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Файл:Английский язык = English. Учебное пособие-2
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Now, a time has come, when we can’t even survive for a couple of hours
without electricity.
• Paper and Pen
If we go in the Pyramids of Egypt or any such historical monument, we
will fi nd inscriptions on the walls, showing the people of that time performing
various chores. That was a way of saving the current data so that the future
people could learn, how the past was. This also gives us information that the
task of writing and conveying messages through drawings was developed
a long time before the discovery of pen and paper. It can easily be inferred
from these early drawings that it took a large amount of eff ort to draw these
things, as they didn’t have many developed instruments to perform those
tasks. So, with the discovery of paper and pen, this task became much easier.
The use of paper and pen became extremely common in all fi elds of work,
and is the best way of communication and storing data.
• Steam Engine
After the blueprints were made, James Watt put in much more eff orts to
mark an important invention, which changed the way we live. The invention
was that of steam engine. Steam is a powerful fuel for locomotive. This idea
fi rst came in the mind of James Watt, who started putting in most of his time
thinking about getting a practical use of steam into daily life, when fi nally
he ended up in the discovery of steam engine, which remained a method of
inexpensive transportation for hundreds of years.
• Automobiles
A new discovery is said to be important, only if it is more useful than
the discovery of its previous kind. The idea of steam engine saw a downfall
after the discovery of internal and external combustion engines, but if we
see properly, they all work on the procedures of steam engine only. So the
discovery of steam engine was a base for the discovery of much more widely
used mode of transportation called automobiles. Now, wherever you see,
you will fi nd hundreds of automobiles crossing the streets to reach their
destinations.
• Airplane
Thanks to Wright Brothers, who gave the idea of fl ight. Although much
before they gave their design, Leonardo da Vinci, the great artist, whose
masterpiece is said to be “Mona Lisa” gave a working design of an airplane,
but that design couldn’t be developed, so he didn’t come in much limelight
because of his airplane design. The Wright Brothers were the fi rst ever to
make a working model of an airplane, which actually marked a fl ight, and
began an era of a quick mode of transportation.
• Telephone
“Ring! Ring!.. Hello!” A common thing that we hear everywhere around
us. This revolutionary invention changed the way we talk! The cell phones
71
we use nowadays, saw their ancestral beginning when Sir Alexander Graham
Bell came across the revolutionary idea of joining two cups with the help of
thread at their bottom ends. One would talk from one cup and the other would
be able to listen from the other end. This is the base of all the telephone
companies nowadays. It cannot be wrong to say that Sir Graham Bell did
revolutionize the world, as now, we don’t see even a single person without a
phone in his hands or in his pocket.
• World Wide Web
Popularly called by the name “Internet”, it began for US Military for the
purpose of sending and receiving mails and other data within the system,
but the technology caught a much faster pace and within no time, Internet
became the basic necessity of mankind. It seems an amusing fact that it just
has been 3 decades since the beginning of World Wide Web, and the present
generation, even kids depend on this Internet for completing as basic thing as
their homework. Internet has infl uenced our life in each and every possible
manner, and will keep on doing the same for the rest of our lives.
Notes:
the Wright brothers – братья Райт;
Alexander Graham Bell – Александр Грейам Белл;
Karl Benz – Карл Бенц;
Alexander Popov – Александр Попов;
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky – Константин Циолковский;
Thomas Alva Edison – Томас Альва Эдисон;
James Watt – Джеймс Уатт;
Leonardo da Vinci – Леонардо да Винчи.
21. Назовите, о каком из научных открытий идет речь в следующих
предложениях.
1. … was a base for the discovery of much more widely used mode of
transportation.
2. … was discovered in the early centuries by the cave men.
3. … was designed by Leonardo da Vinci.
4. … became the basic necessity of mankind.
5. … is in almost every house.
6. … is one of the best ways of communication and storing data.
22. Выразите согласие или несогласие со следующими утверждениями по содержанию текста.
1. “Nothing is Permanent Except a Change”.
2. There are many diff erences between inventions and discoveries.
72
3. The Englishman Alexander Graham Bell patented his invention of the
radio in 1876.
4. The idea of steam engine saw a downfall after the discovery of internal
and external combustion engines.
5. The Russian engineer Karl Benz produced the fi rst petrol driven car
in 1885.
