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Файл:Английский язык = English. Учебное пособие-2
.pdf
threaten – угрожать;
respiratory system – дыхательная система;
carbon monoxide (CO) – угарный газ;
nitrogen oxides – оксиды азота;
sulfur dioxide – диоксид серы;
dizzy – чувствующий головокружение;
light-headed – испытывающий головокружение;
odorless – без запаха;
wastewater – сточная вода;
nutrients – питательное вещество.
6. Найдите в тексте и прочитайте предложения, в которых используются следующие слова и словосочетания. Поставьте вопросы к
этим предложениям.
Surroundings; rural; amount; development; overcrowded; huge; acid
rains; to threaten; to aff ect; soil; internal-combustion engine; dust; to
consume; to exhaust; to wash away; compound; to undergo; visible; ozone;
colorless; to emit; to disappear; to breathe; to discharge; wastewater; heavy
metals; insect; to die out; disaster; to solve.
7. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский
язык.
В наши дни; опасный; мировой масштаб; перенаселенность; существование; почва; дыхательная система; луч, излучение; солнечный свет;
неполное сгорание; дым, копоть; топливо, бензин; побочный продукт;
электростанция; густой туман с дымом и копотью; угарный газ; чувствующий головокружение; испытывающий головокружение; без запаха; ископаемое топливо; последствия; парниковый эффект; человечество; органические токсины; питательное вещество; твердые отходы; поколение.
8. Закончите следующие предложения.
1. Our planet is …
2. Until now pollution was not such …
3. People did not produce such amount of …
4. Оvercrowded industrial highly developed cities put …
5. The problems that threaten human existence on the Earth today are …
6. There are several types of pollution …
7. Pollutants are …
8. Pollutants are products of …
9. Industries discharge a variety of …
10. People still have the time, the money and even the technology …
201
9. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. Why was not pollution such a serious problem in the past?
2. What are the problems that have threaten human existence on the
Earth nowadays?
3. What kinds of pollution do you know?
4. What does air pollution hit in our body?
5. What are pollutants?
6. What is smog?
7. Where does smog come from?
8. What are the most harmful particles found in the atmosphere?
9. What is the main reason for the greenhouse eff ect and acid rains?
10. Why are lakes, seas and even oceans together with the groundwater
aff ected by pollutants?
11. What eff ects does thermal pollution have?
12. Are nuclear power stations dangerous?
13. Is it possible to solve all ecological problems?
10. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения. Распределите их в две группы, образуя тексты под заголовками a) Greenhouse
Eff ect и b) Acid Rain.
1. The atmosphere is a blanket of gases around the Earth. 2. A lot of
dangerous gases enter the atmosphere from tall chimneys of factories and
power stations. 3. For thousands of years these gases have trapped some of
the sun’s heat and kept the planet’s temperatures at a steady level. 4. The
present climate zones and other natural habitats have been formed under those
temperatures. 5. Then they mix with water in the air and form a cocktail of
acidic chemicals. 6. But now because pollutant gases accumulate in the
atmosphere, they trap the heat from the Earth like the glass of a greenhouse stops
the sun’s heat from leaving. 7. After that the wind carries them for hundreds
or even thousands of kilometers away. 8. So, the Earth gets hotter. 9. And
fi nally, this killing mixture falls back on the Earth as acid rain. 10. It causes
damage or death of forests, lakes, wildlife, humans, buildings, works of art.
11. When the Earth’s temperature rises, the weather will change everywhere.
12. The soil in parts of Scandinavia is now ten times more acid than fi fty
years ago. 13. Leaves and roots of trees are damaged, and they are dying all
over Europe. 14. The ice at the North and South Poles will start to melt and as
a result, the level of the sea will rise. 15. When scientists in Britain tried to put
new fi sh into one lake, all the fi sh died in less than two days. 16. There will
be serious fl oods in many countries. 17. This liquid killer is also attacking
many of Europe’s most famous sculptures and buildings, for example, the
Brandenburg Gate in Berlin and St. Paul’s in London. 18. Millions of people
202
will lose their homes. 19. Millions of living organisms will perish. 20. When
the climate changes, there will be less food in the world. 21. Vast territories
of America and Central Russia will become too hot for farming. 22. Medical
statistics show more lung and kidney illnesses in countries with high levels of
acid pollution. 23. Other areas may become wetter, but the soil there isn’t as
rich. 24. It won’t be possible to grow the same amount of food.
