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Файл:Английский язык = English. Учебное пособие-2
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15. Перефразируйте прямую речь в косвенную, учитывая правило
согласования времен.
1. He said: “I am playing chess now”. 2. He said: “I play chess”. 3. He
said: “I played chess yesterday”. 4. He said: “I will play chess tomorrow”.
5. He said: “I can play chess”. 6. He said: “I may play chess”. 7. He said: “I
must play chess”.
16. Найдите и исправьте ошибки в следующих предложениях.
1. Alex forgot everything on his fi rst day of work that he studied at the
university. 2. Aristotle discovered that the Earth was round. 3. He said that he
will be an engineer. 4. The professor saw that the students didn’t understand
the rule. 5. I hope that she would be waiting for me at 7 o’clock. 6. Tom said
that he had been at the centre last week. 7. She said that she can swim. 8. The
scientist reported that he had already seen the results of this experiment.
9. The engineer believed that we would work at that problem next year.
10. The students were told that they may test the device.
17. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Студенты ожидали, что профессор покажет им интересный
фильм. 2. Он сказал, что живет в Минске с 2010 года. 3. Я знаю, что у
нее сейчас хорошая работа. 4. Он говорит, что он прав. 5. Игорь сказал,
что на следующей неделе он поедет в командировку. 6. Докладчик сообщил, что работал над этой проблемой целый год. 7. Анна сказала,
что ей предложили интересную работу. 8. Секретарь сообщила, что она
отправила все необходимые документы. 9. Я надеюсь, что поступлю в
университет в этом году. 10. Мы не знали, что он умеет говорить покитайски.
READING AND SPEAKING PRACTICE
18. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст А,
пользуясь словарем.
Text A. Engineering and Its Functions
Engineering is the discipline, art and profession of using technical, scientifi c,
and mathematical knowledge to design and put into practice materials,
structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes that safely realize in
desired objective or invention.
131
The word “engineering” comes from the Latin word “ingeniare” which
means to design or to create. Engineering has existed since ancient times
as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever and
wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with the modern defi nition of
engineering, exploiting basic mechanical principles to develop useful tools
and objects.
One who practices engineering is called an engineer.
Engineering functions are:
• Research. Using mathematical and scientifi c concepts, experimental
techniques, and inductive reasoning, the research engineer seeks new
principles and processes. Research jobs often involve starting with an idea or
a need. Theories are formulated, tested and prototyped. Jobs in research can
be found at universities, national laboratories as well as private institutions
and corporations.
• Development. Development engineers apply the results of research
to useful purposes. Creative application of new knowledge may result in a
working model of a new electrical circuit, a chemical process, or an industrial
machine.
• Design. In designing a structure or a product, the engineer selects
methods, specifi es materials, and determines shapes to satisfy technical
requirements and to meet performance specifi cations.
In design and development, the results of research are applied to practical
problems. The term ‘development’ refers to the early stages of a project.
The term ‘design’ refers more to the later stages of a project when the basic
methodology is established. In some companies, research and development
are combined.
• Construction. The construction engineer is responsible for preparing
the site, determining procedures that will economically and safely yield the
desired quality, directing the placement of materials, and organizing the
personnel and equipment.
• Production. Plant layout and equipment selection are the responsibility
of the production engineer, who chooses processes and tools, integrates the
fl ow of materials and components, and provides for testing and inspection.
Although usually not directly in charge of production personnel, engineers
are responsible for solving problems associated with the manufacturing
process.
• Operation. The operating engineer controls machines, plants, and
organizations providing power, transportation, and communication;
determines procedures; and supervises personnel to obtain reliable and
economic operation of complex equipment.
132
• Testing and evaluation can take place in the laboratory or in the fi eld,
often working with equipment, software, systems and the end users. Those
who are involved in testing are not the designers.
• Management. In some countries and industries, engineers analyze
customers’ requirements, recommend units to satisfy needs economically,
and resolve related problems. Management jobs often require elements of
leadership, planning, coordination, supervision; working with staff , budgets
and administration.
• Maintenance and Service. Engineering and technical jobs concerned
with operations are maintaining and making modifi cations to hardware and
systems.
Problem solving is common to all engineering work. The problem may
involve quantitative or qualitative factors; it may be physical or economic; it
may require abstract mathematics or common sense. Of great importance is
the process of creative synthesis or design, putting ideas together to create a
new and optimum solution.
Note:
pulley – шкив, блок.
