanted to forge like his grandfather.
161
12. forge [fɔːdʒ] = smithy [ˈsmɪðɪ] n. кузница
He had got his leather apron on, and passed into the forge.
13. forging [ˈfɔːdʒɪŋ] n. ковка
Forging is one of the oldest known metalworking processes.
14. forming [ˈfɔːmɪŋ] n. образование; формирование
Metalworking is divided into the forming, cutting and joining.
15. granulation [ˌɡrænjəˈleɪʃn] n. гранулирование; зернение; дробле-
ние
The ancient technique of granulation is found around the world in
numerous ancient cultures.
16. hammer [ˈhæmə] n. молоток; молот
Our ancestors used the rock as a hammer.
17. joining [ˈdʒɔɪnɪŋ] n. соединение
Joining processes are welding, brazing, soldering.
18. marking [ˈmɑːkɪŋ] n. маркировка; разметка; клеймовка
The marking on the road is unclear.
19. metalworking [ˈmetəlˌwɜːkɪŋ] n. металлообработка
Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create individual
parts, assemblies, or large scale structures.
20. milling [ˈmɪlɪŋ] n. помол; измельчение
Chemical milling is a special process that removes excess material by the
use of etching chemicals and masking chemicals.
21. ore [ɔː] n. руда
Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which iron can be economically
extracted.
22. outlet [ˈaʊtlet] n. выходное отверстие; выход
He needed an outlet for that driving energy.
23. pattern [ˈpætən] n. образец, пример; форма; узор
The rug is decorated with a geometric pattern.
24. precious [ˈpreʃəs] adj. драгоценный
Some of the stolen jewellery can be melted down and sold for the value of
the precious metal.
25. precise [prɪˈsaɪs] adj. точный
It was diffi cult to get precise information.
26. skill [skɪl] n. искусство, мастерство, навык
This job requires special skills.
27. soldering [səʊldərɪŋ] n. пайка, паяние
Soldering is a joining process that occurs at temperatures below 450 °C.
28. swarf [swɔːf] n. мелкая металлическая стружка
In cutting metals the waste is chips or swarf and excess metal.
29. value [ˈvæljuː] n. ценность, стоимость; оценка; величина
His research has been of little practical value.
162
30. welding [ˈweldɪŋ] n. сварка
Trade schools continue to teach welding in all of its forms.
31. workpiece [ˈwɜːkpiːs] n. заготовка; деталь
Marking out is the process of transferring a design or pattern to a
workpiece.
2. Прочитайте следующие словосочетания с новой лексикой и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на сочетаемость слов.
An alloy of copper and zinc, assembly shop, wood chips, traditional
country crafts, ductile iron, to evolve a new theory, to work in a forge, high /
low milling, an area rich in ores, an outlet for water, to form a pattern, a
precious metal, very precise calculation, to acquire diff erent skills and habits,
to have little practical value, plain workpiece.
3. Поставьте разные типы вопросов к следующим предложениям.
1. Brazing is a joining process.
2. Burning or cutting with an oxyfuel torch is a welding process.
3. Cutting diamonds can be gluelling work.
4. If they strike oil, drilling will begin early next year.
5. Forging is one of the oldest known metalworking processes.
6. Metalworking is divided into the forming, cutting and joining.
7. Soldering is a joining process that occurs at temperatures below
450 °C.
8. Trade schools continue to teach welding in all of its forms.
4. Образуйте словосочетания и предложения с новыми словами.
ORAL PRACTICE
5. Прочитайте текст. Поставьте к нему разные типы вопросов и
дайте на них краткие и полные ответы.
MY SPECIALITY IS AN ENGINEER
There are many interesting and useful professions and it is really not an
easy task to choose the right one.
I began to think about my future profession at the age of 15. My favourite
subjects at school were mathematics and physics. My teachers were well-educated
people with broad outlook and deep knowledge of the subjects. They encouraged
me in my desire to become an engineer. I knew well what I was going to do after
leaving school. I didn’t make a blind choice. It was not a sudden fl ash either.
163
I opted for a career in technological engineering. I came to this decision little by
little. It was my father who aroused my interest in that fi eld. He is an engineer at
a large plant and I often saw him work at home and discuss engineering matters
with his colleagues. Later I got interested in the matter.
The science of engineering is concerned with all our material needs and
wants.
To become a good specialist in engineering one must know many
sciences, such as physics, mathematics, chemistry, computer science, as
well as philosophy, foreign languages. It is very important for a specialist in
engineering to be a skilful user of computers and to speak at least one foreign
language. It should better be English as it is the most popular language of
international communication.
