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Файл:Английский язык = English. Учебное пособие-2
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17. Вставьте вместо пропусков подходящие по смыслу модальные
глаголы или их эквиваленты: be allowed to; have to; can.
In Britain you … drive a car when you are 17. You … get a special twoyear driving licence before you … start. When you are learning, someone
with a full licence always … be in the car with you because you … take the
car on the road alone. You … attend the driving school – a friend … teach
you. The person with you … take money for the lesson unless he’s got a
teacher’s licence.
18. Вставьте вместо пропусков подходящие по смыслу модальные
глаголы или их эквиваленты: could; was / were able to. Прочитайте и
переведите полученные предложения.
1. It was a fi ne day yesterday, so we … have a picnic, and we enjoyed it
very much. 2. He suddenly fell ill, but he … fi nish his speech, although in
the end he could hardly stand. 3. He spoke very little English when he left
school, but he … understand the language. 4. I got to the station at 9.50 a.m.
and … catch the 9.55 a.m. train. I was very pleased I didn’t have to wait for
the next train. 5. He has always been good at math. But even he … solve this
diffi cult problem. 6. The town was full of visitors, and we didn’t … know
where we would spend the night, but at last we … fi nd two vacant rooms in
a small hotel. 7. Before his illness, he … work fourteen hours a day if he had
to. 8. He was very strong; he … ski all day and dance all night. 9. I was a long
way from the stage. I … see all right but I … not hear very well. 10. When the
mechanic had repaired our car, we … continue our journey.
19. Вставьте вместо пропусков подходящий по смыслу модальный
глагол should или must.
1. a) You look fresh! You … have had a good sleep at night.
b) You look fresh! You … have a good sleep at night.
2. a) He … be working at this problem now.
b) He … work at the problem, it hasn’t been solved yet.
3. a) You … have ignored the traffi c regulations. That’s why you were fi ned.
b) You … have followed the traffi c regulations and then you would not
have been fi ned.
20. Вставьте вместо пропусков подходящие по смыслу модальные
глаголы.
1. Physical metallurgy … be defi ned as the branch of metallurgy. 2. The
automatic machine … do this work itself. 3. With the help of a new device the
111
scientist … earn the structure of this material. 4. Metals … be characterized
by their mechanical, technological, physical and chemical properties. 5. The
scientist … elaborate the plan of his research. 6. The engineer … increase
the carbon content of the steel. 7. Metals which are used in industry … to be
called engineering metals. 8. We can’t extract copper with the help of stone
and done tools but ancient people … it in this way thousand of years ago.
21. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Ты, возможно, забыл свой циркуль дома. 2. Можно мне подождать
профессора здесь? – Да, конечно. 3. Вчера мне пришлось переписать
контрольную работу. 4. Студенты могут получить все необходимые книги в библиотеке. 5. Могу я Вам помочь? 6. Нельзя пользоваться словарем во время контрольной работы. 7. Он сможет говорить по-английски
свободно, когда вернется из Лондона. 8. Ты умеешь плавать? 9. Когда он
был молодым, он мог проходить 15 километров в день. 10. Ты сможешь
сделать эту работу завтра? 11. Здесь нельзя останавливаться. 12. Я думаю, что я смогу помочь вам.
READING AND SPEAKING PRACTICE
22. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст А,
пользуясь словарем.
Text A. What is Physics?
Physics is one of the most ancient sciences about nature. The word
“physics” takes its origin from the Greek word “phewsis” meaning nature.
The development of other sciences depends in many respects on the
knowledge of physical phenomena.
Physics studies various phenomena in nature: mechanical motion, heat,
sound, electricity, magnetism, and light.
Physics divides itself very naturally into two great branches, experimental
physics and theoretical physics. The former is the science of making
observations and devising experiments which give us accurate knowledge
of the actual behaviour of natural phenomena. On the basis of experimental
facts theoretical physics formulates laws and predicts the behaviour of natural
phenomena. Every physical law is based on experiments and is devised to
correlate and to describe accurately these experiments. The wider the range
of experience covered by such a law, the more important it is. Physics is
112
divided into half a dozen or more diff erent fi elds – mechanics, sound, heat,
electricity and magnetism, light, molecular, atomic and nuclear physics.
These diff erent fi elds are not distinct but merge into each other.
In all cases physics deals with phenomena that can be accurately described
in terms of matter and energy. Hence, the basic concepts in all physical
phenomena are the concepts of matter and energy. And it is important to
determine accurately the characteristics of both matter and energy, the laws
that govern their transformations, and the fundamental relations that exist
between them.