19. Найдите в тексте следующие словосочетания и составьте с
ними предложения.
Mathematical knowledge; ancient times; modern defi nition; experimental
techniques; private institutions; useful purposes; a chemical process; specifi es
materials; the construction engineer; manufacturing process; complex
equipment; technical jobs; optimum solution.
20. Разделите текст A на смысловые части и выделите в каждом его
абзаце предложение, передающее основную мысль.
21. Составьте подробный план текста, выделяя микротемы каждой части и озаглавливая их.
22. Расскажите о каждой функции инженерного дела:
research, development, design, construction, production, operation, testing
and evaluation, management, maintenance and service.
23. Прочитайте текст В без словаря, определите, о чем он. Cогласны
ли Вы с выражением Engineers make the world work? Обоснуйте свой
ответ.
133
Text B. What is an Engineer?
Are you interested in making a contribution to the physical world? Are
you good at solving problems? Do you like to understand how things work
and how to make them better? Would you like to see your ideas for products
become reality? If you answer ‘yes’ to these questions, then odds are that you
will want to become an engineer.
So, what exactly is an engineer? An engineer is someone who applies
mathematics and the principles of science, especially chemistry and physics,
to solve problems and meet the needs of society for products and services.
Solving these problems and fi nding new solutions require creativity and
persistence.
You may be concerned that you don’t meet the stereotypical image of
an engineer. Actually, most people don’t even know what engineers are, so
when you ask them about their stereotypical image, they often tell you about
their image of a scientist. The image is often of a white male with out-ofcontrol hair, glasses with tape holding them together over his nose, wearing a
white lab coat with a pocket protector (possibly fi lled with leaking pens) over
a plaid shirt, pants that are too short, white socks, and untied shoes.
Engineers and engineering have been around for a long time, although
many of the theorems that you will study during your years in college have
been developed since the 1700s.
The Egyptians were master engineers – the pyramids witness. The
Romans built aqueducts to bring water into Rome, another signifi cant
engineering achievement. The Great Wall of China is a good example of
a man-made feature on earth that is visible from space – this too is a great
engineering accomplishment. Historically, most of the major engineering
accomplishments have been in the fi eld of what is called civil engineering
today – although this is changing rapidly.
There is a saying: “Engineers make the world work”. Engineers design
and build bridges, buildings, and tunnels. They design, test, and analyze cars,
pumps, and heating and air conditioning systems. They design, build, and
manufacture space shuttles, airplanes, and helicopters. They design, operate
and modify power plants, gas pipelines, airports, and dams. They design
computers, software, telecommunications devices, telephones (wireless and
wired), fi ber optics, and storage routing devices. They design the processes
and equipment to manufacture TV sets, refrigerators, ovens and toasters, as
well as the appliances themselves. They create machines that cut fabrics to
make our clothing, furniture and draperies. Almost every product and process
that people use in their daily life has been aff ected in some manner by an
engineer. Engineers have had input into almost every activity that person
undertakes during the course of a typical day.
134
For example, engineers were involved in the design of the electric alarm
clock – from its display, to its electrical connection, to the manufacturing of
the battery that keeps it working when the power is off , to the sound the alarm
makes, to its size, its packaging, its ability to stay in one piece when dropped
on the fl oor, the materials of which it is constructed, and its manufacturing.
Engineers were also involved in the design of all of the related equipment
and process controls for the manufacturing of the alarm clock.
The streets and roads people use to get from home to work were designed
and built by engineers. The water everyone drinks and bathes in was made
potable by engineers.
24. Переведите следующие словосочетания и составьте с ними
предложения.
Physical world; solving problems; the principles of science; the
stereotypical image of an engineer; a white male with out-of-control hair;
a white lab coat; a plaid shirt; signifi cant engineering achievement; a great
engineering accomplishment; space shuttles; telecommunications devices;
electric alarm clock.
25. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is an engineer?
2. What is the stereotypical image of an engineer?
3. Engineers have been around for a long time, haven’t they?
4. Did the Egyptians or the Romans build aqueducts?
5. Is the Great Wall of China visible from space?
6. What does an engineer do?
7. Are you interested in making a contribution to the physical world?
26. Составьте план текста и перескажите его в соответствии с планом.
27. Прочитайте текст С, постарайтесь понять его содержание. Выполните послетекстовые задания.
Text C. Gustave Eiff el
I ought to be jealous of the tower.
It is more famous than I am.
Gustave Eiff el
Gustave Eiff el was a French engineer who designed and oversaw
construction of the Eiff el Tower.