I’ll try to study to the best of my abilities to achieve my life’s ambition
and to justify the hopes of my parents. I also hope that I’ll never regret my
choice and get a well-paid and interesting job afterwards.
At this moment the profession of an engineer is once again becoming a
prestigious and well-paid. Factories, railways, workshops, small private fi rms
need people of engineering professions. Wherever there is any equipment
needed, engineers are able to maintain it at a high level, and the technique
now in all areas of production, even the simplest industrial enterprise can not
exist without it.
Today the profession of an engineer is not very fashionable, but it’s not bad,
that it is only more appreciated by qualifi ed professionals. A good engineer must
constantly improve his skills not only through education but also by attending
various events, foreign exhibitions, which improve the quality of knowledge.
Our country has huge potential, we can become fi rst in many production sectors,
so that in the future I want to work as an engineer and invent new machines and
devices, thereby contributing to the development of our state.
6. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на русский язык.
Useful profession; favourite subjects; well-educated people; broad
outlook; deep knowledge; a blind choice; a sudden fl ash; technological
engineering; little by little; engineering matters; material needs; international
communication; a well-paid job; a high level; the simplest industrial enterprise.
7. Закончите следующие предложения.
1. It is really not an easy task …
2. My teachers encouraged me …
3. My father is …
4. One must know …
5. It is very important for a specialist in engineering …
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6. English is …
7. The profession of an engineer once again becoming …
8. Engineers are able to maintain …
9. Today the profession of an engineer is …
10. A good engineer must constantly improve his skills through …
8. Прочитайте, переведите текст и ответьте на вопрос: What does a
materials engineer do?
A materials engineer is an expert on materials used in manufacturing and
production. Depending on the industry, the areas of expertise may vary. In
most cases, however, the engineer is required to be knowledgeable about
materials from their rawest forms to their most complex combinations in
product design.
Materials engineers can be involved in many aspects of production or
specialize in a particular area of interest. Development processes are often
complicated and can take many directions, depending on how materials
interact; as a result, a materials engineer is regularly called upon to provide
input, such as helping select materials or testing the fi nished product.
Besides materials testing and analysis, a materials engineer is regularly
required to apply his expertise in the areas of materials tolerance, conductivity,
strength and pollution probabilities. This may involve inspecting plant
equipment for compliance, monitoring changes in the quality of production
and ensuring materials alterations do not compromise adherence to
government or industry standards. Interaction with other engineers and plant
operations personnel is required to accurately assess situations and develop
solid and practical solutions.
An experienced senior materials engineer can often become a consultant
later in his career, advising on manufacturing plant designs and methods.
Others may apply their knowledge to academia and teach college or
university courses. Other popular choices for materials engineers desiring
less-traditional employment include selling industrial materials or writing
books and articles on materials engineering processes and advancements.
9. Прочитайте, переведите текст и ответьте на вопрос: What does an
electrical engineer do?
An electrical engineer is someone who designs and develops new electrical
equipment, solves problems and tests equipment. They work with all kinds of
electronic devices, from the smallest pocket devices to large supercomputers.
Electrical engineer deals with electricity, electromagnetism and electronics.
It also covers power, control systems, telecommunications and signal
165
processing. These engineers are usually concerned with large-scale electrical
systems such as motor control and power transmission, as well as utilizing
electricity to transmit energy. Electrical engineers may work on a diverse
range of technologies, from the design of household appliances, lighting and
wiring of buildings, telecommunication systems, electrical power stations
and satellite communications. They may plan their designs using computeraided software or they may also sketch ideas by hand.
Electrical engineers work on a variety of projects, such as computers,
robots, cell phones, cards, radars, navigation systems, wiring and lighting in
buildings and other kinds of electrical systems.
Electrical engineers start out a project by defi ning what a new electronics
should be able to do. They will then design the circuits and parts of the
electronics using a computer. They will create a prototype and test the
product to improve it. Most products do not work initially or have some bugs
that need to be fi xed. The electrical engineer needs to fi gure out the problem
and make the product work.
10. Прочитайте, переведите текст и ответьте на вопрос: What does
a civil engineer do?
A civil engineer is someone who designs and supervises large construction
projects, including roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, and
systems for water supply and sewage treatment.
Civil engineers work at the highest level of design and plan large
infrastructure projects, such as airports and roadways, which requires solving
complex problems. Civil engineers must determine the feasibility of plans,
especially regarding fi nancial costs and safety concerns. Urban and regional
planners often look to civil engineers for advice on these issues. Civil
engineers are ultimately responsible for the infrastructure project’s design
and implementation.
