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Файл:Английский язык = English. Учебное пособие-2
.pdf
28. Напишите аннотацию к прочитанному тексту.
29. Расскажите на английском языке все, что вы знаете об электричестве.
30. Прочитайте текст С, постарайтесь понять его содержание и выполните послетекстовые задания.
Text C. Energy Development
Energy development is the eff ort to provide suffi cient primary energy
sources and secondary energy forms for supply, cost, impact on air pollution
and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy.
Technologically advanced societies have become increasingly dependent on
external energy sources for transportation, the production of many manufactured
goods, and the delivery of energy services. This energy allows people who can
aff ord the cost to live under otherwise unfavorable climatic conditions through
the use of heating, ventilation, and / or air conditioning. Level of use of external
energy sources diff ers across societies, as do the climate, convenience, levels of
traffi c congestion, pollution and availability of domestic energy sources.
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such
as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable
(naturally replenished). Renewable energy is an alternative to fossil fuels and
nuclear power, and was commonly called alternative energy in the 1970s and
1980s. In 2008, about 19% of global fi nal energy consumption came from
renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly
used for heating, and 3.2% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small
hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted
for another 2.7% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewables in
electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming
from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables.
Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide
installed capacity of 158 gigawatts (GW) in 2009, and is widely used in Europe,
Asia, and the United States. At the end of 2009, cumulative global photovoltaic
(PV) installations surpassed 21 GW and PV power stations are popular in
Germany and Spain. Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA and
Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 megawatts (MW) SEGS power plant
in the Mojave Desert. The world’s largest geothermal power installation is
the Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. Brazil has one of
the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of
ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18% of the country’s
automotive fuel. Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the USA.
211
Climate change concerns, coupled with high oil prices, peak oil, and
increasing government support, are driving increasing renewable energy
legislation, incentives and commercialization. New government spending,
regulation and policies helped the industry weather the global fi nancial crisis
better than many other sectors. Scientists have advanced a plan to power
100% of the world’s energy with wind, hydroelectric, and solar power by the
year 2030, recommending renewable energy subsidies and a price on carbon
refl ecting its cost for fl ood and related expenses.
While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable
technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas, where energy is often
crucial in human development. Globally, an estimated 3 million households
get power from small solar PV systems. Micro-hydro systems confi gured into
village-scale or county-scale mini-grids serve many areas. More than 30 million
rural households get lighting and cooking from biogas made in householdscale digesters. Biomass cookstoves are used by 160 million households.
Notes:
traffi c congestion – дорожные пробки;
tide – волна, поток, течение;
the Mojave Desert – пустыня Мохаве;
sugar cane – сахарный тростник;
digester – варочный котел.
31. Найдите в тексте следующие даты и числа и прочитайте предложения с ними:
1970; 2008; 2.7; 158; 354; 750; 2030; 160.
32. Прочитайте текст еще раз, разделите его на смысловые части и
подберите к ним названия.
33. Парная работа. Составьте вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста и задайте их своему собеседнику.
34. Составьте резюме по содержанию прочитанного текста.
TEST
1. Из предложенных вариантов ответов выберите один правильный.
1. I always enjoy … to my best friend.
a) to talk c) talking
b) talk d) having talked
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2. Police are warning all citizens … extra care.
a) to take c) take
b) taking d) having taken
3. Maxim promised … late.
a) to be c) not being
b) being d) not to be
4. Thank you for … me.
a) helping c) to help
b) help d) helped
5. I’m afraid of … mistakes.
a) to make c) make
b) made d) making
6. Have you got anything …?
a) reading c) read
b) to read d) reads
7. The professor had to stop several times … the rule because he saw that it
was diffi cult for the students to understand it.
a) explaining c) explain
b) to explain d) explains
8. He was suspected … concealing important information from the police.
a) on c) in
b) of d) at
9. … looking out of the window, they noticed a fi re in the opposite building.
a) in c) after
b) on d) at
10. I’m sorry … having broken my promise.
a) for c) in
b) of d) about
2. Прочитайте текст и составьте резюме по содержанию прочитан-
ного.
Sources of Electricity
The sources of electricity produce electric energy from some type of
nonelectric energy. The main sources are generators, batteries, and solar cells.