6. The use of paper and pen is the best way of communication and storing
data.
7. James Watt put in much more eff orts to mark an important invention,
which changed the way we live. The invention was that of steam engine.
8. Internet has infl uenced our life in each and every possible manner.
23. Найдите в тексте следующие даты и прочитайте предложения
с ними:
1876; 1885; 1894; 1903.
24. Поставьте вопросы к следующим предложениям.
1. The Englishman Alexander Graham Bell patented his invention of the
telephone in 1876.
2. Alexander Popov was a Russian physicist who fi rst demonstrated the
practical application of radio waves. In 1894 he built his fi rst radio.
3. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was the founder of cosmonautics.
4. The use of paper and pen became extremely common in all fi elds of
work, and is the best way of communication and storing data.
5. Steam is a powerful fuel for locomotive.
25. Найдите в каждом абзаце слова, которые можно было бы вынести перед текстом в качестве ключевых.
26. Разделите текст A на смысловые части и выделите в каждом его
абзаце предложение, передающее основную мысль.
27. Составьте подробный план текста, выделяя микротемы каждой части и озаглавливая их.
28. Передайте обобщенно основное содержание текста на английском языке.
29. Перескажите текст А, пользуясь логико-смысловыми опорами.
30. Прочитайте текст В без использования словаря, определите, о
чем он; составьте вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста и
задайте их своему собеседнику.
73
Text B. Wheel
It’s diffi cult to imagine our lives without any form of movement. Wheels
are one of the most ancient discoveries in all of humankind. However, none
of us question how the wheel was actually discovered?
Wheels have made it much easier for all of us to travel. The creation of
the wheel is perhaps the most signifi cant discovery. As soon as the wheel was
invented, there was a revolt in the manufacturing industry.
The fi rst inventor of the wheel remains unknown. What is known, is the
fact that the fi rst ever wheel was discovered approximately 3000 years ago
where weavers and potters were the fi rst to utilize them.
The containers that were prepared by the potters were helpful for
carrying the essentials, drinking water and nutritious food. There was yet
another enhancement by utilizing the wheels for moving on the vehicles. The
advanced version of these same wheels is now being used by the cars which
we use today, for our own convenience.
There was always a regular growth in the advancement of inventing new
and innovative designs of the wheel. The wheels that we now see in heavy
vehicles were also invented during the early centuries, but the diff erences are
huge. The initial designs were much simpler in comparison to the designs we
see today.
Unlike other inventions that took place around 5000 BC or even earlier,
wheels are still commonplace today and are still high in demand. Many
contemporary discoveries are derived from the ancient and original wheel.
It’s clear that if there was no invention of the wheel, there would be no
vehicles. Our roads would have been empty and airplanes would not have
been able to take to the skies.
As a result, there has been great development in the fi eld of
industrialization. The diff erent manufacturing factories and companies are
a productive outcome of wheels. If the wheel had been a relatively new
invention, the inventor would have received worldwide acclaim. Although
what we determine to be a simple idea, the concept at that time was truly
groundbreaking and ingenious concept that has withstood the ultimate test
of time.
31. Прочитайте текст С, постарайтесь понять его содержание и
расположите следующие предложения в хронологическом порядке
в соответствии с содержанием прочитанного.
1. Bernard Silver rose to the challenge and set out to investigate this
problem.
2. The system did work initially, but possessed two major negatives.
74
3. A small food store owner decided one day that keeping records of the
inventory of his stock and their associated prices was an extremely laborious
process.
4. The patent for the barcode was not granted immediately.
5. Bernard Silver and a group of students from the institute realized their
answer in the form of ultraviolet rays, ink and a scanner.
6. The fi rst product to have ever been added to the barcode system was a
pack of Wrigley’s chewing gum.
7. The system began creeping its way into more and more grocery stores.
Text C. Barcode
The progress never stops even for a minute. Modern inventors introduce
more complex and more amazing ideas.
Nowadays we widely use computers and cell phones which were
invented not so long ago. Another wonderful example is laser with diff erent
technologies in medicine, industry and electronics.
Perhaps one of the most underrated inventions belongs to the barcode.
Barcodes aren’t given much thought by the majority of consumers, but these
codes were fairly recently implemented, in a working fashion, in 1970.
