- •§1. Оборот there is (there are)
- •1. Read and translate the following sentences and make them negative or interrogative:
- •3. Translate into English:
- •4. Translate these sentences into Russian:
- •§ 2. Видо-временные формы глагола
- •1. Indefinite Forms
- •1. Make affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences in the Present Indefinite Tense from these notes:
- •2. Open the brackets using the appropriate (Present or Past Indefinite) verb form:
- •4. Read the statements. Ask two questions based on the statement according to the pattern:
- •5. Put questions about the italicised words of the following sentences:
- •6. Turn the following into the Past or Future Indefinite tense. Make all the necessary changes:
- •7. Fill in the blanks with one of the Indefinite tenses:
- •10. Translate into English using Indefinite tenses:
- •2. Perfect Forms
- •1. Make these sentences negative and interrogative:
- •2. Put questions about the italicized words:
- •4. Make up sentences from the following notes using Present Perfect.
- •5. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite tense.
- •6. Open the brackets. Explain the use of the tense forms:
- •7. Translate into English using Present Perfect where required.
- •8. Translate into English using the required tense forms.
- •9. Complete the letter, opening the brackets:
- •3. Continuous Forms
- •1. Make the sentences negative and interrogative:
- •2. Put questions about the words in italics:
- •4. Use the contracted forms of verbs instead of full forms according to the pattern:
- •5. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present, Past or Future Continuous tense:
- •7. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous tense. Explain the use of the tense forms:
- •8. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous tense. Explain the use of tense forms:
- •9. Translate into English using Continuous forms where required:
- •4. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)
- •1. Change the statements to the Passive Voice according to the pattern:
- •2. Change the questions to the Passive Voice according to the pattern:
- •3. Put the following into the Passive Voice, mentioning the agent where necessary:
- •4. Put the following into the Active Voice, supplying the agent if one was not mentioned:
- •5. Translate into English using the passive forms:
- •1. Use the correct tense form of the verbs in brackets:
- •2. Open the brackets using the verb in the active or in the passive voice:
- •3. Translate into English:
- •§ 3. Неличные формы глагола
- •1. Инфинитив (The Infinitive)
- •1. Translate into Russian. Find the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.
- •2. Fill each blank, choosing between infinitives with or without to:
- •3. Replace the group of words in italics by an infinitive or an infinitive construction:
- •4. Translate into Russian:
- •2. Герундий (The Gerund)
- •1. Make up sentences from the table below. Follow the example.
- •2. Use the gerunds instead of the verbs in brackets and fill in the prepositions where necessary:
- •3. Insert the correct form of the Gerund:
- •4. Translate into English using the Gerund:
- •5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive). Translate into Russian:
- •6. Open the brackets choosing between a Gerund or an Infinitive:
- •7. Translate into English using gerunds or infinitives:
- •3. Причастие (The Participle)
- •1. Complete the sentences using Participle I or Participle II:
- •2. Translate into Russian. Find sentences with the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction:
- •§ 4. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
- •§ 4. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
- •1. Make the sentences negative and interrogative. Give short answers:
- •8. Translate into English:
- •§ 5. Прямая и косвенная речь (Direct and Indirect Speech)
- •1. Повествовательное предложение
- •2. Вопросительное предложение
- •3. Повелительное предложение
- •§ 6. Согласование времен (The Sequence of Tenses)
- •1. Change the direct statements into indirect ones according to the patterns:
- •2. Make up sentences according to the pattern:
- •5. Put the following into indirect speech according to the pattern:
- •6. Put the following into direct speech with the appropriate changes. Mind the puctuation:
- •§ 7. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
- •1. Употребление сослагательного наклонения в сложноподчиненных предложениях с придаточным нереального условия (Conditional Sentences)
- •2. Употребление сослагательного наклонения в других типах придаточных предложений
- •1. Open the brackets:
- •2. Complete the sentences, using the correct forms of the verb:
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences according to the pattern:
- •6. Translate into English:
§ 6. Согласование времен (The Sequence of Tenses)
При переводе прямой речи в косвенную необходимо соблюдать правила согласования времен, если глагол главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени.
При наличии глагола в прошедшем времени в главном предложении, в косвенной речи формы глагола изменяются следующим образом:
Прямая речь |
Косвенная речь |
Present Indefinite |
Past Indefinite |
Present Continuous |
Past Continuous |
She said: "I like this picture". Она сказала: "Мне нравится эта картина" |
She said (that) she liked that picture. Она сказала, что ей нравится эта картина. |
Не said: "My sister is writing a letter". Он сказал: "Моя сестра пишет письмо". |
Не said (that) his sister was writing a letter. Он сказал, что его сестра пишет письмо. |
Present Perfect |
Past Perfect |
Past Indefinite |
|
John said: "I’ve just returned from Moscow". Джон сказал: "Я только что вернулся из Москвы". |
John said (that) he had just returned from Moscow. Джон сказал, что он только что вернулся из Москвы. |
She said: "I sent him a telegram yesterday". Она сказала: "Я отправила ему телеграмму вчера". |
She said she had sent him a telegram the day before. Она сказала, что отправила ему телеграмму накануне. |
Future Indefinite |
Future-in-the Past |
She said, "Nick will come at 5 o’clock." Она сказала: "Ник придет в пять часов". |
She said (that) Nick would come at 5 o’clock. Она сказала, что Ник придет в пять часов. |
Примечание. Некоторые слова прямой речи изменяются в косвенной речи, а именно: yesterday - the day before, tomorrow - the day after, here - there, this - that, ago - before.
Правило согласования времен касается всех случаев, когда сказуемое главного предложения стоит в одном из прошедших времен. При этом в придаточном дополнительном предложении происходит сдвиг времен, в соответствии с которым сказуемое придаточного предложения также употребляется в одном из прошедших времен:
Present Indefinite Present Continuous Present Perfect |
заменяется на |
Past Indefinite Past Continuous Past Perfect |
Past Indefinite |
заменяется на |
Past Perfect |
Past Perfect |
остается без изменений |
|
Future Indefinite |
заменяется на |
Future Indefinite in the Past (should/would open) |
Exercises
1. Change the direct statements into indirect ones according to the patterns:
Pattern 1: |
He said, "We have recently moved to a new flat". He said that they had recently moved to a new flat. |
Pattern 2: |
Tom said to his mother, "The steak is overdone again". Tom told his mother that the steak was overdone again. |
1. Mrs Williams said to Mr Davis, "I haven’t bought a hat since the time we went to the theatre on our tenth wedding anniversary".
2. Yesterday afternoon Nick said, "I have a headache".
3. The policeman said, "There’s been an accident, and the road is blocked."
4. Fred said to me, "I’ve left some books on your table. I think you’ll find them useful."
5. The secretary said to Mr Williams, "I booked a double room on the first floor."
6. She said, "I’m having a bath. I’ll be ready in twenty minutes."
7. Dad said to me, "You must leave a note for your mother, otherwise she’ll be terribly worried when you’re not in at your usual time."
8. My brother said, "I know this raincoat belongs to you, but I thought it would be all right if I borrowed it."