11. Расскажите на английском языке о проблемах окружающей
среды и возможных путях их решения.
GRAMMAR
ГЕРУНДИЙ (GERUND)
Герундий – это неличная глагольная форма, которая обладает как
свойствами имени существительного, так и свойствами глагола. По форме
герундий совпадает с причастием I (Participle I): reading; selling; making.
Следует подчеркнуть, что такого понятия в русском языке не существует. Герундий обозначает действие как название процесса и поэтому
всегда отвечает на вопросы имени существительного (что? / с чем? / от
чего? / на чем? / для чего? / ...).
В современном английском языке герундий имеет следующие формы:
Время Active Passive
Simple
Perfect
reading being read (V
having read (V
) having been read (V3)
3
)
3
! Формы Continuous отсутствуют, а суффикс -ing добавляется к пер-
вому вспомогательному глаголу.
Функции герундия Пример
Подлежащее Studying foreign languages is her hobby. – Изучение
иностранных языков – ее хобби.
Обстоятельство After writing the statement the manager talked with
the director. – Написав отчет, менеджер поговорил с
директором.
Определение I had the pleasure of talking with the President. – Я
имел удовольствие поговорить с президентом.
Дополнение We remember discussing this question. – Мы помним,
что обсуждали этот вопрос.
Именная часть
составного сказуемого
His favourite occupation is reading. – Его любимое
занятие – это чтение.
203
Функции герундия Пример
Часть составного
глагольного сказуемого
We started issuing shares 2 years ago. – Мы начали
выпускать акции 2 года назад.
Герундий часто употребляется после предлогов: after / on / upon (после (того, как)); against (против (того, чтобы)); apart / aside from (помимо / кроме (того, что)); by (путем / c помощью); because of (из-за /
по причине (того, что)); besides (кроме); before (перед (тем, как)); from
(из / от); for fear of (из-за опасения (что)); in (в); instead of (вместо (того,
чтобы)); of – обозначает родительный падеж; owing to (благодаря (тому,
что) / из-за (того, что)); for the purpose of / with the object of / with a view
to / with the view of (с целью (того, чтобы)); for the sake of (ради (того,
чтобы)); subject to (в (том) случае, если); through (из-за / по причине
(того, что)); without (без); а также после глаголов, за которыми следуют
предлоги: be fond of; be tired of; think of и др.
Так же, как и инфинитив, герундий наиболее часто употребляется в
функции дополнения после глагола-сказуемого. Следует помнить, после каких глаголов употребляется инфинитив, а после каких – герундий:
инфинитив герундий
to want (хотеть)
to decide (решать)
to refuse (отказывать(ся))
to agree (соглашаться)
to prefer (предпочитать)
to promise (обещать)
*
to like
(любить)
to dislike
to hate
to begin
to fi nish
*
(не любить)
*
(ненавидеть)
*
(начинать)
*
(заканчивать)
to intend (намереваться)
to plan (планировать)
to try (пытаться)
to would like (хотел бы)
to off er (предлагать)
to propose (предлагать)
to forget (забывать)
to manage (удаваться)
to enjoy (получать удовольствие)
to continue (продолжать)
to be fond of (нравиться)
to be tired of (уставать)
to be afraid of (бояться)
to suggest (предлагать)
*
to like
to dislike
to hate
to begin
to fi nish
(любить)
*
(не любить)
*
(ненавидеть)
*
(начинать)
*
(заканчивать)
to be good at (хорошо удаваться)
to start (начинать)
to stop (заканчивать)
to be interested in (интересоваться)
to be scared of (бояться)
to be engaged in (быть занятым)
to be busy (быть занятым)
to be proud of (гордиться)
to think of (думать)
*
После данных глаголов может употребляться и герундий, и инфинитив: The
manager likes meeting business partners. – The manager likes to meet business partners.