A small food store owner decided one day that keeping records of
the inventory of his stock and their associated prices was an extremely
laborious process and so, in 1948, he took it upon himself to contact the
Drexel Institute of Technology in a bid to work towards a feasible solution.
Bernard Silver rose to the challenge and set out to investigate this problem,
and began working on a solution involving an automatic way of keeping
track of items which had been sold. Bernard Silver and a group of students
from the institute realized their answer in the form of ultraviolet rays, ink and
a scanner.
The system did work initially, but possessed two major negatives. The
system was incredibly costly making implementation on a large scale much
more economically draining and the system was also notorious as being
unstable. If the invention was to become commonplace in grocery stores,
these two problems had to be ironed out to provide a more viable solution.
The patent for the bar code system was fi led by Silver and one of his
students, Woodland. The patent was not granted immediately; in fact it
took three years for the patent agency to grant their invention patent for
the barcode, occurring on 7
th
October, 1952. The invention of the barcode
is patent number 2,612,994, Classifying Apparatus and Method, the offi cial
title of the patent.
Despite this patent being issued, the system was still not welcomed by
the majority of store owners. It wasn’t until 1966, that the system began
75
creeping its way into more and more grocery stores. This system was soon
criticized, as there was no central mechanism for controlling uniformly
coded items. In 1970, Logicorn developed Universal Grocery Products
Identifi cation Code (UGPIC), soon shortened to Universal Identifi cation
Number. It was Marsh’s superstore in Troy, which was the very fi rst store
to install this sophisticated barcode reading system and its popularity
has soared ever since, obviously now commonplace in all types of stores
worldwide.
The fi rst product to have ever been added to the barcode system was a
pack of Wrigley’s chewing gum.
The invention of the barcode may not appear as complex, ground
breaking, or as revolutionary as many other inventions, but few have been as
understated, yet so eff ectively time-saving, effi cient and manageable.
Notes:
barcode – штрихкод;
to implement – осуществлять; реализовывать; внедрять; применять;
the Drexel Institute of Technology – институт технологии Дрекселя;
Bernard Silver – Бернард Сильвер;
Woodland – Вудленд;
Universal Grocery Products Identifi cation Code – универсальный иден-
тифицирующий код продовольственных товаров.
32. Прочитайте текст еще раз, разделите его на смысловые части и
подберите к ним названия.
33. Составьте резюме по содержанию прочитанного текста.
TEST
1. Из предложенных вариантов ответов выберите один правильный.
1. Have you ever ... to London?
a) was c) been
b) are d) be
2. Mary came to tell us she … the coff ee.
a) have been made c) had been make
b) has been made d) had made
3. This problem … much in press lately.
a) has been discussed c) have been discussed
b) has discussed d) have discussed
76
4. They … any mistake.
a) have make c) have not made
b) has make d) have made
5. Bob … his book at home.
a) has left c) left
b) is left d) have left
6. He … the data by 4 o’clock.
a) shall record c) will have recorded
b) will record d) will have been recorded
7. He said that the work … by the next week.
a) will be done c) had been done
b) has done d) would have been done
8. I have … heard of that book.
a) always c) now
b) never d) sometime
9. We … 5 countries this year.
a) have visited c) has visited
b) visited d) had visited
10. This theory has … been developed.
a) just c) seldom
b) often d) usually
2. Прочитайте текст и составьте резюме по содержанию прочитан-
ного.
A camera is a device which enables the recording of still and moving
photographs within seconds. Without the camera, it was not possible to
capture and preserve good memories.
The camera was fi rst designed by Joseph Niepce, a retired French Military
Offi cer. He invented his fi rst camera in 1826 in France. This camera was
known as “Obscura”, comprising two wooden boxes out of which one box
had a lens and the other had a screen, which was green in colour. He then
invented a diaphragm, which helped in the clarity by sharpening the image.
The fi rst discovery of the camera was made by a German Mathematician,
Friedrich Risner. As there were more and more developments in the
technology of the camera, this led to improvement in the quality of pictures,
fi lm, fl ash and colour pictures. With all these improvements and the
developments in the camera, today we are able to see our past in our present.
77
Alhazen invented the fi rst Pinhole Camera, also known as “Camera
Obscura”. It made people aware of the true reason as to why the image
was often upside down. Joseph Niepce made the fi rst photographic image.
