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Файл:Английский язык = English. Учебное пособие-2
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11. parallelogram [ˌpærəˈleləɡræm] n. параллелограмм
Rectangles, squares and rhombuses are all parallelograms.
12. path [pɑːθ] n. путь; траектория; тропинка, дорожка
The road fi nished in a narrow path.
13. polygon [ˈpɒlɪɡən] n. многоугольник
A hexagon is a polygon with six sides and six angles.
14. postulate [ˈpəstjʊlɪt] n. постулат; аксиома
Einstein’s theory of relativity was deduced from two postulates.
15. rectangle [rekˈtæŋɡl] n. прямоугольник
The task is to calculate the perimeter of the rectangle.
16. rhombus [ˈrɒmbəs] n. ромб
In Austria it is also called “raute” which means diamond or rhombus.
17. shape [ʃeɪp] n. форма, очертание, вид, образ
What shape is the table?
18. solid [ˈsɒlɪd] adj. твердый, прочный, массивный
A cone is a hollow or solid shape tapering from a circular base to a point
outside the base.
19. (to) square [skweə] n. 1) квадрат
Mother cut the pie into squares.
2) площадь; квартал (города)
The central square is one of the beautiful places in our town.
adj. квадратный; взятый в квадрат
The room is 12 square meters.
v. возводить в квадрат
If you square 3 you get 9.
20. trapezium [trəˈpiːzjəm] n. трапеция
Trapezium is a geometric fi gure.
21. triangle [ˈtraɪæŋɡl] n. треугольник
The hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the longest side.
22. vertex [ˈvɜːteks], pl. vertices [ˈvɜːtɪsiːz] n. верхушка; вершина (угла)
The two-dimensional geometric shapes are represented by the lines
joining the set of points called vertices.
2. Прочитайте следующие словосочетания с новой лексикой и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на сочетаемость
слов.
An acute angle, to draw a circle, Arctic Circle, to plot a curve, congruent
squares, a defi nite answer, a narrow path, take-off path, to solve an equation,
rectangular shape, irregular shape, solid state, solid furniture, а central
square, equilateral triangle.
41
3. Поставьте разные типы вопросов к следующим предложениям.
1. There are 360 degrees in a circle.
2. A cube is a shape surrounded by 4 congruent squares.
3. A curve is a smooth line representing some mathematical function.
4. The road fi nished in a narrow path.
5. A hexagon is a polygon with six sides and six angles.
6. Einstein’s theory of relativity was deduced from two postulates.
7. The room is 12 square meters.
4. Образуйте словосочетания и предложения с новыми словами.
ORAL PRACTICE
5. Прочитайте текст. Поставьте к нему разные типы вопросов и
дайте на них краткие и полные ответы.
MY WORKING DAY AND FREE TIME
As you remember, I’m Maxim Gromyko. And now I’ll tell you about
my working day and spare time. On weekdays the alarm clock wakes me
up at 6.30 and my working day begins. I’m not an early riser, that’s why it’s
very diffi cult for me to get out of bed, especially in winter. I switch on the
music and do my morning exercises. Then I go to the bathroom, take a warm
shower, clean my teeth and shave. After that I go to my bedroom to make my
bed and get dressed.
Usually my mother makes breakfast for me. But when she doesn’t have
to get up early, I make breakfast myself. While having breakfast, I browse
the Web.
I leave the house at 7.30 and go to the nearest bus stop. It takes me
20 minutes to get to the University. But I don’t want to waste my time on the
bus and usually revise the home task.
I usually arrive at the University at 10 minutes to 8 though my working
day begins at 8 sharp.
At 1 o’clock in the afternoon all the students have a big break for lunch.
I usually have lunch in a small café on the ground fl oor. During the working
day we also have several short breaks. Usually I have classes till 3 or 5
o’clock, it depends on a week day. Then I come home and have dinner. After
dinner I have a short rest, then I do my homework or do some work about the
house. Sometimes my mother asks me to go shopping. Then I have supper
42
with my family. I like evenings very much, all members of our family get
together after work and study and have the opportunity to talk and to discuss
our family aff airs. I usually go to bed at about 10 o’clock, sometimes at
11 o’clock.
But by the end of the week I get very tired. All I can do on Saturdays is to
sleep till eleven o’clock, watch television and listen to music.
Sunday is my favourite day of the week. On Sundays I usually meet
with my friends. There is nothing more enjoyable than to spend time with
friends. We visit the cinema or the pizza place, walk around the nearby mall.
However, my favourite pastime at weekend is the game of football.
As for my interests, I am fond of playing diff erent computer games. This
is a relatively new hobby but it is becoming more and more popular. I think
that playing with a computer is very interesting. It is not only “wasting time”
as some people say. Computer games make us think things over properly,
they widen and develop our mind and imagination. I have a good collection
of diff erent games and when I have some free time I play them with great
pleasure.
