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Файл:Английский язык = English. Учебное пособие-2
.pdf
Формы причастия
Залог (Voice) Participle I Participle I Perfect Participle II
Active
Passive
asking having asked asked
being asked having been asked
Participle I – причастие I или Present Participle (причастие настоящего времени) образуется путем прибавления окончания -ing к глаголу
в форме инфинитива: to buy (покупать) – buying (покупающий). Например: I looked at the directory making the contract. – Я посмотрел на дирек-
тора, составляющего контракт.
Participle II – причастие II или Past Participle (причастие прошедшего времени) образуется так же, как и Past Simple – прибавлением
окончания -ed к основе глагола (для правильных глаголов): to order (за-
казывать) – ordered (заказанный). Например: The ordered goods are in the
warehouse. – Заказанные вещи – на складе. Participle II неправильных
глаголов образуется разными способами (см. Таблицу неправильных
глаголов, с. 248).
Независимый причастный оборот
Независимый причастный оборот имеет собственное подлежащее,
выраженное существительным в общем падеже или личным местоимением в форме именительного падежа. На русский язык этот оборот
переводится придаточным обстоятельственным предложением, начинающимся союзами если, так как, когда, после того как и др., если оборот
предшествует подлежащему со сказуемым, выраженным личной формой
глагола: The student knowing English well, the exam didn’t last long. – Так
как студент хорошо знал английский язык, экзамен продолжался недолго.
Предложения с независимым причастным оборотом, стоящим в конце предложения, чаще всего переводится на русский язык сложносочиненным предложением с союзами причем, а, и, но: The wood was placed
in the warehouse, the wood shredding being forwarded to the factory. – Древесину поместили на склад, а опилки отправили на фабрику.
Независимый причастный оборот всегда отделяется запятой от
остальной части предложения.
13. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
1. Having fi nished the test he put down the results. 2. The house being
built in this street now will be a new shopping centre. 3. The cars at that time
were small, the engine being placed under the seat. 4. Driving a car a man
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tries to keep steady speed and watch the car in front of him. 5. Having stated
the laws of gravity Newton was able to explain the structure of the Universe.
6. Being invented the digital technology solved the old problems of noise and
signal transmission. 7. The energy possessed by the body due to its position
is called the potential energy. 8. The new materials recommended for bridge
construction were described in the article written by our professor.
14. Образуйте Participle I от следующих глаголов.
To build, to determine, to move, to refuse, to obtain, to produce, to use, to
include, to off er, to carry, to keep, to divide, to return, to develop.
15. Образуйте Participle II от следующих глаголов.
To change, to keep, to take, to maintain, to install, to consider, to burn, to
achieve, to develop, to divide, to return, to give, to do, to add.
16. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая
внимание на функцию причастия.
1. We are living in an age of swiftly changing technologies. 2. They
are creating a quite but profound communication revolution. 3. Computer
networks are being widely used for the transmission of many categories
of information. 4. You can relax playing computer games. 5. Technology
is changing rapidly. 6. The moving system is often referred to as the
manipulation. 7. The exchanges operating automatically are of great value.
8. When processed properly the substance acquires some new required
properties. 9. Having replaced humans in factory operations robots opened
a new era in manufacturing. 10. If used this method will help us to increase
the output.
17. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык,
используя Participle I.
Профессор, читающий лекцию; студент, изучающий программирование; методы, улучшающие исследовательскую работу; инженер, знающий технику безопасности; абитуриент, сдающий экзамен; ученый,
использующий новые достижения; развивающиеся страны; строя дороги; улучшая уличное движение; увеличивая скорость; применяя современное оборудование.
18. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык,
используя Participle II.
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Окончив университет; открыв новый химический элемент; соединив две части задачи; получив новую информацию; план, оставленный
дома; университет, основанный М.В. Ломоносовым; материалы, полученные по почте; двигатель, сконструированный молодым инженером;
железная дорога, построенная наемными рабочими; спор, решенный
успешно; предприятие, увеличивающее производство продукции.
19. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Окончив университет с отличием, студент поступил в аспирантуру. 2. Изучив различные подходы к этому вопросу, руководитель остановился на более современном из них. 3. Войдя в аудиторию, профессор
сразу начал читать лекцию. 4. Устранив неисправность, водитель уехал
со станции техобслуживания. 5. Удаляя различные примеси из воздуха,
фильтр не дает карбюратору засориться. 6. Человечество, потребляющее огромное количество энергии, скоро столкнется с энергетическим
кризисом. 7. Электроприборы, установленные в лаборатории, будут использоваться студентами во время практики. 8. Прослушав курс лекций,
студент успешно сдал экзамен.
READING AND SPEAKING PRACTICE
20. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст А,
пользуясь словарем.
Text A. Computer
The word “computer” has been part of the English language since
1646, but if you look up in a dictionary printed before 1940, you might be
surprised to fi nd a computer defi ned as a person who performs calculations.
Prior to 1940, machines designed to perform calculations were referred to
as calculators and tabulators not computers. The modern defi nition and use
of the term “computer” emerged in the 1940s, when the fi rst electronic
computing devices were developed.
A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits
that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like
the cores, are capable of being in one of two possible states, that is, on or
off ; magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and
manipulating numbers, letters and characters. The basic idea of a computer
is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that
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turn certain switches on and turn others off , or that magnetize or do not
magnetize the cores.
The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this
reason, computers can be defi ned as devices which accept information in
the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform
mathematical and / or logical operations on the information, and then
supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the
computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to
solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.
Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. However,
most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities. First,
computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as:
addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Second,
computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we
couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn’t
be of much use. However, certain computers (commonly minicomputers and
microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft
navigation systems, medical instruments, etc.
Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use
punched cards, magnetic tape, disks, and terminals. The computer’s input
device (which might be a card reader, a tape drive or disk drive, depending
on the medium used in inputting information) reads the information into the
computer.
For outputting information, two common devices used are a printer which
prints the new information on paper, or a CRT display screen which shows
the results on a TV-like screen.
Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of
decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: “Who would
win a war between two countries?” or “Who is the richest person in the
world?” Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely:
“Is one number less than another?”, “Are two numbers equal?” and “Is one
number greater than another?”
A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even
thousands, of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored. It can fi nd
the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to
do the job. A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it has
no originality; it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot
exercise any value judgements. There are times when a computer seems to
operate like a mechanical ‘brain’, but its achievements are limited by the
minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells
it what to do and gives it the speed of light, a computer can carry out vast
numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person
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can do everything a computer can do, but in many cases that person would be
dead long before the job was fi nished.
Notes:
to emerge – появляться, выходить;
intricate – сложный, замысловатый;
punched card – перфорированная карта;
judgement – суждение.
21. Вставьте вместо пропусков правильную форму слова для каждого из предложений.
1. electron, electronic, electronics, electronically
a. An … pen is one example of an input device.
b. A computer solves problems … .
c. Many … students go on to work as engineers.
2. technology, technological, technologically, technologist
a. The computer is the greatest … invention of the twentieth century.
b. There are two … involved in a clipboard PC.
c. Today’s computers are … far superior to those used a few years ago.
3. identify, identifying, identifi able, identity
a. The clipboard’s pattern recognition software immediately … the letters
and numbers written by the stylus.
b. Most computer companies will not allow people without an … card to
enter their premises.
c. A password is a mechanism for … the computer user and allowing
access.
4. compute, computing, computation, computerize, computerization
a. The … of the manufacturing division will be expensive in the short
term, but cost-eff ective in the long term.
b. We should be able to … our profi t for next year fairly accurately with
the new program.
с. I could tell from all the … on the board that a maths lesson was in
progress.
22. Используя текст, скажите, верны ли следующие утверждения;
неверные утверждения исправьте.
1. A computer can store or handle any data even if it hasn’t received
information to do so.
2. All computers accept and process information in the form of
instructions and characters.
225
3. The information necessary for solving problems is found in the
memory of the computer.
4. Not all computers can perform arithmetic operations, make decisions,
and communicate in some way with the user.
5. Computers can still be useful machines even if they can’t communicate
with the user.
6. There are many diff erent devices used for feeding information into a
computer.
7. There aren’t as many diff erent types of devices used for giving result
as there are for accepting information.
8. Computers can make any type of decision they are asked to.
9. Computers can work endlessly without having to stop to rest unless
there is a breakdown.
23. Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова: core,
device, data, circuit, terminal, switch, program, memory, medium, CRT
display.