135
Alexandre Gustave Eiff el was born in Dijon, France on December
15, 1832. Interested in construction at an early age, he attended the College
of Art and Manufacturing in Paris, from which he graduated in 1855. Setting
out on his career, Eiff el specialized in metal construction, most notably
bridges. He worked over the next few decades, letting mathematics fi nd ways
to build lighter, stronger structures.
One of Eiff el’s fi rst projects came in 1858, when he oversaw the building
of an iron bridge at Bordeaux, and by 1866 Eiff el had set up his own
company. By the time he designed the arched Gallery of Machines for the
Paris Exhibition of 1867, his reputation was solidifi ed. In 1876, he designed
the 525-foot steel-arched Ponte Maria Pia Bridge over the Douro River in
Portugal, which was completed the following year. Working from the same
design nearly 20 years later, he built the renowned 540-foot Garabit viaduct
in the Truyère, France. Suspended 400 feet above the surface of the water, it
was the highest bridge in the world for years after its construction.
As his career advanced, Eiff el moved away from bridge work, such
as in 1879 when he created the dome for the astronomical observatory in
Nice, France, notable in that the dome was movable. That same year, when
the Statue of Liberty’s initial internal engineer, Eugène Viollet-le-Duc,
unexpectedly died, Eiff el was hired to replace him on the project. He created
a new support system for the statue that would rely on a skeletal structure
instead of weight to support the copper skin. Eiff el and his team built the
statue from the ground up and then dismantled it for its journey to New York
Harbor.
Eiff el is most famous for what would become known as the Eiff el Tower,
which was begun in 1887 for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris. The
tower is composed of 12,000 diff erent components and 2,500,000 rivets, all
designed and assembled to handle wind pressure. The structure is a marvel in
material economy, which Eiff el perfected in his years of building bridges – if
it were melted down, the tower’s metal would only fi ll up its base about two
and a half inches deep.
Onlookers were both awed that Eiff el could build the world’s tallest
structure (at 984 feet) in just two years and torn by the tower’s unique
design, most deriding it as hideously modern and useless. Despite the
tower’s immediate draw as a tourist attraction, only years later did critics and
Parisians begin to view the structure as a work of art.
The tower also directed Eiff el’s interest to the fi eld of aerodynamics, and
he used the structure for several experiments and built the fi rst aerodynamic
laboratory at its base, later moving the lab to the outskirts of Paris. The lab
included a wind tunnel, and Eiff el’s work there infl uenced some of the fi rst
aviators, including the Wright Brothers. Eiff
el went on to write several
books on aerodynamics, most notably “The Resistance of the Air and
Aviation”, fi rst published in 1907.
136
Eiff el turned his interest to meteorology in his fi nal years, studying the
subject at length before his death on December 27, 1923.
Notes:
Alexandre Gustave Eiff el – Александр Гюстав Эйфель;
Dijon – Дижон;
Bordeaux – Бордо;
arched – выгнутый, арочный;
Ponte (Dona) Maria Pia Bridge – мост Понти-ди-Дона-Мария-Пиа;
the Douro River – река Дуэру (Дору);
Garabit viaduct – виадук Гараби;
the Truyère – река Трюрьер;
Nice – Ницца;
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc – Эжен Виолле-ле-Дюк;
the Wright Brothers – братья Райт.
28. Найдите в тексте следующие даты и числа и прочитайте предложения с ними:
1836; 1855; 1858; 1867; 400; 1879; 1889; 2,500,000; 1907; 1923.
29. Парная работа. Прочитайте и переведите эпиграф к тексту. Обсудите его с собеседником. Согласны ли Вы со словами Густава Эйфеля? Почему?
30. Расскажите на английском языке все, что вы узнали о Густаве
Эйфеле.
TEST
1. Из предложенных вариантов ответов выберите один правильный.
1. Our professor informed the students that he … at the laboratory the
following day.
a) would work c) work
b) will work d) works
2. Anna told me that she … for the exam.
a) is preparing c) will be preparing
b) was preparing d) prepares
3. He says that you … right.
a) are c) would be
b) is d) will be
137
4. Cavendish discovered that water … hydrogen and oxygen.
a) to consist of c) consists of
b) consisted of d) will consist of
5. The students were told that they … test the device.
a) may c) might
b) can d) must
6. Professor saw that the students … the rule.
a) didn’t understand c) aren’t understand
b) cannot understand d) hadn’t understood
7. She said that she … swim.
a) must c) can
b) could d) may
8. I hope that she … for me at 7 o’clock.
a) will be waiting c) would be waiting
b) is waiting d) was waiting
9. The professor informed the students that he would work at the laboratory ... .
a) yesterday c) tomorrow
b) the previous day d) the following day
10. The teacher told that the Earth … around the Sun.
a) moved c) moves
b) move d) had moved
2. Вставьте вместо пропусков подходящие по смыслу слова:
accomplishment, appliance, applications, branch, constituents, defi nitions,
device, hardware, instruction, solution. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. There are many … of the word ‘block’.