6. Прочитайте предложения, в которых используются следующие
слова и словосочетания.
Spare time, alarm clock, winter, to shave, to browse, to waste one’s time,
ground fl oor, supper, to discuss, on Saturdays, favourite day, enjoyable, pizza
place, pastime, more and more popular, imagination.
7. Распределите слова по группам в зависимости от того, чем Максим занимается а) в будние дни (weekdays), б) в выходные (weekend).
To revise the home task; to go to the university; to watch television; to
discuss his family aff airs; to visit the cinema; to have lunch in a café; to
meet with the friends; to make breakfast; to have classes; to play computer
games.
8. Составьте предложения из следующих слов, употребив их в правильной грамматической форме.
1. I, weekdays, up, alarm clock, on, the, to wake, at 6.30.
2. To take, warm, a, bathroom, I, to go, to, the, shower.
3. I, to take, university, to get, it, 20 minutes, to, the.
4. Usually, for, I, breakfast, to make, mother, I.
5. The, to have, big, all, lunch, a, break, students, for.
43
6. I, sometimes, mother, to ask, to go, I, shopping.
7. I, till, on, to, and, television, o’clock, to sleep, to watch, to listen,
Saturdays, 11, music.
8. To be, the, favourite, I, of, day, week, Sunday.
9. Pastime, of, weekend, football, at, the, game, I, to be, favourite.
10. Games, we, and, to develop, mind, imagination, computer.
9. Дополните предложения, используя информацию из текста.
1. At 6.30 Maxim …
2. At 7.30 he …
3. At 7.50 Maxim …
4. At 8 o’clock …
5. At 1 o’clock Maxim …
6. At 3 o’clock he …
7. At 10 o’clock he …
10. Ответьте на вопросы о Максиме.
1. When does he usually get up on his working day?
2. What does he do in the morning?
3. What does he do during the breakfast?
4. Is his university far from his house?
5. Does he go to the University by bus?
6. How long does it take him to get to the University?
7. Does he have lunch at home or at the café?
8. How long does his working day last?
9. What does Maxim do after dinner?
10. When does he usually get up on Saturdays?
11. What does he usually do on Sundays?
12. What is his hobby?
11. Расскажите о Максиме, используя следующий план:
a) his weekdays;
b) his weekend;
c) his hobbies.
12. Расскажите о cебе, используя следующий план:
а) your weekdays;
b) your weekend;
c) your hobby.
44
GRAMMAR
ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ CONTINUOUS
В ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОМ И СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ
ЗАЛОГАХ
Времена группы Continuous образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be (в настоящем – am, is, are, прошедшем – was, were,
будущем – shall be, will be) и глагола с окончанием -ing.
Следует обратить внимание на то, что the Past Continuous Tense часто
употребляется для того, чтобы показать, что действие происходило в то
время, когда случилось еще что-то, и это новое действие передается с
помощью Past Simple:
As I was walking along the street a car ran into a bus. – Когда я шел по
улице, автомобиль столкнулся с автобусом.
As I was coming here I met your brother. – Когда я шел сюда, я встретил вашего брата.
Запомните, что некоторые глаголы не могут выражать действие
как процесс, поэтому обычно не употребляются во временах группы
Continuous. К этим глаголам относятся глаголы, выражающие чувства,
умственную деятельность, а также некоторые другие. Наиболее распространенные из них: to love (любить), to like (нравиться), to hate (ненавидеть), to want (хотеть), to wish (желать), to see (видеть), to hear (слышать), to feel (чувствовать), to know (знать), to remember (помнить), to
forget (забывать), to believe (верить), to seem (казаться) и др.
Время
Present Действительный залог
Личные
местоимения
I
he, she, it
we, you, they
+ He is (he’s) asking now. – Он спра ши вает сейчас.
? Is he asking?
– He is not (isn’t) asking.
Глагольная форма
Вспом. гл. Смысл. гл.
am
is
are
V + -ing
asking
paying
Случаи
употребления
Действие совершается сейчас, в настоящий момент или
настоящий период вре мени
*
(now – сейчас).
Для обозначения намерения
или уверенности в совершении
будущего действия (глагол to
go – I am (he is…) going – в
сочетании с инфинитивом to
be going в этом случае имеет
значение собираюсь, намерен)
45
Время
Личные
местоимения
Глагольная форма
Вспом. гл. Смысл. гл.
Страдательный залог
I
he, she, it
we, you, they
am being V
is being
are being
+ He is being asked. – Его сейчас
спрашивают.
? Is he being asked?
– He is not being asked.
Past Действительный залог
I, he, she, it
we, you, they
was V + -ing
were
+ He was asking. – Он спрашивал (в то
время как).
? Was he asking?
– He was not asking.