Matter. Every substance саn be divided into particles known as
molecules. Chemical reactions indicate that the molecules are composed
of smaller units, or atoms. Modern physical methods of investigation
have shown that the atom consists of a centrally situated nucleus with a
total positive charge surrounded by a number of electrons which revolve
about the nucleus. In a stable atom, the total positive charge of the nucleus
is equal to the total negative charge of the electrons which surround the
nucleus. The total electrical charge is zero and this is the conventional state
of most atoms.
Matter can exist in four states: solid, gas, liquid and plasma.
23. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся следующие однокоренные слова.
physics – physicist – physical;
nature – naturalist – natural;
experiment – experimentalist – experimental;
theory – theorist – theoretical;
chemistry – chemist – chemical;
observation – observer – observational;
transformation – transformer – transformable;
indication – indicator – indicative.
24. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты к следующим словам и словосочетаниям.
Различные явления в природе; зависит во многих отношениях; физика делится очень естественно; две большие области; наука о проведении наблюдений; дает нам точные знания; формулирует законы; плавно
переходят одна в другую; с помощью понятий материи и энергии; следовательно; основные понятия.
113
25. Вставьте предлог, где это необходимо. Прочитайте и переведите
полученные предложения.
1. Physics is one … the most ancient sciences … nature.
2. The development of other sciences depends … many respects … the
knowledge … physical phenomena.
3. Physics divides itself very naturally … two great branches, experimental
physics and theoretical physics.
4. … the basis … experimental facts theoretical physics formulates laws.
5. In all cases physics deals … phenomena that can be accurately
described … terms of matter and energy.
6. The atom consists … a centrally situated nucleus … a total positive
charge surrounded … a number … electrons.
7. Electrons revolve … the nucleus.
8. In a stable atom the total positive charge of the nucleus is equal … the
total negative charge … the electrons.
26. Используя текст, скажите, верны ли следующие утверждения;
исправьте неверные утверждения.
1. Physics is a modern science about nature.
2. The word “physics” takes its origin from the Latin word meaning nature.
3. Physics studies various phenomena in nature.
4. Physics divides itself very naturally into three great branches.
5. Theoretical physics is the science of making observations and devising
experiments.
6. On the basis of experimental facts theoretical physics makes
observations.
7. Physics deals with phenomena that can be described in terms of matter
and energy.
8. The atom consists of a centrally situated electron surrounded by a
number of protons.
27. Найдите в каждом абзаце слова, которые можно было бы вынести перед текстом в качестве ключевых.
28. Разделите текст А на смысловые части и выделите в каждом его
абзаце предложение, передающее основную мысль.
29. Составьте подробный план текста, выделяя микротемы каждой части и озаглавливая их.
114
30. Передайте обобщенно основное содержание текста на английском языке.
31. Перескажите текст А, пользуясь логико-смысловыми опорами.
32. Прочитайте текст В без использования словаря, определите, о
чем он, и выполните послетекстовые задания.
Text B. Energy
Energy can be defi ned as the ability to do work. Physicists classify energy
into several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant energy (light, for
example), and electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy.
Kinetic energy is possessed by a moving object by virtue of its motion.
It equals the work done to accelerate the object to a particular velocity; it
also equals the work done to bring a moving object to rest. The two principal
forms of kinetic energy are known as translational and rotational. The fi rst
is possessed by an object moving from one position to another. The second
is possessed by rotating objects, which revolve about an axis and therefore
periodically return to the same position.
An object has potential energy by virtue of its position. Two common
types are gravitational and elastic potential energy.
An object possesses heat, or thermal, energy by virtue of its temperature.
It is, in fact, merely a form of kinetic energy, because the temperature of a
substance depends on the motion of its component atoms or molecules; the
higher its temperature, the faster the molecules move.
Radiant energy consists of electromagnetic radiation and includes radio
waves, visible light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, and X-rays. The only
form of energy that can exist in the absence of matter, it consists of a wave
motion in electric and magnetic fi elds. Radiant energy is emitted when
electrons within atoms fall from a higher to a lower energy level and release
the “excess” energy as radiation.
Sound energy consists of moving waves of pressure in a medium such
as air, water, or metal. They consist of vibrations in the molecules of the
medium.
Matter that has gained or lost some electric charge has electrical energy.
The movement of charges constitutes an electric current, which fl ows between
two objects at diff erent potentials when they are joined by a conductor.
