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Файл:Английский язык = English. Учебное пособие-2
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2. Прочитайте следующие словосочетания с новой лексикой и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на сочетаемость
слов.
Furnished accommodation, a major scientifi c achievement, to be proud
of one’s achievements, beam bridge, brick pavement, to climb a rope,
a bilingual community, concrete blocks, to cast concrete, a titanium core, to
destroy a building, a detached garage, to dig the ground of Minsk, cultural
heritage, smb’s part of the heritage, a wooden hut, indigenous inhabitant,
a convenient landmark, a national historical landmark, the upper section of
the bridge, stainless steel, department store, to store plants, circular tent, soft
wood, to go through the wood.
3. Образуйте возможные словосочетания из слов в обеих колонках.
AB
a scientifi c steel to dig a rope
cultural achievement to climb the foundation
stainless heritage to be proud of one’s achievements
4. Поставьте разные типы вопросов к следующим предложениям.
1. The discovery of NBA was a major scientifi c achievement.
2. We live in a large brick house with a turret top.
3. The well was dug 200 years ago.
4. Burj Dubai is a symbol of power and greatness.
5. The Kremlin is a national historical landmark.
5. Образуйте словосочетания и предложения с новыми словами.
ORAL PRACTICE
6. Прочитайте текст. Поставьте к нему разные типы вопросов и
дайте на них краткие и полные ответы.
MY NATIVE TOWN
My native town is Gomel. I was born here and I’m a resident of this
city. I’m fond of this place and always talk willingly about the town and
wonderful people who live in it.
Gomel is situated in a picturesque place in the south-east of the Republic.
The landscape in this part of the country is very beautiful – a wide river Sozh
with sandy banks and large forest areas is stretching for many kilometers.
81
Gomel is a regional city. It is the second largest town in our Republic. It
covers an area of about 120 square kilometers and has a lot of suburbs. The
population of the town is about 550 thousand citizens.
Gomel is an ancient town and has a long history. It was fi rst mentioned
in the chronicles in 1142. During the period of World War II the city was
destroyed but rapidly was rebuilt anew by hands of careful and loving citizens.
Today Gomel is an important industrial centre of the Republic of
Belarus. Over one hundred thirty enterprises of mechanical engineering,
light, food, chemical and other industries function here. Forage and grain
harvesters, metal-working machine tools, measuring instruments, cable,
chemical fertilizers and constructional details, radio equipment, footwear
and knitted wear, furniture and confectionary, tableware and toys, diamond
processing products are produced in Gomel. Such companies and enterprises
as “Kristall”, “Spartak”, “Gomselmash”, “Gomeldrev”, “Gomel Chemical
Plant”, “Komintern”, “Gomelsteklo”, “8 Marta” and others are known far
away from Belarus.
Much attention is paid to the professional training of experts in various
branches of science, culture and production. About 35 thousand students
study in seven higher educational establishments. Young citizens are provided
with special, professional and secondary education in 15 technical schools,
16 technical training colleges, and 72 establishments of secondary education.
Gomel has always been a cultural centre. Here one can fi nd a great amount
of culture centres, libraries, musical schools and art schools. We also have
the Drama Theatre, regional philharmonic, state and social museums. Bright
performances under the dome of Gomel Circus bring great happiness both to
children and adults.
But the beloved place of Gomel citizens is our park. A shady park where
a number of rare exotic trees grow alongside with oaks, limes, maples and
elms, which are very popular in our country, stretches around a marvelous
building – the Palace-Park Complex of the Rumyantsevs and the Paskeviches.
It is the main place of historical importance. The Palace is one of the most
beautiful examples of architecture in Belarus. Currently the unique museum
complex in central Gomel unites the palace, the chapel and the burial vault,
the winter garden, the watchtower and the picturesque old park. I’d like to
admit that nowadays Gomel park as well as the Palace Complex is under
protection of UNESCO.
And in the end I’d like to say I consider Gomel one of the best towns in
our Republic. It’s a wonderful and beautiful place to live in, so I don’t want
to change it for another place of living.
Note:
willingly – охотно, с готовностью.
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7. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты к следующим русским словам и словосочетаниям.
Население; юго-восток; живописное место; песчаные берега; древний город; был разрушен; был отстроен; зерноуборочные комбайны;
учреждения высшего образования; общее среднее образование; под куполом; под защитой.
8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту.
1. Is Gomel a big city?
2. Is it a region center?
3. Is it an ancient town?
4. What river was Gomel founded on?
5. When was Gomel founded?
6. Is Gomel an industrial center?
7. What large industrial enterprises are there in Gomel?
8. Is Gomel a culture centre?
9. How many universities are there in Gomel?
10. What is Gomel famous for?
11. What can you say about the Palace-Park Complex in Gomel?
12. Is Gomel your native town? Where do you live in Gomel?
9. Дополните следующие предложения.