Страдательный залог
I, he, she, it
we, you, they
was being V
were being
+ He was being asked when she came. –
Его спрашивали, когда она пришла
(в то время как).
? Was he being asked?
– I was not being asked.
Future Действительный залог
I, we
he, she, it,
shall / will be V + -ing
will be
you, they
+ He will ( h’ll) be asking. – Он будет
спрашивать (в то время как).
? Will he be asking?
– He will not be asking.
Страдательный залог
–
3
asked
paid
asking
paying
3
asked
paid
asking
paying
Случаи
употребления
Незаконченное длительное
дейст вие, которое совершалось в указанный момент в
прошлом.
Этот момент может быть
опре делен: a) такими обозначениями времени, как at
5 o’clock, at noon, at midnight,
at that moment; б) другим про-
шедшим действием, выраженным глаголом в Past Simple:
It was raining when I left the
house. – Шел дождь, когда я
вышел из дома.
Незаконченное длительное
дейст вие, которое будет происходить в указанный момент в
будущем.
Этот момент может быть
опре делен: а) такими обозначени ями времени, как at
5 o’clock, at noon, at midnight,
at that moment; б) другим бу-
дущим действием, выраженным глаголом в Present Simple
в придаточном предложении времени или условия:
When I come back, they will
be having supper. – Когда я
вернусь, они будут ужинать.
46
Время
Futurein-thePast
Личные
местоимения
Действительный залог
I, we
he, she, it,
you, they
I said that I should (I’d) be asking about
it all day. – Я сказал, что я буду
спрашивать об этом весь день.
Страдательный залог
Глагольная форма
Вспом. гл. Смысл. гл.
should / would beV + -ing
asking
would be
paying
Случаи
употребления
Заменяет Future Continu ous
в придаточных предложениях,
когда глагол в главном предложении стоит в прошедшем
времени. Переводится на русский язык будущим временем глагола несовершенного
вида: He thought that I should
be working all day. – Он думал,
что я буду работать весь день.
–
*
Если глагол заканчивается на e, а перед ней стоит согласная, то эта буква перед
окончанием -ing опускается: use – using, manage – managing. Но: dye – dyeing.
Буква l перед окончанием -ing удваивается: travel – travelling.
Буква у, несмотря на предыдущие согласные или гласные буквы, перед окончанием
-ing сохраняется: stay – staying, study – studying.
После краткого ударного слога перед окончанием -ing согласная удваивается: stop –
stopping, sit – sitting.
Спряжение глагола to be
(Continuous Tense in the Active Voice)
Местоимение Present Past Future Future-in-the-Past
I am being was being shall / will be being should / would be being
He, she, it is being will be being would be being
We are being were being shall / will be being should / would be being
You, they will be being would be being
Спряжение глагола to have
(Continuous Tense in the Active Voice)
Местоимение Present Past Future Future-in-the-Past
I am having was having shall / will be
having
He, she, it is having will be having would be having
We are having were having shall / will be
having
You, they will be having would be having
should / would be
having
should / would be
having
47
13. Определите в каждом предложении видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого.
1. Communication equipment and techniques are still being developed
and improved. 2. The driver was studying the instrument panel of the car
at 5 o’clock yesterday. 3. We are testing the new engine now. 4. The battery
is discharging rapidly. 5. The students are calculating the perimeter of the
rectangle. 6. Our plans are beginning to take shape. 7. My groupmates
weren’t increasing the voltage in the electrical chain in the lab. 8. The bridge
is being painted by the workers at the moment. 9. Numerous questions were
being discussed by the commission. 10. The energy industry is undergoing
considerable development.
14. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в отрицательные и вопросительные, помните о порядке слов.
1. The sun is shining. 2. The dog is sleeping. 3. The children were playing
in the garden. 4. She was looking for her dog. 5. He is working hard now. 6. He
is playing football in the yard now. 7. Ann is speaking to her teacher. 8. We
were sitting by the fi re. 9. He will be waiting for you tomorrow after dinner.
15. Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в соответствующую временную форму.
1. I … (to study) Japanese online from 5 till 6 tomorrow evening.
2. Listen! Why the dogs … (to bark)? 3. She … (to wear) a yellow coat when
I saw her. 4. They … (to take) their driving test next Monday. 5. I dropped
my wallet when I … (to get) on the bus. 6. What you … (to do) in my offi ce
yesterday? 7. Bob … (to feel) much better today. 8. The kids … (to watch)
cartoons in their room now. 9. I’m afraid she … (to sleep) in ten minutes.
10. We … (to have) tea soon.
16. Вставьте вместо пропусков подходящие по смыслу слова: to
give, to put, to choose, to draw (2), to number, to study.