204
12. Найдите в следующих предложениях герундий и определите его
функцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The storm prevented the ship from reaching the port in time. 2. Have you
the means of helping him now? 3. He did not like being read to. 4. Be careful in
crossing the street. 5. This prevented the letter from being sent off . 6. She was quite
disappointed at not seeing them there again. 7. Swimming against the current was
diffi cult and dangerous work. 8. What is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
9. He enjoyed sleeping in the open air. 10. After sleeping for about an hour he was
awakened by a loud noise. 11. I dislike borrowing things from people. 12. Before
signing the contract he wanted to receive the approval of the chairman. 13. There
was no chance of fi nding a vessel of the required size. 14. The sellers were
informed of the importance of preparing the goods for shipment immediately.
13. Употребите глаголы, стоящие в скобках, в форме герундия.
1. I have no intention of ... (to stay) here any longer. 2. She insisted on
... (to help) me. 3. Are you fond of ... (to play) chess? 4. He has had very
much experience in ... (to teach). 5. There is no possibility of ... (to fi nd)
his address. 6. There is little chance of ... (to see) her today. 7. We have the
pleasure of ... (to send) you our catalogues. 8. I think of ... (to go) to the south
in summer. 9. He is afraid of ... (to catch) cold. 10. I am proud of ... (to have)
such a son. 11. The rain prevented me from ... (to come). 12. He is engaged
in ... (to write) a book. 13. They had much diffi culty in ... (to fi nd) the house.
14. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребив обороты
с герундием. Поставьте общие и специальные вопросы к данным
предложениям.
1. When I received the telegram, I started home at once. 2. You may avoid
many mistakes if you observe these rules. 3. When he entered the room, he
greeted everybody. 4. After they had sat there a few minutes, they continued
their journey. 5. While he was copying the text, he made a few mistakes. 6. I
am thankful that I have been stopped in time. 7. I remember that I have read
this book. 8. After she had tried all the keys on the ring, she fi nally found the
right one. 9. He is proud that he has never been beaten at chess by his fellow
students. 10. I don’t remember that I have ever come across his name before.
11. You can improve your knowledge of English if you read more.
15. Дополните следующие предложения, употребляя герундий или
инфинитив. В тех случаях, когда наряду с герундием можно употребить инфинитив, поставьте инфинитив в скобках после герундия.
1. I couldn’t help ... 2. I am tired of ... 3. He left the room without ...
4. At last we succeeded in ... 5. She was prevented from ... 6. I gave up ...
205
7. He went to the club instead of ... 8. You should avoid ... 9. He read the
newspaper before ... 10. He has no intention of ... 11. She is very fond of ...
12. He likes ... 13. He started ... 14. She enjoys ... 15. Have you fi nished ... ?
16. I could not prevent him from ... 17. I am proud of ... 18. He went to bed
after ... 19. They are engaged in ... 20. When I entered the room, the children
stopped ...
16. Вставьте вместо пропусков подходящие по смыслу слова в форме герундия: to cook, to sleep, to spend, to hike, to talk. Инсценируйте
получившийся диалог.
– What’s the best way to relax?
– Well, I love … in the country. And you?
– Yeah, but I dislike … on a camp fi re and can’t stand … on the ground.
– Oh, where’s your sense of adventure? And I bet you hate … a week
without your mobile phone.
– That’s true. I quite like … to people.
17. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык, употребляя герундий.
1. У меня нет надежды увидеть его скоро. 2. Вы можете улучшить
свое произношение, читая вслух каждый день. 3. Я не смогу перевести
этот документ, не посмотрев нескольких слов в словаре. 4. Я думаю поехать туда осенью. 5. Придя домой, я сразу начал работать. 6. Он понимает важность изучения иностранных языков. 7. Он был занят переводом
какой-то статьи, когда я пришел. 8. Он привык вставать рано. 9. Он вошел
в комнату, не постучав. 10. Получив телеграмму, я немедленно позвонил
директору. 11. Планируя вашу работу на будущий месяц, вы должны принять это во внимание. 12. Нет смысла делать эту работу сейчас. 13. Он
очень любит играть в футбол. 14. Я должен закончить эту работу, прежде
чем я пойду домой. 15. Мой сын очень любит, когда ему рассказывают о
морских путешествиях. 16. Перестаньте разговаривать! 17. Этот фильм
стоит посмотреть. 18. Они информировали нас о том, что груз застрахован. 19. Вы можете рассчитывать на то, что он даст вам точную информацию.