Civil engineers use the principles of calculus, trigonometry, and other
advanced topics in math for analysis, design, and troubleshooting in their
work. Only licensed civil engineers can sign the plans for infrastructure
projects. This makes it imperative that civil engineers be able to monitor
and evaluate the work at the job site as a project progresses. Civil engineers
must be able to communicate with other professionals, such as architects,
landscape architects and urban planners. This means that civil engineers must
be able to write clear reports that people without an engineering background
can follow.
Many civil engineers hold supervisory or administrative positions ranging
from supervisor of a construction site to city engineer. Others work in design,
construction, research, and teaching. They work with others on projects and
166
may be assisted by civil engineering technicians and technologists. Various
levels of government employ civil engineers to do many of the same things
done in private industry, except that the government-employed civil engineers
may also inspect projects to be sure that they comply with regulations.
11. Прочитайте и переведите следующие ситуации – шутки об инженерах.
1. The wireless telegraph is not diffi cult to understand. The ordinary
telegraph is like a very long cat. You pull the tail in New York, and it meows
in Los Angeles. The wireless is the same, only without the cat.
2. If it wasn’t for Thomas Alva Edison, we’d all be watching TV to the
light of a candle.
3. An engineer was taking a walk when a frog spoke to him and said, “If
you kiss me, I’ll turn into a beautiful princess, I’ll become your girlfriend.”
He picked up the frog and put it in his pocket.
The frog spoke again and said, “If you kiss me and turn me back into
a princess, I’ll become your wife.” The engineer took the frog out of his
pocket, smiled at it and put it back into his pocket.
The frog said, “What is the matter? Why won’t you kiss me?”
The engineer said, “Look, I’m a busy engineer. I don’t have time for a
girlfriend or a wife, but a talking frog, now that’s cool.”
12. Расскажите о своей будущей специальности на английском языке.
GRAMMAR
СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ
И НАРЕЧИЙ
В английском языке, равно как и в русском, три степени сравнения
прилагательных (Comparison Degrees): положительная (the Positive
Degree), сравнительная (the Comparative Degree) и превосходная (the
Superlative Degree).
Положительная степень подразумевает использование прилагательного в его обычной форме для описания субъектов / объектов: Her
hair is long.
Сравнительная степень используется, когда необходимо сравнить
два субъекта / объекта, подчеркнув при этом, что выбранная характеристика для одного из субъектов / объектов является более выраженной.
При сравнении двух объектов используется слово than (чем): Her hair is
longer than yours.
167
Превосходная степень используется при сопоставлении нескольких (трех и более) субъектов / объектов, при этом подчеркивается, что
выбранная характеристика для одного из субъектов / объектов является
наиболее выраженной: She has the longest hair in her class.
Cуффиксы -er / -est используются для образования степеней сравне-
ния следующих прилагательных: прилагательных, состоящих из одного
слога (long – longer – the longest); прилагательных, состоящих из двух
слогов и оканчивающихся на -y, -er, -le, -ow:
easy – easier – the easiest;
clever – cleverer – the cleverest;
simple – simple – the simplest;
narrow – narrower – the narrowest.
Многосложные прилагательные образуют сравнительную степень с
помощью слов more / less, превосходную – с помощью слов most / least
и определенного артикля перед прилагательным:
comfortable – more comfortable – the most comfortable.
! В словах, которые состоят из одного слога и заканчиваются на один
согласный, перед которыми стоит один гласный, такой согласный в сравненительной и превосходной степени удваивается: bigger, thinner, fi tter, etc.
Исключения:
Положительная
степень
good – хороший better – лучше, лучший the best – самый лучший,
bad – плохой worse – худший, хуже the worst – самый плохой,
little – маленький less – меньше the least – наименьший, малейший
Сравнительная
степень
Превосходная
степень
(наи)лучший
(наи)худший
Наречия так же, как и английские прилагательные, могут образовывать степени сравнения с помощью добавления суффиксов -er /-est:
fast – faster – fastest.
Для многосложных наречий и тех наречий, которые были образованы с помощью суффикса -ly, степени сравнения образуются с помощью
слов more и most: wisely – more wisely – most wisely.
Исключениями из этого правила являются наречия early и loudly,
степени сравнения которых образуются с помощью суффиксов (earlier –
earliest, louder – loudest), а также quickly и slowly. Степени сравнения последних двух могут образовываться обоими способами (quicker / more
quickly – quickest / most quickly; slower / more slowly – slowest / most slowly).