Generators convert mechanical energy into electricity. They produce
most of our electricity. If a loop of wire rotates between the poles of a
213
magnet, electric current is induced (produced) in the wire. Most modern
generators work by means of magnets whirled past stationary coils of wire.
However, the principle is the same. The amount of electric energy produced
by a generator is approximately equal to the amount of mechanical energy
that is used in moving the coils of wire. One generator can provide enough
power for a city of 500,000 people.
Batteries change chemical energy into electricity. A battery consists of
one or more units called electric cells. Each cell has two electrodes, which are
structures made of diff erent chemically active materials. One of the electrodes
is positively charged, and the other is negatively charged. An electric cell also
contains a liquid or paste called an electrolyte. The electrolyte is a chemical
substance that conducts electric current in the cell. When the electrodes of
a battery are connected to an electric circuit, the battery produces current,
which fl ows through the circuit.
Solar cells convert sunlight into electricity. They provide nearly all the
electric power for artifi cial satellites and space vehicles. Most solar cells
are made of a silicon crystal. When light strikes the crystal’s surface, the
light energy knocks electrons out of some atoms of the crystal, producing
free electrons and holes. A hole is an empty space caused by the lack of an
electron in an atom.
In a pure silicon crystal, the electrons and holes recombine randomly
and do not generate any electric current. However, scientists can produce an
impure crystal that has an excess of holes in a thin layer on its surface and an
excess of electrons inside. Such an impure crystal is called a doped crystal.
UNIT X². Young People’s Problems.
Computing
Vocabulary
Oral Practice: Young People’s Problems
Grammar: Причастие (The Participle)
Reading and Speaking Practice:
Text А. Computer
Text B. Personal Computer Systems
Text С. Steve Jobs. American Businessman and Inventor
Test
VOCABULARY
1. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами; переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. addition [əˈdɪʃn] n. прибавление, дополнение; сложение
This excellent book will be a welcome addition to the library of any
student.
2. built-in [ˈbɪlt ˈɪn] adj. встроенный
Many personal computer systems include a built-in modem.
3. case [keɪs] n. корпус, чехол, ящик, футляр
The clock has a walnut case.
4. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) [ˈkaθəʊd reɪ tjuːb] ЭЛТ (электронно-лу-
чевая трубка)
CRT display screen shows the results on a TV-like screen.
5. computer [kəmˈpjuːtə] n. компьютер
The information is stored on the computer.
6. desktop [ˈdesktɒp] adj. настольный
The signal was digitalized and recorded on the hard disk of a desktop
computer for later offl ine analysis.
7. digital [ˈdɪdʒɪtəl] adj. цифровой
Digital technology is the latest trend in television.
8. disk drive [dɪsk draɪv] n. дисковод
Disk drives and printers are important peripherals.
9. division [dɪˈvɪʒn] n. деление, разделение; отдел
There is a division of the course into 34 lessons.
10. input [ˈɪnpʊt] n. ввод
The data is ready for input into a computer.
215
11. keyboard [ˈkiːbɔːd] n. клавиатура
Most computers are equipped with a keyboard as the primary input device.
12. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) [ˈlɪkwɪd ˈkrɪstl dɪsˈpleɪ] adj. жидко-
кристаллический
Notebook computers use a fl at panel LCD screen attached to the system unit.
13. to magnetize [ˈmæɡnətaɪz] v. намагничивать
A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits
that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores.
14. modem [ˈməʊdɛm] n. модем
The modem is capable of high-speed downloads.
15. monitor [ˈmɒnɪtə] n. монитор
The monitor has excellent resolution.
16. mouse [maʊs] n. мышь
He moved the mouse to click on the icon.
17. multiplication [ˌmʌltɪplɪˈkeɪʃn] n. умножение
The multiplication of four by three gives twelve.
18. network [ˈnetwɜːk] n. сеть; сетка; цепь; схема
The new network will enable to be processed more speedily.
19. output [ˈaʊtpʊt] n. вывод; произвоительность
The computer’s output is shown on the screen.