Michael is … now how to draw graphs. He is at his class now. First,
he is … the graph title. After that he is … the axis and … the independent
variable along the bottom of the graph paper. It is known as the horizontal
axis. Then Michael is … the vertical axis, or the dependent variable. Finally
he is … the scales for the graph. He is … the scales evenly and labeling them
with the correct units.
17. Исправьте ошибки в предложениях.
1. The speedometer is indicate 60 kph. 2. We not performing mathematical
operations. 3. Are the car moving now? 4. We shall be study the properties of
48
copper from 5 till 6 tomorrow. 5. Bob were telling a story. 6. Paul, what is you
doing now? 7. The engine not producing any power now. 8. We studying the
main components of motor vehicle. 9. I will preparing for my test the whole
day yesterday. 10. The students not were measuring the value of the current
at the lesson. 11. I was drawing a graph at the class tomorrow. 12. Will be
you carrying out this experiment next time? 13. My friends was fi nishing the
laboratory work at the previous class. 14. The teacher will be not telling the
students about electricity at the next lesson.
18. Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в соответствующую временную форму.
1. It sometimes … (snows / is snowing) here in April. 2. It … (snows / is
snowing) now. 3. Every morning mother … (cooks / is cooking) breakfast for
us. 4. It is 8 o’clock. Mother … (cooks / is cooking) breakfast. 5. Every day
father … (leaves / is leaving) the house at half past eight. 6. It is half past
eight. Father … (leaves / is leaving) the house. 7. We often … (watch / are
watching) TV. 8. Now we … (sit / are sitting) in armchairs and … (watch /
are watching) TV. 9. Sometimes Mike … (does / is doing) his lessons in the
evening. 10. Look at Mike. He … (does / is doing) his lessons. 11. It often …
(rains / is raining) in September. 12. It … (rains / is raining) now. 13. Every
day the family … (have / are having) tea at 5 o’clock. 14. It is 5 o’clock. The
family … (have / are having) tea.
19. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
1. A new metro line is being constructed now. One of its stations is
being built in our street. 2. Wonderful discoveries are being made by our
scientists. 3. Don’t enter the room. The students are being examined there.
4. The question which is being discussed at the conference is very important.
5. Important scientifi c work is being carried out by that university now.
6. The letter was being typed by the typist when I came in. 7. The documents
were being checked the whole day yesterday. 8. When he came to the clinic,
an operation was being performed by a famous surgeon. 9. The operation was
being watched by medical students. 10. These books were being published
for a whole year.
20. Употребите глаголы, стоящие в скобках, в страдательном залоге.
1. The letter … (to write) now. 2. The oranges … (to buy) now. 3. Sandwiches
… (to make) now. 4. The newspaper … (not / to read) at the moment. 5. The song
… (not / to sing) now. 6. … the candles … (to light) now? 7. What lecture … (to
49
give) now? 8. Whose report … (to listen) to at the moment? 9. … the news …
(to report) at the moment? 10. … the interview … (to give) now? 11. Did she
return you the CD yesterday? – No, it … (to listen) to. 12. Why didn’t you put
that black shirt on? – It … (to wash). 13. Why didn’t he hear the doorbell? –
The carpet … (to vacuum). 14. Did the teacher check your test yesterday? –
No, it … (to check). 15. Did they fi nd a solution to that problem? – No, it … (to
discuss). 16. Why didn’t you try the cake? – It … (to bake). 17. Could he take
the documents yesterday? – No, they … (to type).
21. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребив страдательный залог. Поставьте общие и специальные вопросы к данным
предложениям.
1. The students are taking notes of the lecture now. 2. The doctor is taking
the patient’s blood pressure now. 3. The nurse was giving me the injection of
camphor when my friend came in. 4. My mother was having a scalding footbath at 10 p.m. 5. The doctors were carefully treating me at our out-patient
department in winter. 6. Our district doctor was making calls when I came
to the policlinic. 7. The doctor is checking the patient’s eye-sight. 8. These
patients were following a strict diet for two months.
22. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык, используя времена группы Continuous.
1. Этим компьютером сейчас не пользуются. 2. Комнату сейчас убирают. 3. Вчера доклад слушали полчаса. 4. Ваш костюм вчера гладили
20 минут. 5. Его ждут? 6. Долго вчера красили Вашу комнату? 7. Обед
готовят. 8. Пишут приглашения сейчас? 9. Мою машину вчера ремонтировали целый день. 10. Ее сейчас спрашивают.
READING AND SPEAKING PRACTICE
23. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст А,
пользуясь словарем.
Text A. From the History of Geometry
Geometry (from the Greek geometria – the Earth’s measure) has its roots
in the ancient world, where people used basic techniques to solve everyday
problems involving measurement and spatial relationships.
The Indus Valley Civilization, for example, had an advanced level of
geometric knowledge – they had weights in defi nite geometric shapes and
they made carvings with concentric and intersecting circles and triangles.
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