1. The town is situated …
2. Gomel is …
3. The town was rebuilt …
4. Gomel enterprises produce …
5. Educational establishments include …
6. The most attractive architectural creation in Gomel …
10. Парная работа. Составьте вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста и задайте их своему собеседнику.
11. Составьте предложения из следующих слов, употребив их в
правильной грамматической форме.
1. Five hundred, about, fi fty thousand, the, Gomel, citizens, population,
of, to be.
2. To be, an, town, ancient, Gomel.
3. And, furniture, confectionary, to produce, to be, in, Gomel.
4. Gomel, bright, great, of, to bring, happiness, dome, performances,
Circus, the, under.
83
5. Gomel, the, citizens, of, park, to be, our, beloved, place.
6. A, Gomel, to live in, and, to be, wonderful, place, beautiful.
12. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Гомель – областной центр.
2. Гомель – древний город.
3. Во время Второй мировой войны город был разрушен.
4. Современный город – промышленный и культурный центр.
5. Промышленные предприятия Гомеля производят сельскохозяй-
ственные машины, удобрения, одежду.
6. В Гомеле есть 7 учреждений высшего образования.
7. В Гомеле есть 15 техникумов.
8. Гомельский парк – любимое место гомельчан.
13. Вставьте вместо пропусков подходящие по смыслу слова:
scientifi c; structures; cultural; museums; treasure-house; motherland; is
situated; facilities; was destroyed; capital; переведите текст.
Minsk is the … of the Republic of Belarus, its political, economic, cultural
and … center. It is an ancient city and dates back to the 11
th
century.
Minsk … on the river Svisloch and occupies an area of 200 square
kilometers. Its population is about 2 million people. During the Great Patriotic
War Minsk … by German invaders almost completely. Minsk lay in ruins.
The people of Belarus rebuilt the city. Victory Square, the Eternal Flame at
the monument commemorates soldiers, underground fi ghters, partisans who
fell in the battles for freedom оf our … . The names of many streets of the
city commemorate many heroes.
The city is noted for its varied interesting … life. In Minsk there are
6 theatres, concert halls, a circus, dozens of cinemas, many places of culture,
libraries and clubs. The most famous theatres are Bolshoi Theatre of Belarus,
the Yanka Kupala Theatre, the Gorky National Academic Drama Theatre.
Among the most interesting … one can mention the Museum of the History
of the Great Patriotic War, the Art Museum and Yanka Kupala and Yakub
Kolas Museums. The Art Museum is a real … of fi ne arts.
Minsk is a city of sports. There are good recreation and sports … : tennis
courts, playgrounds, swimming pools in various parts of the city. The main
sports … are: the Dynamo Stadium, the Palace of Sports and Water Sports
Centre.
14. Расскажите о своем родном городе.
84
GRAMMAR
ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PERFECT CONTINUOUS
В ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ
Времена группы Perfect Continuous образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени (Present Perfect,
Past Perfect, Future Perfect) и смыслового глагола с окончанием -ing.
Время
Present Действительный залог
Past Действительный залог
Личные
местоимения
I, we, you, they
he, she, it
+ I have (I’ve) been asking for you for
2 hours. – Я спрашиваю тебя уже в
течение двух часов. = Я спрашивал
тебя уже в течение двух часов.
? Has he been asking?
– I have not been asking.
Страдательный залог
I, he, she, it,
we, you, they
+ I had (I’d) been asking for you
for an hour before she came. – Я уже
спрашивал тебя в течение часа до
того, как она пришла.
? Had he been asking?
– I had not been asking.
Страдательный залог
Глагольная форма
Вспом. гл. Смысл. гл.
have been V + -ing
has been
–
had been V + -ing
–
asking
paying
asking
paying
Случаи
употребления
Длительное действие, начавшееся в прошлом и все еще продолжающееся либо закончившееся только что.
При употреблении всегда указан период времени, в течение
которого совершается действие
(for an hour – в течение часа, for
a month – в течение месяца, for
a long time – в течение долго-
го времени, долго, давно, since
yesterday – со вчерашнего дня,
а также в вопросах, начинающихся с How long? – Как долго?
Since when? – С каких пор?):
I have been waiting for my brother
for a long time. – Я жду своего
брата уже давно.
Длительное действие, начавшееся в прошлом и продолжающееся (или только что закончившееся) в момент наступления
другого прошедшего действия,
выраженного в Past Simple.