168
Исключения:
Положительная
степень
well – хорошо better – лучше best – лучше всего
badly – плохо worse – хуже worst – хуже всего
little – мало less – меньше least – менее всего, в наимень-
much, many – много more – больше most – больше всего
far – далеко farther / further – дальше farthest / furthest – дальше всего
Сравнительная
степень
Превосходная
степень
шей степени
Как правило, английские наречия располагаются перед соответствующими им прилагательными или наречиями: Their activities are highly
suspicious.
Наречие enough ставится после связанного с ним слова: He is working
well enough.
Наречия определенного времени (today, yesterday, tomorrow, etc.) ста-
вятся в начале или конце предложения: Tomorrow I’m fl ying to Moscow. /
I’m fl ying to Moscow tomorrow.
Наречия неопределенного времени (always, ever, never, often, seldom,
just, already, etc.) стоят перед глаголом: I have just returned from Brazil.
Если это глагол to be, то наречие ставится после него: We are always
ready to help you.
13. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения. Скажите,
какой частью речи являются выделенные курсивом слова.
1. The questions were so easy that everybody could answer them. 2. He
answered all the questions easily. 3. He spoke loudly. 4. We heard a loud
noise in the street. 5. We went straight to St. Petersburg without stopping
anywhere. 6. This road is quite straight. 7. You would write better if you
had a better pen. 8. He has very little knowledge of the subject. 9. When I
fi rst came to Moscow, I little thought that I should stay here so long. 10. We
stayed there a long time. 11. He works more and better than he used to. 12. I
have more books than you.
14. Вставьте вместо пропусков подходящие по смыслу слова. Поставьте к данным предложениям разные типы вопросов.
1. The bus moved very … (slow / slowly) and I arrived home late. 2. Miss
Jones ran … (quick / quickly) to the chemist’s. 3. I’m afraid I wrote the test
very … (bad / badly). 4. She drives the car quite … (good / well). 5. Dad
looked at me … (angry / angrily). 6. Mr. Potter was … (deep
/ deeply) touched
169
by our greetings. 7. We … (hard / hardly) know each other. 8. The Internet
is … (wide / widely) used all over the world. 9. Hurry up, kids! It’s … (near /
nearly) midnight. 10. The police offi cer examined the car … (close / closely).
15. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени сравнения
от исходных прилагательных и наречий.
Big, heavy, short, dirty, clean, near, bad, famous, little, much, clever,
good, expensive, cheap, important, pale, hot, beautiful, large, practical,
fat, early, pretty, happy, bright, dark, dry, fl at, fresh, full, quick, late, nice,
rich, sad, thin, thick, wet, weak, early, funny, easy, ugly, comfortable, quiet,
far, polite, happy, glad, complete, grey, well, honorable, shy, dry, just, free,
recent, merry, uncomfortable, joyful, hot, thin, accurate, real, sweet, right,
wicked, yellow, cozy, merciful, badly, clumsy, stupid, far, miserable, narrow,
virtuous, simple, regular, expensive, low, deep, signifi cant, bitter, intimate,
lazy, old, serious, tiny, considerate, beautiful, dear, fi t.
16. Раскройте скобки, поставив прилагательные в сравнительную
или превосходную степень.
1. The Trans-Siberian railway is … (long) in the world. 2. The twentysecond of December is the … (short) day of the year. 3. Iron is … (useful)
of all metals. 4. The Neva is … (wide) and … (deep) than the Moskva River.
5. Elbrus is the … (high) peak in the Caucasian mountains. 6. His plan is …
(practical) than yours. 7. His plan is … (practical) of all. 8. This room is …
(small) than all the rooms in the house. 9. London is the … (large) city in
England. 10. Silver is … (heavy) than copper. 11. Our house is … (low) than
yours. 12. This exercise is … (good) than the last one. 13. Yesterday was
the … (hot) day we have had this summer. 14. The Battle of Stalingrad was
the … (great) battle of all times.
17. Раскройте скобки, выбрав правильный вариант степени сравнения наречий.
1. Alisа smiles even … (most brightly / more brightly) than the sun. 2. The
new teacher explains the rules … (more completely / completely) than our
book. 3. Jack arrived … (latest / most late) at the airport. 4. Jillian usually
climbs … (highest
/ higher) of all the other climbers in her group. 5. Andrew
is speaking even … (more louder / louder) than usual. 6. Melody dances …
(most gracefully / more gracefully) of all the girls. 7. Of all three, Mike runs …
(fastest / faster). 8. Of all two, Mike runs … (fastest / faster). 9. Harry swims …
(slower / slowest) of all the boys in the swimming team. 10. Yesterday the
President spoke … (more calmly / calmly) to Congress than usual.
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