2. The … has lowered the rate of car accidence signifi cantly.
3. Igor had trouble deciding which … of engineering to study.
4. We celebrated the … of all our goals.
5. The customer returned the … because it was defective.
6. The research has many practical … .
7. He bought some new … for his system.
8. The equipment is shipped with detailed installation … .
9. Qualitative analysis determines the chemical … of a substance.
10. The … boiled at 90 °C.
138
PART II
UNIT VII. Our University. The Main
Branches of Engineering
Vocabulary
Oral Practice: Our University
Grammar: Местоимение (The Pronoun)
Reading and Speaking Practice:
Text А. The Main Branches of Engineering
Text B. Materials Science and Engineering
Text С. Five Famous Engineering Disasters
Test
VOCABULARY
1. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами; переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. (to) approach [əˈprəʊtʃ] v. приближаться, подходить
The scientists were approaching their destination.
n. приближение; подход
At the meeting we discussed a new approach to an old problem.
2. branch [brɑːntʃ] n. отрасль; филиал, отделение
Ethics is a branch of philosophy.
3. brittle [ˈbrɪtl] adj. хрупкий, ломкий
This is an extremely brittle thing.
4. carbon [ˈkɑːbən] n. углерод
Coal is a form of carbon.
5. civil [ˈsɪvl] adj. гражданский; civil engineer инженер-строитель
The country was federated after the civil war.
6. composite [ˈkɒmpəzɪt] adj. составной, сложный
These students prepared a composite project.
7. compound [ˈkɒmpaʊnd] adj. составной, сложный
“Firewood” is a compound noun.
8. disaster [dɪˈzɑːstə] n. бедствие, несчастье
The oil spill is a disaster for sea animals.
139
9. error [ˈerə] n. ошибка, заблуждение
The slightest error can have serious consequences.
10. failure [ˈfeɪljə] n. недостаток; неудача
You should not let one failure discourage you.
11. fi berglass [ˈfaɪbəˌɡlɑːs] n. стекловолокно
They used a special type of fi berglass to insulate the house.
12. fi eld [fi ːld] n. поле; область
I accept him as the greatest expert in this fi eld.
13. hydrogen [ˈhaɪdrədʒən] n. водород
Water is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen.
14. insulator [ˈɪnsjʊleɪtə] n. изоляция; непроводник
Metal isn’t a good insulator.
15. to investigate [ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt] v. расследовать; исследовать
The police were brought in to investigate the matter.
16. investigation [ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn] n. расследование; исследование
Modern physical methods of investigation have shown that the atom
consists of a centrally situated nucleus with a total positive charge surrounded
by a number of electrons which revolve about the nucleus.
17. manufacturing [ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃərɪŋ] n. производство; обрабатыва-
ющая промышленнось
The wheel was used in the manufacturing industry.
18. opportunity [ˌɒpəˈtjuːnɪtɪ] n. удобный случай; возможность
He embraced the opportunity to study further.
19. processing [ˈprəʊsesɪŋ] n. обработка
He is studyng an introductory course in data processing now.
20. raw [rɔː] adj. сырой; необработанный
Chemical engineering deals with the conversion of raw materials into
usable commodities.
21. recycling [ˌriːˈsaɪklɪŋ] n. переработка отходов; повторное исполь-
зование
The company has developed a new method for recycling old tires.
22. reliable [rɪˈlaɪəbl] adj. надежный, прочный
The results demonstrate that this method is safe and reliable.
23. resistant [rɪˈzɪstənt] adj. стойкий, прочный
These plants are resistant to low temperatures.
24. scale [skeɪl] n. масштаб, размер; шкала
Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
25. semiconductor [ˌsemɪkənˈdʌktər] n. полупроводник
Today Texas Instruments is the largest word-wide producer of semicon-
ductors.
26. trial [ˈtraɪəl] n. испытание, опыт, проба
That child is a real trial to his mother.
140
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