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Файл:Английский язык = English. Учебное пособие-2
.pdf
1. Go and ask him for … more paper. I haven’t … in my desk. 2. Have
you got … sugar? – I expect we have. Yes, there’s … sugar in this bowl.
3. Shall I help you to … fruit? 4. … people just don’t know how to mind their
own business. 5. Were there … objections? 6. I think we’ve run out of sugar.
Is there … sugar in that bowl? – No, there isn’t. 7. … doctor will tell you that
it is harmful for you. 8. What book shall I bring you? – … you like. 9. There
aren’t … buses after 12.30. 10. There isn’t … explanation for this.
19. Раскройте скобки, выбрав одно верное местоимение.
1. You can fi nd him … (some / any / no) time between six and nine. 2. Is
there … (any / no) other choice? 3. He can answer … (some / any / no) question
on the subject. 4. I can answer now only … (some / any / no) questions on the
subject. 5. She has a perfect complexion and … (some / any) colour becomes
her. 6. Can we have … (any / some) milk? 7. Is … (any / some) additional
proof necessary? 8. Will you have … (any / no / some) more tea? – Thank you.
9. What material do you need? – … (Some / Any) that is available. 10. Don’t
bother about the colour. You can buy her a blouse of … (any / some) colour.
11. If you have … (any / some / no) news, call me back. 12. They understood
each other without … (no / some / any) words.
20. Вставьте вместо пропусков местоимения much или many,
(a) little
или (a) few. Поставьте к данным предложениям разные
типы вопросов.
1. Last week there was so … rain that I was not able to go out. 2. He
knows …, but the … he knows he knows well. 3. My dear, I’m afraid I have
not … news to convey but still there are … things I should like to add. 4. The
forces were unequal, they were …, we were … . 5. My engagements were …
and I was glad to accept the invitation. 6. He was so happily absorbed in the
building of his house that events outside it aff ected him … . 7. He has very …
knowledge of the matter. 8. There isn’t … harm in it. 9. … was said but …
done. 10. I suggested that he should get … plums and some bread. 11. I have
so … things to do that I don’t know which to do fi rst. 12. Aunt Florrie had …
money while none of the other family had inherited as a pound. 13. My
sister spends so … money on her clothes that she has none left for holidays.
14. Adeline had slept … last night and she had a headache.
21. Вставьте вместо пропусков подходящие по смыслу местоимения.
1. Do … know … about the history of machine-building industry of …
country? 2. … read … about this type of engine. 3. … substance are effi cient
conductors, others, poor … . 4. The entire production process is run by a computer
with only … technicians supervising … work. 5. Robots will do almost … that
151
humans can do. 6. Industrial robots are typically used to replace … human
workers in factory operations. 7. … chemical laboratory makes no researches
in the fi eld of mechanical engineering. 8. … of us is ready to take this diffi cult
examinations. 9. Work can be expressed in … units of force and distance.
10. … molecules are large enough to be seen in the electron microscope.
22. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Налейте мне воды, пожалуйста. 2. Хотите кофе? 3. У вас есть ка-
кие-нибудь интересные английские книги? 4. Любой студент знает это.
5. У нее немного платьев. 6. Сколько иностранных языков вы собираетесь учить? 7. В этом году много абитуриентов на одно место. 8. Извините, у меня мало времени, и я не могу долго разговаривать с вами.
9. В комнате много света. 10. У вас сегодня много или мало работы?
READING AND SPEAKING PRACTICE
23. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст А,
пользуясь словарем.
Text A. The Main Branches of Engineering
Engineering, much like science, is a broad discipline which is often broken
down into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with
diff erent areas of engineering work.
Although initially an engineer will be trained in a specifi c discipline,
throughout an engineer’s career the engineer may become multi-disciplined,
having worked in several of the outlined areas.
Historically the main branches of engineering are categorized as follows:
• aerospace engineering deals with the design of aircraft, spacecraft and
related topics;
• chemical engineering deals with the conversion of raw materials into
usable commodities;
• civil engineering is concerned with the design and construction of public
and private works, such as infrastructure (roads, railways, water supply and
treatment, bridges and buildings, etc.);
• electrical engineering is about the design of electrical systems, such
as transformers, as well as electronic goods. Electrical engineering includes
electricity generating, electrical installation, lighting, etc. as well as the
installation and maintenance of the equipment involved in these processes;
• electronic engineering is concerned with developing components and
equipment for communications, computing, and so on;
152
• mechanical engineering deals with the design of physical or mechanical
systems, such as engines, power trains, kinematic chains and vibration
isolation equipment. Mechanical engineering includes marine, automobile,
aeronautical, heating and ventilating, and others.