1. Every computer has … for performing arithmetic operations, operating …
or magnetized … .
2. A … with a screen is normally referred to as a … unit.
3. A computer is a … that processes information in the form of … and …
and can store this information in a … .
4. Card readers, tape drives, or disk drives are diff erent … for inputting
information.
24. Найдите в каждом абзаце слова, которые можно было бы вынести перед текстом в качестве ключевых.
25. Составьте подробный план текста, выделяя микротемы каждой части и озаглавливая их.
26. Передайте обобщенно основное содержание текста на английском языке.
27. Перескажите текст А, пользуясь логико-смысловыми опорами.
28. Прочитайте текст В без использования словаря, определите, о
чем он; переведите на русский язык те абзацы, которые содержат
следующие идеи:
1. When the drive is being used a small light indicator is on.
2. Sound characteristics of diff erent computers vary.
226
3. This device is most suitable for controlling the position of the cursor.
4. It’s a device to use Internet via a phone line.
5. This system is represented by diff erent interlinked input, output and
storage devices.
6. There is a storage device that uses laser technology.
Text В. Personal Computer Systems
The term “computer system” usually refers to a computer and all the input,
output and storage devices that are connected to it. A personal computer
system usually includes the following equipment:
System unit. The system unit is the case that holds the main circuit boards,
microprocessor, power supply, and storage devices. The system unit of the
notebook computer holds a built-in keyboard and speakers, too.
Display device. Most desktop computers use a separate monitor as a
display device, whereas notebook computers use a fl at panel LCD (liquid
crystal display) screen attached to the system unit.
Keyboard. Most computers are equipped with a keyboard as the primary
input device.
Mouse. A mouse is an input device designed to manipulate on-screen
graphical objects and controls.
Hard disk drive. A hard disk drive can store billions of characters of data.
It is usually mounted inside the computer’s system unit. A small external
light indicates when the drive reading or writing data.
CD and DVD drives. A CD drive is a storage device that uses laser
technology to work with data on computer or audio CDs. A DVD drive can
work with data on computer CDs, audio CDs, computer DVDs, or DVD
movie disks. Some CD and DVD drives are classifi ed as “read only” devices
that cannot be used to write data onto disks. They are typically used to access
data from commercial software, music, and movie CDs or DVDs. “Writable”
CD and DVD drives, however, can be used to store and access data.
Sound card and speakers. Desktop computers have a rudimentary built-
in speaker that’s mostly limited to playing beeps. A small circuit board,
called a sound card, is required for high-quality music, narration, and sound
eff ects. A desktop computer’s sound card sends signals to external speakers.
A notebook’s sound card sends signals to speakers that are built into the
notebook system unit.
Modem and network cards. Many personal computer systems include a
built-in modem that can be used to establish an Internet connection using a
standard telephone line. A network card is used to connect a computer to a
network or cable Internet connection.
227
Printer. A computer printer is an output device that produces computer-
generated text or graphical images on paper.
The term peripheral device designates equipment that might be added to
a computer system to enhance its functionality. Popular peripheral devices
include printers, digital cameras, scanners, joysticks, and graphics tablets.
The word “peripheral” is a relatively old part of computer jargon that dates
back to the days of mainframes when the CPU was housed in a giant box and
all input, output, and storage devices were housed separately. Technically, a
peripheral is any device that is not housed within the CPU.
Although a hard disk drive seems to be an integral part of a computer, by the
strictest technical defi nition, a hard disk drive would be classifi ed as a peripheral
device. The same goes for other storage devices and the keyboard, monitor, LCD
screen, sound card, speakers, and modem. In the world of personal computers,
however, the use of the term “peripheral” varies and is often used to refer to any
components that are not housed inside the system unit.
29. Из предложенных вариантов ответов выберите один правильный.
1. Which of the following statements about hard disk is not true?
a) It stores data. c) It’s not a peripheral.
b) It’s a magnetic device. d) It’s placed inside a computer.