READING AND SPEAKING PRACTICE
18. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст А,
пользуясь словарем.
206
Text A. Electricity
Electricity is one of the most important forms of energy. We cannot see,
hear, or smell electricity, but we know about it by what it does. Electricity
produces light and heat, and it provides power for household appliances and
industrial machinery. Electric power also enables us to have telephones,
computers, motion pictures, television, and radio.
Most of the electricity that we use daily consists of a fl ow of tiny particles
called electrons. Electrons are the smallest units of electricity. They are much
too tiny to be seen, even with a microscope. Everything around us, including
our bodies, contains electrons. Therefore, everything can be thought of as
partly electrical. Some of the eff ects of electricity may be seen in nature.
For example, lightning is a huge fl ash of light caused by electricity. Certain
eels and other fi shes give electric shocks. Yellow stones made of a substance
called amber become electrically charged when rubbed with a cloth.
Almost all the world’s electricity is produced at power plants by large
machines called generators. Most of these plants burn coal or oil to make
steam, which provides the energy to run the generators. Thick wires carry
electricity from the plants to homes, schools, stores, farms, factories, and
other places where people need it. Electricity is a handy source of energy, but
it must be used with great care. Faulty wiring or an overloaded socket can
cause a fi re. An electric current – even one of low-voltage – can kill you if
you touch a bare wire with wet hands or while standing on a wet fl oor.
In homes, electric dishwashers, irons, vacuum cleaners, and washing
machines save hours of labor. Meals can be prepared quickly and easily
with electric blenders, food processors, grills, microwave ovens, stoves, and
toasters. Refrigerators and freezers keep food fresh. Electric air conditioners
and fans cool homes in summer. Electric heaters and blankets provide warmth
during the winter. Many people shave with electric razors and use electric
drills and other power tools.
Modern industry could not exist without electricity. Electric motors run
drills, lathes, milling machines, and other tools. These tools mass-produce
parts for products that are quickly assembled on electrically operated
conveyor belts. Electricity melts and welds metals. It puts gold and silver
plating on eyeglass frames, jewelry, tableware, and other objects. Powerful
electric cranes lift huge loads. Delicate electronic instruments measure the
thickness of steel with microscopic precision. Electricity runs elevators and
escalators. Electric signs are used in advertising businesses and products.
Calculators, computers, electric typewriters, and photocopying machines
enable offi ce workers to save time and eff ort.
Radio, telegraph, telephones, and television link people in almost every
part of the world. Much of this communication is relayed by electrically
207
powered satellites that circle the Earth. Radar, sonar, and other warning
devices that use electricity help defend the United States, Canada, and
other countries. Teletypes and facsimile equipment bring news stories and
photographs to newspaper offi ces from distant places. As the stories arrive,
teletype setters set them in type automatically. Electricity also powered the
printing press that printed the page you are reading.
In transportation, electric elevated and subway trains carry millions of
people to and from work. Some cities have electric streetcars or trolley
buses. Motor vehicles equipped with spark plugs use electric sparks to
explode the gasoline that runs their engines. Diesel-electric locomotives pull
railroad trains, and diesel-electric engines also power many ocean liners and
freighters. Airplanes and ships are navigated by means of electronic devices.
In space vehicles, electricity provides the power that operates many of the
controls.
In science, nearly all research equipment depends on electricity. Artifi cial
satellites carry electric sensing devices that record weather conditions.
Astronomers use giant radio telescopes to study the sky. Electron microscopes
help researchers learn the secrets of cells, and particle accelerators aid in
revealing the structure of atoms. Physicians photograph internal parts of the
body and treat diseases with X-rays generated by electricity. Electrically
operated scanners locate tumors in brain tissue.
19. Найдите в тексте следующие слова и словосочетания и составьте с ними предложения.
The most important forms; household appliances; a fl ow of tiny particles;
the smallest units; lightning; electric shocks; electrically charged; power
plants; a handy source; electric dishwashers; electric razors; еlectricity melts;
communication; subway trains; ocean liners; аrtifi cial satellites; internal
parts.
20. Расскажите об использовании электричества: a) in homes; b) in
industry; c) in communication; d) in transportation; e) in science.