Chemical energy is possessed by substances that undergo a chemical
reaction, such as combustion. It is stored in the chemical bonds between the
atoms that make up the molecules of a substance.
Nuclear energy is produced when the nuclei of atoms change, either by
splitting apart or joining together. The splitting process is known as nuclear
115
fi ssion, the joining together as nuclear fusion. Such changes can be accompanied
by the release of enormous amounts of energy in the form of heat, light, and
radioactivity (the emission of atomic particles or gamma radiation, or both).
When an object loses or gains one type of energy, another kind is
correspondingly gained or lost. The total amount of energy, possessed by an
object, remains the same. This phenomenon is the principle of conservation
of energy, which states, that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but
only converted into other forms.
If mass and energy are considered together, the total amount of mass and
energy remains the same. Consequently the principle of mass conservation
has been modifi ed into what is called the principle of conservation of
mass-energy. The Theory of Relativity shows that mass and energy can be
considered to be totally interconvertible, and the amount of energy produced,
when matter is destroyed, is given by the well-known equation E = mc
2
(E is
the energy released, m is the mass destroyed, and c is the velocity of light).
Energy is often transmitted by wave motions, and for this reason the study
of waves is of crucial importance in physics – from the wave mechanics of
the atom to the study of gravitational waves produced by black holes.
33. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты к следующим словосочетаниям.
Энергия поступательного движения; энергия вращения; тепловая
энергия; энергия излучения; электрическая энергия; химическая энергия; ядерная энергия; кинетическая энергия равна сделанной работе;
энергия упругости; существовать при отсутствии материи; испускают
избыточную энергию в виде излучения; колебания в молекулах среды;
приобретать или терять электрический заряд; электрический ток.
34. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Две основные формы кинетической энергии известны как энер-
гия поступательного движения и энергия вращения.
2. Тело обладает тепловой энергией благодаря своей температуре.
3. Как единственная форма энергии, которая может существовать
при отсутствии материи, лучистая энергия состоит из волнового движения в электрических и магнитных полях.
4. Такие изменения могут сопровождаться выбросом огромного количества энергии в форме тепла, света и радиоактивности.
5. Энергия часто передается волновым движением, и по этой причине изучение волн является крайне важным в физике, начиная от квантовой механики атома до изучения гравитационных волн, производимых
черными дырами.
116
35. Используя текст, ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What is energy?
2. What types of energy do you know?
3. Is kinetic energy possessed by a moving object by virtue of its motion?
4. What forms does kinetic energy have?
5. What are two common types of potential energy?
6. When is radiant energy emitted?
7. What does sound energy consist of?
8. When does matter have electrical energy?
9. What energy is released in chemical reactions?
10. What does the Theory of Relativity show?
36. Составьте резюме по содержанию прочитанного текста.
37. Расскажите на английском языке все, что вы знаете об энергии.
38. Прочитайте текст С, постарайтесь понять его содержание и выполните послетекстовые задания.
Text С. Stephen Hawking
There was a man driving around in a motorized wheelchair in Cambridge,
England. He could only move his eyes and two fi ngers on his left hand. He
communicated through a computer. He typed words on the computer and the
computer spoke for him. This man was Stephan Hawking.
Stephen Hawking was born on January 8, 1942 in Oxford. He had
come to be thought of as the greatest mind in physics since Albert Einstein.
Hawking grew up outside London in an intellectual family. His father was
a physician and specialist in tropical diseases; his mother was active in the
Liberal Party. He was an awkward schoolboy, but knew from early on that he
wanted to study science. He became increasingly skilled in mathematics and
in 1958 he and some friends built a primitive computer that actually worked.
In 1959 he won a scholarship to Oxford University, where his intellectual
capabilities became more noticeable.
In 1962 he got his degree with honors and went to Cambridge University
to pursue a PhD in cosmology. There he became intrigued with black holes
(fi rst proposed by Robert Oppenheimer) and “space-time singularities”, or
events in which the laws of physics seem to break down.
During his studies at the University of Cambridge doctors discovered that
he suff ered from ALS, which is sometimes called Lou Gehrig’s disease.
This fatal disease weakens all of the body’s muscles. Later his disease had
117
gotten much worse. His youngest son (he had three children, two boys and
a girl) had never heard his father’s real voice. He heard the voice from the
computer.
At the remarkably young age of 32, he was named a fellow of the Royal
Society. He received the Albert Einstein Award, the most prestigious in
theoretical physics. Although Hawking had become more severely paralyzed,
in 1979 he became a professor at Cambridge. After receiving his PhD, he
stayed at Cambridge, becoming known even in his 20s for his pioneering
ideas and use of Einstein’s formulas.