20. peripheral [pəˈrɪfərəl] adj. периферический; периферийный
If we focus too much on peripheral issues, we will lose sight of the goal.
21. power [ˈpaʊə] n. сила; мощность; энергия
The college had its own power source.
22. power supply [ˈpaʊə səˈplaɪ] блок питания; электроснабжение
The power supply should be connected by a qualifi ed electrician.
23. printer [ˈprɪntə] n. печатник; типограф; принтер
The printer is out of ink.
24. scanner [ˈskanə] n. сканер
Bernard Silver and a group of students from the institute realized their
answer in the form of ultraviolet rays, ink and scanner.
25. screen [skriːn] n. экран
Touch the screen to activate the system.
26. speaker [ˈspiːkə] n. оратор; говорящий; динамик
The system unit of the notebook computer holds a built-in keyboard and
speakers.
27. (to) switch [swɪtʃ] n. выключатель; переключатель
Ted woke up with a start and felt the light switch.
v. включать; переключать
Please, switch the light on, it’s getting dark.
216
28. system unit [ˈsɪstɪm ˈjuːnɪt] системный блок
The system unit is the case that holds the main circuit boards, micro-
processor, power supply, and storage devices.
29. (to) tape [teɪp] n. лента; пленка
We have the fi lm on the tape.
v. записывать; приклеивать
She taped a note to the refrigerator.
30. terminal [ˈt ɜːmɪnəl] n. терминал, конец, граница
The drivers discharged the passengers within walking distance of the
terminal.
2. Прочитайте следующие словосочетания с новой лексикой и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на сочетаемость
слов.
To make an addition to smth, a built-in modem, a packing case, CRT
display screen, a digital computer, to operate a computer, a desktop computer,
disk drive, an unequal division, the input of information into a computer, a
computer keyboard, LCD screen / monitor, to magnetize tiny metal cores, to
move a mouse, to do multiplication, a radio network, a factory’s daily output,
a peripheral issue, the power of an explosion, a power supply, a radar screen,
a left-hand speaker, to press a switch, to switch on an electric light, a system
unit, to rewind a tape.
3. Поставьте разные типы вопросов к следующим предложениям.
1. The printer is out of ink.
2. Bernard Silver and a group of students from the institute realized their
answer in the form of ultraviolet rays, ink and scanner.
3. The modem is capable of high-speed downloads.
4. Most computers are equipped with a keyboard as the primary input
device.
5. The drivers discharged the passengers within walking distance of the
terminal.
4. Образуйте словосочетания и предложения с новыми словами.
ORAL PRACTICE
5. Прочитайте текст, поставьте к нему разные типы вопросов и
дайте на них краткие и полные ответы.
217
YOUNG PEOPLE’S PROBLEMS
Everybody says youth is probably the best time of young life, that being
young means romance, love and new discoveries. But it is also the most
diffi cult time because you have to make some very important decisions,
which will infl uence all your future life. Things are not easy nowadays even
for adults, but for teenagers, who have to fi nd their own place in society, it’s
very diffi cult. It’s necessary not only to adapt to the society, but also to be
confi dent about your position.
For your future it is essential to have a good job. Every girl or boy leaving
school should choose an institution of higher education, or if he or she
doesn’t want to study any more, choose a job straightaway. But even if you
are studying, you need money of your own to pay for extra clothes, tapes,
books. It is something of a problem.
Emotional problems for young people can be far more diffi cult than fi nancial
ones. A typical teenager problem is drug-habit. Some young men use drugs,
because they think they will be cool guys. But they don’t understand, that it’s
wrong. Some of them can’t stop that, and they become dependent on drugs. And
they commit diff erent serious crimes, because they need some money for drugs.
Youth is also the time to meet your fi rst love. It is, of course, wonderful, but,
as it is widely known that fi rst love often has an unhappy end, this also increases
young people’s problems. We also face the problem how to spend our free
time. We can do it in diff erent ways. Some of teenagers spend their free time
in diff erent night clubs. Other young people spend their free time in the streets.
Another typical problem for most teenagers is trouble with their parents.
Happiness or unhappiness of any family mostly depends on relations in it.