Chemical engineering, like its counterpart mechanical engineering,
developed in the nineteenth century during the Industrial Revolution. Chemical
engineering is concerned with the exploitation of chemical principles in
order to carry out large scale chemical processing, as well as designing new
materials and fuels.
Industrial scale manufacturing demanded new materials and new
processes and by 1880 the need for large scale production of chemicals was
such that a new industry was created, dedicated to the development and large
scale manufacturing of chemicals in new industrial plants. The role of the
chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes.
With the rapid advancement of technology many new fi elds are gaining
prominence and new branches are developing such as computer engineering,
software engineering, nanotechnology, molecular engineering, etc.
These new specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fi elds and
form new branches such as electrical and computer engineering.
24. Пользуясь текстом, дайте определения следующим терминам.
Aerospace engineering; chemical engineering; civil engineering;
electrical engineering; electronic engineering; mechanical engineering.
25. Вставьте в предложения необходимые предлоги. Поставьте к
данным предложениям разные типы вопросов.
1. Engineering is a broad discipline which is often broken down …
several sub-disciplines.
2. Sub-disciplines concern themselves … diff erent areas of engineering
work.
3. Aerospace engineering deals … the design of aircraft, spacecraft and
related topics.
4. Chemical engineering deals with the conversion of raw materials …
usable commodities.
5. Electrical engineering is … the design of electrical systems.
6. Electronic engineering is concerned … developing components and
equipment for communications, computing.
7. Chemical engineering developed in the nineteenth century … the
Industrial Revolution.
8. … the rapid advancement of technology many new branches are
developing.
153
26. Найдите в каждом абзаце слова, которые можно было бы вынести перед текстом в качестве ключевых.
27. Составьте подробный план текста, выделяя микротемы каждой части и озаглавливая их.
28. Передайте обобщенно основное содержание текста на английском языке.
29. Перескажите текст А, пользуясь логико-смысловыми опорами.
30. Прочитайте текст В без использования словаря, определите, о
чем он, и скажите, верны ли следующие утверждения:
1. Materials science is a relatively new scientifi c fi eld.
2. Solid materials do not include polymers and semiconductors.
3. Ceramics are included in the group of nonmetallic elements.
4. Polymers are organic compounds that have very large molecular
structures.
5. The electrical characteristics of semiconductors are extremely sensitive
to minute concentrations of impurity atoms.
6. Biomaterials are always produced in laboratories using a variety of
chemical approaches.
Text B. Materials Science and Engineering
Materials science, also commonly known as materials engineering, is
an interdisciplinary fi eld applying the properties of matter to various areas
of science and engineering. This relatively new scientifi c fi eld investigates
the relationship between the structure of materials at atomic or molecular
scales and their macroscopic properties. Materials engineers deal with the
science and technology of producing materials that have properties and
shapes suitable for practical use. Activities of these engineers range from
primary materials production, including recycling, through the design and
development of new materials to the reliable and economical manufacturing
for the fi nal product. Such activities are found commonly in industries such
as aerospace, transportation, electronics, energy conversion, and biomedical
systems. The future will bring ever-increasing challenges and opportunities
for new materials and better processing. Materials are evolving faster today
than at any time in history. Quality products result from improved processing
and more emphasis will be placed on reclaiming and recycling. For these
many reasons, most surveys name the materials fi eld as one of the careers
154
with excellent future opportunities. Besides new physics emerge because of
the diverse new material properties which need to be explained.
Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic
classifi cations: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based
primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall
into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates.
In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials –
composites, semiconductors, and biomaterials. Composites consist of
combinations of two or more diff erent materials, whereas semiconductors
are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics; biomaterials
are implanted into the human body.
Metallic materials are normally combinations of metallic elements. They
have large numbers of non-localized electrons; that is, these electrons are not
bound to particular atoms. Many properties of metals are directly attributable
to these electrons. Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and
heat and are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a
lustrous appearance. Furthermore, metals are quite strong, yet deformable,
which accounts for their extensive use in structural applications.
Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements;
they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. The wide range
of materials that falls within this classifi cation includes ceramics that are
composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass. These materials are typically
insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistant to
high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers. With
regard to mechanical behavior, ceramics are hard but very brittle.