As his disease got worse, money became a problem for Stephen Hawking.
He had a lot of medical expenses. He needed special wheelchairs, nurses
24 hours a day, and machines to help him read and speak. To earn extra
money, Hawking gave speeches and published articles. Then someone told
him to write a book that explained the universe to ordinary people. Hawking
agreed and wrote “A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bangs to Black
Holes”. He hoped the book would help non-scientists understand theories
of nature, from the big bang to black holes. It became a bestseller of long
standing and established his reputation as an accessible genius.
Hawking’s strong personality and spirit helped him to live with ALS for
over 30 years. He helped to make people aware of ALS and other disabilities.
Hawking taught us that even though a person is physically disabled, the mind
has no limits.
Stephen Hawking died at the age of 76 at his home in Cambridge in 2018.
Notes:
Stephen Hawking – Стивен Хокинг;
to pursue – преследовать (цель);
PhD (doctor of philosophy) – доктор философии;
Robert Oppenheimer – Роберт Оппенгеймер;
singularity – сингулярность, единичность;
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) – амиотрофический боковой склероз;
Lou Gehrig’s disease – болезнь Лу Герига;
fellow of the Royal Society – член Королевского общества;
Albert Einstein Award – медаль Альберта Энштейна.
39. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты к следующим словосочетаниям.
Неуклюжий мальчик; действительно, на самом деле; более заметны;
пространственно-временные сингулярности; новаторские идеи; член
Королевского (научного) общества; неизлечимое заболевание; большой
взрыв; черная дыра.
118
40. Вставьте вместо пропусков подходящие по смыслу слова. Прочитайте и переведите полученные предложения на русский язык.
1. He was an … schoolboy, but knew from early on that he wanted to
study … .
2. In 1959 he won a … to Oxford University, where his intellectual …
became more noticeable.
3. “Space-time singularities” are … in which the laws of … seem to
break down.
4. Hawking’s best known work is on the nature of black …, a phenomenon
suggested by Einstein’s … .
5. In 1988 Hawking published “A Brief History of …: From the Big …
to Black Holes”.
41. Парная работа. Составьте вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста и задайте их своему собеседнику.
42. Расскажите на английском языке все, что вы узнали о Стивене
Хокинге.
TEST
1. Из предложенных вариантов ответов выберите один правильный.
1. When the fog lifts, we … see where we are.
a) can c) will be able to
b) may d) need
2. Students … not bring anything into examination room.
a) may c) should
b) might d) dare
3. You … read this book. It’s great.
a) must c) have to
b) may d) need
4. You … hurry. The exam begins at 10 o’clock.
a) cannot c) shouldn’t
b) couldn’t d) needn’t
5. The students … know the history of their university.
a) may c) will be able to
b) ought to d) could
119
6. She … do this work in time.
a) cannot c) shouldn’t
b) needn’t d) can not
7. We … see electrical devices everywhere.
a) must c) can
b) need d) should
8. Students … work hard as they want to pass the exams well.
a) may c) need
b) can d) must
9. Who … answer my question?
a) must c) should
b) can d) ought to
10. I … study materials science next year.
a) might c) will be able to
b) must d) can
2. Прочитайте текст и составьте резюме по содержанию прочитан-
ного.
Food and Meals
The English had long been famous for their appetites, and foreigners,
especially those from warmer countries, were astonished at the vast quantities
of meat they ate. Even the poor man fed far better than peasants abroad,
enjoying his bacon and rabbit when he could not get beef, and only falling
back on vegetable broth when times were hard.
In Elizabethan England the main meals were dinner, taken at about
11 o’clock (because the working day started very early, “before fi ve o’clock
in the morning” and continued until seven or eight at night, with only half an
hour for breakfast and up to one and a half hours for dinner), and the supper.
The servants had their dinner at noon.
Although breakfast was not considered a meal, a snack of meat, bread and
ale was usual. On the Queen’s breakfast table there were chickens, rabbits,
mutton, veal and beef, ale and wine, served early in the morning.
At dinner, as much food as possible was put on the table at once, to show
the master’s wealth. Helpings of mutton, beef, pork and venison, not in slices
but in lumps, were followed by fi sh, game and poultry, and then by elaborate
sweets and puddings, often shaped like animals and castles. That was in the
past...
What is peculiar about the British food nowadays?
120
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