So many families, so many family relations. Each family establishes its
own relations in its own way. It has its own traditions, customs and its own
unwritten constitution including rights and duties of every member of the
family. The level of democracy is also diff erent in diff erent families, which
mostly depends on the viewpoints of adults usually not coinciding with a
child’s point of view. So the problem of misunderstanding becomes urgent.
Some people call it a generation gap. It as a rule sharpens as soon as
a child approaches his or her diffi cult teens. And both sides (parents and
children) should be patient, tactful and it’s the only way to settle down all the
problems and stay friends. Parents say that it’s diffi cult to discipline children.
But experts state that parents will get the best results if they try to prevent or
stop misbehavior in natural, logical and when possible fun ways.
6. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.
Important decision, to fi nd one’s own place in society, to become
dependent on drugs, unwritten constitution, the level of democracy, the
218
viewpoints of adults, the problem of misunderstanding, a generation gap, to
discipline children, to prevent misbehavior.
7. Вставьте вместо пропусков подходящие по смыслу слова: to rebel,
violent, generation, to express one’s individuality, to reject, relationship,
violence.
1. A … is a group of people with the same interest, the same style and they
like the same music. 2. Teenagers try … their own … but they … everything
and even … against the society. 3. Young … is often considered to be … .
4. One of the main problems among teens is the poor … with their parents.
8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. Who is a teenager?
2. Do young people have problems?
3. What diffi culties do they face in real life?
4. What problems can young people meet at home?
5. What problems can young people meet at school?
6. What problems can young people meet in the street?
9. Дополните, как вы поступили бы в следующих ситуациях.
1. If your friend told you to try smoking …
2. If you wanted to have more pocket money …
3. If you had bad results at the university …
4. If your parents didn’t understand you …
5. If you hadn’t got any friends at new place …
10. Решите проблемную ситуацию, в которой оказались подростки.
In the family there are twins Ann and Alex. Ann wants to enter a medical
university and Alex wants to be a power engineer. But their parents want
them to enter Belarusian State University the department of economics. How
can you try to solve this problem?
11. Прочитайте текст, разделите его на смысловые части и подберите к ним названия.
Young people have a particular relationship with the world. There are
many groupings (subcultures) that have interests diff erent from those of the
mainstream culture. A particular cultural grouping is a way for young people
to express their individuality (identity). By the mid-60s teenagers had begun
219
to form distinct cultural groupings. Most young people in Britain follow
some kind of youth culture: rockers, hackers, ravers, skinheads, hippies,
Goths, punks, bakers…
Why do teens choose a subculture?
A subculture is a way of life. It isn’t a fan club, it’s a real life. It seems to
them that the parents are always saying: “No!” That everything about them:
their hair, their music, clothes, the way they talk, their dreams are considered
bad by grown-ups. The young people are unsure of where they are going. So
it’s a way of having something that they can say they belong to and that they
are “whatever”.
Often young people do something not because they want to do it. They
do things because everybody around does or because they think it’s impolite
to refuse.
The inspiration to form a youth culture comes out of a combination of
fashion, style and music. A subculture is a group with a distinct style and
identity. Diff erent subcultures have their own beliefs, values, fashions…
Nevertheless, members of diff erent subcultures may have something
similar in their image, behavior, etc.
Some people think that all subcultures are awful. And I think this opinion
is absolutely right / is all wrong.
12. Опираясь на содержание текста, выскажите свое отношение к
субкультурам.
GRAMMAR
ПРИЧАСТИЕ (THE PARTICIPLE)
Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, которая обладает свой-
ствами глагола, прилагательного или наречия. Причастие часто служит
определением к существительному, так как оно обладает свойствами прилагательного (отвечает на вопрос какой?): I delivered the goods
produced in this company. – Я доставил товары, произведенные в этой
компании. The signed documents are on the desk. – Подписанные доку-
менты находятся на письменном столе.
Обладая свойствами наречия, в предложении причастие может быть
обстоятельством (отвечает на вопрос что делая?): We were talking long
discussing future plans. – Мы долго разговаривали, обсуждая планы на
будущее. He was preparing for the exam typing texts on the computer. – Он
готовился к экзамену, печатая тексты на компьютере.
Причастие имеет как активную, так и пассивную формы:
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