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them
are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and
other nonmetallic elements; furthermore, they have very large molecular
structures. These materials typically have low densities and may be extremely
fl exible.
A number of composite materials have been engineered that consist of
more than one material type. Fiberglass is a familiar example, in which glass
fi bers are embedded within a polymeric material. A composite is designed to
display a combination of the best characteristics of each of the component
materials. Fiberglass acquires strength from the glass and fl exibility from the
polymer. Many of the recent material developments have involved composite
materials.
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between
the electrical conductors and insulators. Furthermore, the electrical
characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence
of minute concentrations of impurity atoms, whose concentrations may be
controlled over very small spatial regions. The semiconductors have made
155
possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the
electronics and computer industries (not to mention our lives) over the past
two decades.
A biomaterial is any matter, surface, or construct that interacts with
biological systems. As a science, biomaterial is about fi fty years old.
Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry,
tissue engineering and materials science. Biomaterials can be derived either
from nature or synthesized in the laboratory using a variety of chemical
approaches utilizing metallic components, polymers, ceramics or composite
materials. They are often used and / or adapted for a medical application, and
thus comprise whole or part of a living structure or biomedical device which
performs, augments, or replaces a natural function. These materials must not
produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e. must
not cause adverse biological reactions).
Note:
harsh – суровый, жесткий.
31. Подберите русские эквиваленты к английским словосочетаниям.
1) scientifi c fi eld
2) primary production
3) structural application
4) extensive use
5) harsh environment
6) toxic substances
7) body tissues
8) adverse reactions
a) жесткая атмосферная среда
b) побочные эффекты
c) ткани организма
d) производство сырьевых материалов
e) широкое применение
f) научное направление
g) ядовитые вещества
h) использование в строительстве
32. Пользуясь текстом, дайте определения следующим терминам.
Metals; ceramics; polymers; composites; semiconductors; biomaterials.
33. Составьте резюме по содержанию прочитанного текста.
34. Прочитайте текст С, постарайтесь понять его содержание и выполните послетекстовые задания.
Text C. Five Famous Engineering Disasters
Every man makes mistakes, and engineers aren’t an exception. But
engineering mistakes can cause unforgettable disasters that will forever echo
in the minds of those who witnessed them, and their causes will be studied
by every new generation of engineers. Some will argue that trial and error is
156
a method that pushes our capabilities forward, but the cost can sometimes be
unthinkable. A disaster is referred to as an engineering disaster when it’s caused
by an engineering failure: design fl aws or materials failures, often caused by
insuffi cient knowledge, diff erent underestimations, or even carelessness or
negligence. We gathered together a list of 5 famous engineering disasters, or
disasters that at least an engineering factor contributing to the results.
1. “Titanic” was a British passenger ship that sank after hitting an iceberg
on her maiden voyage from Southampton (United Kingdom) to New York
City, in April 1912. “Titanic” was at the time the largest ship ever built and
was considered to be unsinkable. The tragedy claimed the lives of over
1500 people.
But was the sinking of the “Titanic” an engineering failure? Many
factors contributed to the catastrophe: removing half the amount of lifeboats
originally planned for the ship, and cruising in high speed in an icebergprone environment. As for the engineering point of view: several rivets of the
3 million rivets that held the “Titanic” together were recently recovered and
tested, and found to be made of low quality iron, which on impact caused them
to fall apart. This might have contributed to the event. Another engineering
fault was that the 16 watertight compartments that kept the boat afl oat, were
not individually sealed, but rather connected near the ceiling. This enabled
the water to spill from one compartment to another and sink the boat.
2. The St. Francis Dam was a concrete dam built between the years
1924 and 1926, to create a water reservoir for Los Angeles. The dam was
located in a canyon around 40 miles (64 km) from the city. On March
12, 1928, just hours after being inspected by the chief engineer William
Mulholland, the dam failed, sending a massive water wave 120 feet tall, and
killing as many as 600 people in one of the worst American civil engineering
disasters.
3. The fi rst Tacoma Narrows Bridge was a suspension bridge in
Washington State that opened in 1940 and collapsed at the same year. At the
time of its construction, the bridge was the world’s third longest suspension
bridge, by main span length. The bridge was known to move vertically
in windy conditions, and on November 7, 1940, under 40 mph (64 km/h)
winds it collapsed. The collapse was caught on video and made an impact on
science and engineering, especially bridge designing till today. The cause of
failure was aeroelastic fl utter – a dynamic instability of an elastic structure.