Употребляется, когда указан
период времени, в течение которого действие уже совершалось
(for an hour – в течение часа, for
a month – в течение месяца, for
a long time – в течение долгого
времени, долго, давно): I had
been working for a long time when
my brother came. – Я работал
долго, когда пришел мой брат.
85
Время
Личные
местоимения
Глагольная форма
Вспом. гл. Смысл. гл.
Случаи
употребления
Future Действительный залог
I, we
shall / will
V + -ing
have been
he, she, it,
you, they
will have
been
+ I shall have been asking for you
for an hour before she come. – Я буду
спрашивать тебя уже в течение
часа до того, как она придет.
? Will he have been asking?
– I shall not have been asking.
Страдательный залог
–
Future-
Действительный залог
in-thePast
I, we
should /
V + -ing
would
have been
he, she, it,
you, they
would
have been
I said that I should have been asking
for you for an hour before she comes. –
Я сказал, что я буду спрашивать тебя
уже в течение часа до того, как она
придет.
asking
paying
asking
paying
Будущее длительное действие, которое начнется ранее
другого будущего действия и будет еще продолжаться в момент
его наступления или закончится
к этому моменту.
Употребляется, когда указан
период времени, в течение которого действие будет совершаться (for an hour – в течение часа,
for a month – в течение месяца,
for a long time – в течение долго-
го времени, долго, давно): I shall
begin to work at 10 o’clock in the
morning. When you return home
at 5 o’clock, I shall have been
working for 7 hours. – Я начну
работать в 10 часов утра. Когда
Вы вернетесь домой в 5 часов, я
буду уже работать 7 часов.
Употребляется в придаточных
предложениях вместо Future
Simple тогда, когда сказуемое
главного предложения стоит в
прошедшем времени: He said
that by the June he would have been
working at that plant for 20 years. –
Он сказал, что к 1 июля он будет
работать на этом заводе 20 лет.
86
Страдательный залог
–
Спряжение глагола to be
(Perfect Continuous Tense in the Active Voice)
Местоимение Present Past Future Future-in-the-Past
I have been
being
He, she, it has been
being
We
You, they will have been being would have been being
have been
being
had been
being
shall / will have
been being
will have been being would have been being
shall / will have
been being
15. Соотнесите события, о которых идет речь ниже, сначала с будущим временем, затем с прошедшим. Поставьте к данным предложениям разные типы вопросов.
1. All these days he has been talking about his new plan. 2. Here is
Mrs. Brown who we have been speaking about for a long time. 3. Children
have been swimming for half an hour. 4. They have been working in the
laboratory since 10 o’clock. 5. You have been watching TV too long. 6. I have
been waiting for her since 7 o’clock. 7. He has been sitting here all the time.
16. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в отрицательные и вопросительные.
should / would have
been being
should / would have
been being
1. Tom will have been working there for over 20 years when he retires.
2. You have been translating the article for two weeks. 3. It has been raining
for a week. 4. The level of education has been rising for the last years. 5. It
has been snowing since yesterday. 6. The jury have already been discussing
the verdict for an hour but have not come to unanimous decisions. 7. The
students have been taking part in the research the whole day today. 8. For
several hours the police have been trying to apprehend the criminal.
17. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык, используя времена группы Perfect Continuous.
1. Весь день идет снег. 2. Я живу здесь около семи лет. 3. Вы слишком долго работаете за компьютером. 4. Я жду преподавателя уже около
часа. 5. Студенты пишут тест уже полчаса. 6. Они работают над новым
проектом с 8 часов. 7. Наконец я нашел ключ, который искал целый
день. 8. Я буду писать заметки уже час, когда ты придешь.
87
18. Проспрягайте глаголы to write, to establish.
Tense Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
Present
Past
Future
Future-in-the-Past
19. Прочитайте следующие предложения, определите время глагола, используя составленную таблицу из упражнения 18, и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Не often reads books in the evening. 2. He has a book in his hand and
he is reading it. 3. You may take this book. I have already read it. 4. A cat is
sitting on the arm of the armchair. It often sits there. 5. He works very late,
sometimes till 2 or 3 o’clock, but he is still working. 6. Have you fi nished
your work? 7. Pete often tells us diff erent interesting stories. Now he is telling
us about a woman with a dog. 8. All right, Pete. You have told that story quite
well. 9. I drove home last night in the rain. I have driven quite a lot, but I have
never driven through such rain before. I couldn’t see at times where I was
going (to drive). 10. I have never before lived in a big city. 11. I shall have
fi nished everything by 8 o’clock. 12. You were sleeping when I came back.
20. Соедините начало и конец предложений.
1. Maxim plays football
2. Maxim is playing football
3. Maxim has played football
4. Maxim played football
5. Maxim was playing football
6. Maxim will play football
a) every Sunday.
b) several times.
c) at the moment.
d) at that time.
e) next Sunday.
f) when he was a schoolboy.
21. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в соответствующую временную форму.
1. I … (to watch) the fi lm while mother … (to cook) the dinner. 2. I … (to
buy) this book yesterday. 3. Tom just … (to translate) the text. 4. When I …
(to be) young I … (to think) Mary … (to be) nice, but now I … (to think) she
… (to be) fantastic. 5. Where have you been? We … (to wait) for three hours.
6. The professor said that he … (to tell) all necessary information about the
exam in two days. 7. This castle … (to build) in the 16
88
th
century. 8. All the
room in this building … (to decorate) perfectly. 9. To my great surprise the
problem … (not / to solve) yet. 10. The house … (to fi ll) with light and
sunrise due to large windows.
22. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Сообщение было передано по радио. 2. Студентов попросили подождать за дверью. 3. Я видел твою сестру на конференции в прошлую
среду. 4. Мы ехали два часа, когда наконец вдали увидели море. 5. В
футбол играют во всем мире. 6. Моего друга обокрали, когда он был на
отдыхе. 7. Жарко. Уже больше месяца нет дождя. 8. Реконструкция здания школы закончится к середине августа. 9. Профессор проверил работы своих студентов и теперь работал над докладом на конференцию.
10. Маргарет поняла, что ей уже задавали эти вопросы раньше.
READING AND SPEAKING PRACTICE
23. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст А,
пользуясь словарем.
Text A. The House
Man has always been a builder. The kind of house he built depended upon
the climate, upon his enemies, and upon the building materials at hand. The
fi rst houses in many parts of the world were made of wood, for in those days
the greater part of the Earth was covered with forests. Men tied together
the tops of several trees and covered them with the skins of animals or with
leaves and grass. So, a tent or hut, was the fi rst house of the primitive people
who lived where there was much wood.
In Africa and some islands of the South Pacifi c they used grass or leaves
that grew nearby. In the south-western part of the United States the Pueblo
Indians used sun-dried bricks to build their houses.
In other regions the most convenient building material was stone. Men
began building houses out of stone very long ago. Although they were built
without cement, the remains of a few of them still exist.
Even though today you can transport materials all over the world, it is still
easier and cheaper to use the materials that are at hand. There are four basic
kinds of material that are used today.
In the northern part of North America and in northern Europe wood has
been the main building material for many centuries. Early settlers in America
built log cabins and in Scandinavia people designed wooden houses with
large beams and balconies.
89
Brick is among the oldest and most popular building materials. It lasts
long and is easy to get. Brick is often used to build row houses. Early Dutch
settlers brought bricks across the Atlantic to build their fi rst houses.
Stone is the longest lasting of all building materials. Weather cannot
destroy it so much and insects and animals cannot bore into it as they can into
wood. Stone has been used for many centuries because it cannot be destroyed
by fi re. It has been used for all sorts of houses, from palaces to farmers’
cottages.
In modern buildings we use concrete instead of stone and brick. It is
cheaper and can be produced almost everywhere. Concrete is a mixture of
sand, broken stones, water and other materials. Cement is added to hold it
together. Steel rods are often put into the concrete to hold it together when
buildings get higher.
The world’s tallest buildings are skyscrapers. They fi rst appeared in New
York and Chicago at the end of the 19
th
century. Skyscrapers are often like
small cities. They off er space for offi ces, apartments, shops, hotels, restaurants
and other services. Thousands of people live and work there.
Skyscrapers have two parts: the foundation is the part below the ground
and the superstructure is the part above the ground. Both sections hold the
weight of the building.
A skyscraper needs careful planning before it can be built. First a big hole
a few storeys deep is dug into the earth. Sometimes this foundation reaches
into solid rock. Then steel and concrete beams and columns are placed into
it. They carry the weight of the superstructure.
When the foundation is fi nished, cranes are used to raise a steel frame up
into the sky. The pieces of this frame are bolted together. As it moves upward
other workers lay fl oors and hang in the outside walls. The complete structure
of the skyscraper must be fi nished before the inside systems can be installed.
A skyscraper must also be able to hold off strong winds. Modern buildings
are able to swing a few metres in each direction, like a tree, without damaging
the structure. Sometimes a steel core rises upwards from the inside of the
building to give it better support.
Note:
the Pueblo Indians – индейцы Пуэбло.
24. Поставьте соответствующие вопросы к следующим предложениям.
1. The fi rst houses in many parts of the world were made of wood.
(Disjunctive)
2. The fi rst house of the primitive people was a tent. (Special)
3. In the south-western part of the United States the Pueblo Indians used
sun-dried bricks to build their houses. (Special; alternative)
90
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