2. This storage format is used to store digital video or computer data.
a) a fl oppy disk c) CD
b) a sound card d) DVD
3. What are the elements of a computer system?
a) disk drives c) a monitor
c) a central processor d) all of the above
4. These portable computers are ideal for mobile users. They are easy to
carry and can be used outdoors without the need for an electrical outlet.
a) mainframes c) notebooks
b) workstations d) servers
5. This electronic device has a special pen and acts like an electronic piece
of paper transferring images to the computer screen.
a) a laptop c) PDA
b) a tablet computer d) a mainframe
30. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What are the characteristics of desktop computers?
2. How do notebook computers diff er from desktops?
228
3. What is a tablet computer?
4. What is a hand held and what is it used for?
5. What type of computers can be classifi ed as workstations?
6. What’s so special about a mainframe computer?
7. How powerful is a supercomputer?
8. What makes a computer a “server”?
9. What does a personal computer system include?
10. What’s a peripheral device and can a hard disk be called so?
31. Составьте резюме по содержанию прочитанного текста.
32. Прочитайте текст С, постарайтесь понять его содержание и выполните послетекстовые задания.
Text C. Steve Jobs. American Businessman and Inventor
Steve Jobs was born on 24 February 1955 in San Francisco. His full
name was Steven Paul Jobs. Birth parents abandoned him and then Steve
was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs. Some years later his adoptive parents
affi liated a daughter, Patti.
Paul was a mechanical engineer and worked for a corporation which
produced lasers. Steve’s stepmother was a bookkeeper. She taught him to
read at an early age and Paul showed Steve elementary electronics. Steve
himself always insisted that Paul and Clara were his parents.
In 1972 Steve Jobs graduated from high school in California and became
a college student at Reed College in Portland. He also attended lectures at
the HP Company and then began to work there with his schoolfellow Steve
Wozniak.
In 1976 Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne established
Apple. Some years later Steve Wozniak created a new personal computer
which carried Apple forward. Its name was Apple II. Steve Jobs worked on
design and sales of new device.
In 1980s Xerox PARC introduced its product, mouse-driven graphical
user interface. Steve Jobs predicted the success of Xerox PARC’s invention
and this was an incitement to development of the Apple Lisa. The creators
were Ken Rothmuller and John Couch. In addition to that Jef Raskin
invented Macintosh in one year.
There was a race for power in Apple in 1985. Steve Jobs lost it and left the
company. He decided to found a new corporation which was called NeXT.
This company produced technologies for organizational markets and higher
education.
In 1986 Steve Jobs got the computer graphics branch of Lucasfilm
Ltd. Later it was reorganized into Pixar Animation Studios. Steve
229
worked on famous animated cartoon “Toy Story” as an executive
producer. He was controlling shareholder and his percentage was
50.1%. In 2006 The Walt Disney Company acquired Pixar Animation
Studios and Steve became the stock owner and a member of its Board
of Directors.
In 1996 NeXT was included in Apple. Consequently Steve returned to
work for Apple and became its co-founder. In 1996 Steve Jobs was chosen
as an advisor of Apple. In 2000 he became Chief Executive Offi cer of Apple.
He supervised elaboration of the iMac, iPad, iPod, iTunes, iPhone and other
company’s products.
In 2003 Steve’s illness was diagnosed as a rare form of pancreatic cancer.
He was cured of it. But in 2009 Steve sustained a liver transplantation. His
health became worse. In August 2011 Steve Jobs resigned as Chief Executive
Offi cer but he remained Chairman of the Board till his dying day. On October 5,
2011 he died.
Notes:
Steven Paul Jobs – Стивен (Стив) Пол Джобс;
Steve Wozniak – Стивен (Стив) Возняк;
Ronald Wayne – Рональд Уэйн;
Xerox PARC (Xerox Palo Alto Research Center) – научно-исследова-
тельский центр;
Ken Rothmuller – Кен Ротмаллер;
John Couch – Джон Коуч;
Jef Raskin – Джеф Раскин;
Macintosh – линейка персональных компьютеров производства ком-
пании Apple;
Lucasfi lm Ltd. – кинокомпания;
Pixar Animation Studios – киностудия, работающая в жанре компью-
терной анимации.
33. Найдите в тексте следующие даты и числа и прочитайте предложения с ними:
1955; 1972; 1976; 1980; 1985; 1986; 50.1; 2006; 1996; 2000; 2003;
2009.
34. Парная работа. Составьте вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста и задайте их своему собеседнику.
35. Составьте план текста и перескажите его в соответствии
с планом.
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