4. The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident at the Chernobyl power
plant. On 26 April, 1986, during a systems test, there was an unexpected
power surge that began a chain of events that consequently caused explosions
and fi re, which released radioactive particles into the atmosphere. The
dangerous particles spread over a large area in Europe. Large areas were
evacuated and the nearby city of Pripyat remains a ghost town till this day.
157
5. On 25 July, 2000, a Concorde fl ight of Air France crashed moments
after take-off from Charles de Gaulle International Airport near Paris,
killing 113 people. During take-off , one of the tires was cut by a metal strip
debris lying on the runway and a large chunk of the ruptured tire struck the
underside of the wing causing a chain of events that ended with the crash.
The investigation showed that the Concorde was prone to catastrophic
disasters resulting from tire explosions, much more than other aircrafts. The
reason was that due to its design, the Concorde required a much higher air
and tire speed during the take-off roll, which both increases the risk of tire
explosion, and increases the risk to a massive damage when it does explode.
Following the accident, modifi cations were made to the design of the airplane
that was once considered among the safest planes in the world. The accident
marked the end of the supersonic airliner and the Concorde eventually retired
3 years later.
Notes:
negligence – халатность;
Southampton – Саутгемптон;
St. Francis Dam – плотина Святого Франциска;
William Mulholland – Уильям Малхолланд;
Tacoma Narrows Bridge – Такомский мост;
suspension bridge – подвесной мост;
Charles de Gaulle International Airport – Международный аэропорт
Шарль-де-Голль.
35. Прочитайте текст еще раз, разделите текст на части и подберите названия к ним.
36. Найдите в тексте следующие даты и числа и прочитайте предложения с ними:
5; 1912; 1926; 1928; 600; 1940; 3; 1986; 2000.
37. Парная работа. Составьте вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста и задайте их своему собеседнику.
38. Перескажите текст, используя следующий план:
a) “Titanic”;
b) the St. Francis Dam;
c) Tacoma Narrows Bridge;
d) the Chernobyl disaster;
e) Concorde Air France.
158
TEST
1. Из предложенных вариантов ответов выберите один правильный.
1. There aren’t … buses after 12.30.
a) any c) no
b) some d) none
2. Last week there was so … rain that I was not able to go out.
a) little c) much
b) few d) many
3. Don’t show this letter to … brother.
a) you c) yours
b) your d) yourself
4. I looked at … and at none other from that moment.
a) she c) her
b) herself d) hers
5. The chairman announced the news … .
a) him c) itself
b) his d) himself
6. You spent too … time on this translation.
a) many c) little
b) much d) few
7. Did the boys build this boat ... ?
a) themselves c) ourselves
b) yourselves d) –
8. Is there … in the room?
a) somebody c) anything
b) nobody d) anybody
9. … is going to be alright.
a) everything c) every
b) everybody d) everywhere
10. You behave … like a child.
a) yourself c) your
b) himself d) –
159
2. Прочитайте текст и составьте резюме по содержанию прочитанного.
Cambridge
Cambridge is a university town in England which lies 80 kilometers
north of London on the River Cam. The population of the town is about
130 thousand people, including 22 thousand students. The University of
Cambridge which was founded in 1209 is also situated here. It is ranked one
of the best and prestigious institutions of higher learning in the world. It is
also the second oldest university in the English-speaking world. Teenagers
in many countries dream of studying in Cambridge or its fellow institution
Oxford, which is also in England. The University of Cambridge includes
King’s College Chapel, the renowned Cavendish Laboratory, the building
of Library, St. John’s College and Addenbrooke’s Hospital. All in all,
Cambridge has 31 colleges and six academic schools. They are all situated
in diff erent locations.
The students’ life is not only hard studying but is also a mixture of diff erent
art, sport and social opportunities. The most popular sport in Cambridge is
rowing. Originally the university accepted only male students. However, in
1869 the fi rst female college was opened.
The academic year in Cambridge is divided into three terms. The fi rst one
runs from October till December, the second one – from January till March
and the third one – from April till June. The holidays in between the terms
include Christmas, Easter and long summer vacations.
The university houses 114 libraries with over 8 million volumes. It also
contains eight arts, cultural and scientifi c museums, and a botanic garden.
Among them, the Museum of Zoology, the Museum of Classical Archeology,
the Museum of the History of Science, the Polar Museum. By the way, many
important scientifi c discoveries were made by Cambridge graduates, such
Isaac Newton, James Maxwell, Francis Bacon, Charles Darwin and others.
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