Joseph’s main idea was to capture the image by making the light draw the
picture.
With many inventors, there was a development of modern photography.
In 1829, it was Louis Daguerre, who in partnership with Joseph Niepce,
made a major improvement in photography. However, soon after the death
of Joseph Niepce, Louis took over the charge to develop photography,
which was named after him. He, together with the son of Niepce, sold the
rights to the government of France. He quickly gained wide popularity and
subsequently, there were as many as seventy photo studios developed in the
city of New York.
UNIT IV. My Native Town. My Home
is My Castle
Vocabulary
Oral Practice: My Native Town
Grammar: Времена группы Perfect Continuous в дей-
ствительном залоге
Reading and Speaking Practice:
Text А. The House
Text B. History of Skyscrapers
Text С. My Home is My Castle
Test
VOCABULARY
1. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами; переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. accommodation [əkɒməˈdeɪʃn] n. жилье, помещение; удобство
The price includes accommodation, breakfast and evening meal.
2. achievement [əˈtʃiːvmənt] n. достижение, успех; подвиг; выполне-
ние
The discovery of NBA was a major scientifi c achievement.
3. beam [biːm] n. брус, балка
The beam holds up the roof.
4. brick [brɪk] n. кирпич
The boy’s ball accidentally dislodged the top brick from the wall.
adj. кирпичный
We live in a large brick house with a turret top.
5. to climb [klaɪm] v. подниматься, взбираться
She was the fi rst British woman to climb the mountain.
6. community [kəˈmjuːnɪtɪ] n. община; общество
She grew up in a bilingual community.
7. concrete [ˈkɒnkriːt] n. бетон
They left the concrete to set for a few hours.
adj. бетонный; конкретный
The house was made of concrete blocks.
8. core [kɔː] n. внутренность; сердцевина; стержень; ядро
This ball has a titanium core.
9. to destroy [dɪˈstrɔɪ] v. уничтожать; разрушать
The building was destroyed by fi re.
79
10. detached [dɪˈtætʃt] adj. отдельный, обособленный
The house has a detached garage.
11. to dig (dug, dug) [dɪɡ] v. копать, рыть
The well was dug 200 years ago.
12. dwelling [ˈdwelɪŋ] n. жилище, дом
He built a modest dwelling near the pond.
13. elevator [ˈelɪveɪtə] n. лифт, подъемник
It is against the law to smoke in the elevator.
14. essential [ɪˈsenʃəl] adj. необходимый, существенный
Even in small companies computers are an essential tool.
15. foundation [faʊnˈdeɪʃn] n. фундамент; основание; основа
The fi rst step in building a house is to dig the foundation.
16. greatness [ˈɡreɪtnɪs] n. величина; величие, сила
Burj Dubai is a symbol of power and greatness.
17. heritage [ˈherɪtɪdʒ] n. наследство; наследие
This beautiful old building is a part of our heritage.
18. hut [hʌt] n. хижина, лачуга, барак
The hermit lived in a wooden hut.
19. inhabitant [ɪnˈhæbɪtənt] n. житель, обитатель
Cairo has only thirteen square centimetres of green space for each
inhabitant.
20. landmark [ˈlændmɑːrk] n. 1) ориентир
The church steeple provided a convenient landmark.
2) здание; архитектурный памятник
The Kremlin is a national historical landmark.
21. nomadic [nəʊˈmædɪk] adj. кочевой, кочующий, бродячий
The nomadic reindeer herders of Siberia live in tents.
22. section [ˈsekʃn] n. часть, секция, отдел
The upper section of the bridge will be built next month.
23. shelter [ˈʃeltər] n. приют, кров, убежище, укрытие
Thousands of refugees want food and shelter.
24. stainless [ˈsteɪnlɪs] adj. безупречный; нержавеющий
It’s made of stainless steel.
25. (to) store [stɔː] n. склад; магазин
I asked many persons about the store but no one had heard of it.
v. хранить, запасать
A camel can store a large amount of water in the hump on its back.
26. tent [tent] n. палатка, шатер
The tent was made of nylon.
27. wood [wʊd] n
. лес, роща; дерево, древесина
Wood is a poor conductor of heat.
80
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