21. Парная работа. Составьте вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста и задайте их своему собеседнику.
22. Найдите в каждом абзаце слова, которые можно было бы вынести перед текстом в качестве ключевых.
23. Составьте подробный план текста, выделяя микротемы каждой части и озаглавливая их.
208
24. Передайте обобщенно основное содержание текста на английском языке.
25. Перескажите текст А, пользуясь логико-смысловыми опорами.
26. Прочитайте текст В без использования словаря, определите, о
чем он, и ответьте на вопросы, данные после текста.
Text B. Kinds of Electricity
Everything around us consists of atoms. Atoms, in turn, are made up of
three main types of tiny particles, including electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Both electrons and protons have an electric charge. An electron has one unit
of negative charge, and a proton has one unit of positive charge. A neutron
has no charge. Protons and neutrons are heavier than electrons and are
crowded into the nucleus, the central core of an atom. Electrons whirl around
the nucleus.
Ordinarily, an atom has an equal number of electrons and protons, and
so it is electrically neutral. If an atom gains some electrons, it becomes
negatively charged. If an atom loses some electrons, it becomes positively
charged. Atoms that have an electric charge – either negative or positive – are
called ions.
Every charged particle is surrounded by an electric fi eld, the space around
the particle in which the charge has an eff ect. Charged particles exert a force
on one another, even when not in physical contact, because of their electric
fi elds. For example, ions with unlike charges attract one another, and those
with like charges repel one another.
Electricity is sometimes classifi ed as static electricity or current electricity.
But both are actually made up of the same kinds of particles. Static electricity
consists of electrons or ions that do not move. Current electricity is made
up of moving electrons or ions. Almost all the electricity we use is current
electricity.
You can generate static electricity by combing your hair briskly on a dry
day. Your hair loses electrons and becomes positively charged. The comb
gains electrons and becomes negatively charged. The static electricity makes
your hair crackle as you comb it. You can place a charge on yourself by
walking across a carpet. This charge will give you a mild shock, if you
then touch a metal object, such as a doorknob. You can also produce static
electricity by rubbing a glass rod with a piece of silk cloth. The rod becomes
positively charged, and the cloth becomes negatively charged. The positive
and negative charges remain where they have been placed by the rubbing
action.
209
An object that has a stationary electric charge can charge another object
by either contact or induction. Charging by contact takes place when an
electrically charged object touches another object. For example, if a glass rod
that has a positive charge touches an insulated metal ball, the ball gains a
positive charge. Charging by induction occurs when a charged object is placed
near – but does not touch – another object. Suppose a positively charged glass
rod is placed near an insulated metal ball. The rod will pull electrons in the ball
to the side of the ball nearest the rod. The opposite side of the metal ball will
then have a positive charge and will attract negatively charged particles. If you
touch the metal ball with your fi nger, negatively charged electrons will travel
from the ground through your fi nger to the metal ball. When you remove the
rod and your fi nger the metal ball keeps the negative charge.
Current electricity is generated by a source of electric energy, such as a
battery or generator. The source creates an electromotive force. Ordinarily, the
electrons or ions in a substance move randomly. However, an electromotive
force causes the charged particles in a substance to fl ow continuously through
the substance in the same direction, producing electric current.
An electric current may be direct or alternating. Direct current fl ows in
only one direction. Alternating current reverses the direction of its fl ow many
times a second.
Notes:
in turn – в свою очередь;
randomly – случайно.
1. What is the unit of current?
2. What can an electric current do?
3. What is necessary to cause an electric current to fl ow?
4. What are the most common sources of electromotive force?
5. How does current fl ow in various substances?
27. Поставьте соответствующие вопросы к следующим предложениям.
1. Atoms are made up of three main types of tiny particles, including
electrons, protons, and neutrons. (Special)
2. Both electrons and protons have an electric charge. (Alternative)
3. A neutron has no charge. (General)
4. Electrons whirl around the nucleus. (Special)
5. Atoms that have an electric charge are called ions. (Disjunctive)
6. Ions with unlike charges attract one another. (Disjunctive)
7. The static electricity makes your hair crackle as you comb it. (General)
8. Current electricity is generated by a source of electric energy. (General)
210
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