- •§1. Оборот there is (there are)
- •1. Read and translate the following sentences and make them negative or interrogative:
- •3. Translate into English:
- •4. Translate these sentences into Russian:
- •§ 2. Видо-временные формы глагола
- •1. Indefinite Forms
- •1. Make affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences in the Present Indefinite Tense from these notes:
- •2. Open the brackets using the appropriate (Present or Past Indefinite) verb form:
- •4. Read the statements. Ask two questions based on the statement according to the pattern:
- •5. Put questions about the italicised words of the following sentences:
- •6. Turn the following into the Past or Future Indefinite tense. Make all the necessary changes:
- •7. Fill in the blanks with one of the Indefinite tenses:
- •10. Translate into English using Indefinite tenses:
- •2. Perfect Forms
- •1. Make these sentences negative and interrogative:
- •2. Put questions about the italicized words:
- •4. Make up sentences from the following notes using Present Perfect.
- •5. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite tense.
- •6. Open the brackets. Explain the use of the tense forms:
- •7. Translate into English using Present Perfect where required.
- •8. Translate into English using the required tense forms.
- •9. Complete the letter, opening the brackets:
- •3. Continuous Forms
- •1. Make the sentences negative and interrogative:
- •2. Put questions about the words in italics:
- •4. Use the contracted forms of verbs instead of full forms according to the pattern:
- •5. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present, Past or Future Continuous tense:
- •7. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous tense. Explain the use of the tense forms:
- •8. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous tense. Explain the use of tense forms:
- •9. Translate into English using Continuous forms where required:
- •4. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)
- •1. Change the statements to the Passive Voice according to the pattern:
- •2. Change the questions to the Passive Voice according to the pattern:
- •3. Put the following into the Passive Voice, mentioning the agent where necessary:
- •4. Put the following into the Active Voice, supplying the agent if one was not mentioned:
- •5. Translate into English using the passive forms:
- •1. Use the correct tense form of the verbs in brackets:
- •2. Open the brackets using the verb in the active or in the passive voice:
- •3. Translate into English:
- •§ 3. Неличные формы глагола
- •1. Инфинитив (The Infinitive)
- •1. Translate into Russian. Find the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.
- •2. Fill each blank, choosing between infinitives with or without to:
- •3. Replace the group of words in italics by an infinitive or an infinitive construction:
- •4. Translate into Russian:
- •2. Герундий (The Gerund)
- •1. Make up sentences from the table below. Follow the example.
- •2. Use the gerunds instead of the verbs in brackets and fill in the prepositions where necessary:
- •3. Insert the correct form of the Gerund:
- •4. Translate into English using the Gerund:
- •5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive). Translate into Russian:
- •6. Open the brackets choosing between a Gerund or an Infinitive:
- •7. Translate into English using gerunds or infinitives:
- •3. Причастие (The Participle)
- •1. Complete the sentences using Participle I or Participle II:
- •2. Translate into Russian. Find sentences with the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction:
- •§ 4. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
- •§ 4. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
- •1. Make the sentences negative and interrogative. Give short answers:
- •8. Translate into English:
- •§ 5. Прямая и косвенная речь (Direct and Indirect Speech)
- •1. Повествовательное предложение
- •2. Вопросительное предложение
- •3. Повелительное предложение
- •§ 6. Согласование времен (The Sequence of Tenses)
- •1. Change the direct statements into indirect ones according to the patterns:
- •2. Make up sentences according to the pattern:
- •5. Put the following into indirect speech according to the pattern:
- •6. Put the following into direct speech with the appropriate changes. Mind the puctuation:
- •§ 7. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
- •1. Употребление сослагательного наклонения в сложноподчиненных предложениях с придаточным нереального условия (Conditional Sentences)
- •2. Употребление сослагательного наклонения в других типах придаточных предложений
- •1. Open the brackets:
- •2. Complete the sentences, using the correct forms of the verb:
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences according to the pattern:
- •6. Translate into English:
1. Complete the sentences using Participle I or Participle II:
1. (to drown) That brave man once saved a____girl.
2. (to interest) She is____in stories about great people.
3. (to fly) Have you ever seen a____dog?
4. (to wash) The boy____the car around the corner is my brother-in-law.
5. (to travel) Anyone____to a foreign country needs special papers.
6. (to please) I am sure your teacher is____with your English.
7. (to cry) We couldn’t sleep the whole night because there was a baby____in the next room.
8. (to spiff) Don’t cry over____milk.
2. Translate into Russian. Find sentences with the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction:
1. Having returned from his business trip, Mr Davis began preparing a report to be submitted to the Board of Directors.
2. Mr Davis having returned to London, some of his colleagues came to see him on the same day.
3. They spent the whole evening together, Mr Davis telling them about the results of his business trip.
4. He was asked a great many questions, some of them requiring a long explanation.
5. Having been away from London for a long time, Mr Davis wanted, in his turn, to know about the progress in the work being carried on in the R & D Department.
6. One of his colleagues being at the head of the Department, Mr Davis wanted him to describe the results obtained while he was away.
7. The first part of the work having been completed, the results were published in the form of an article.
8. Having been shown the article, Mr Davis asked the author to let him have it for a couple of days.
9. The article being well written, Mr Davis read it with pleasure. 10. The magazine contained a number of interesting publications, one of them being on the subject of Mr Davis’s research.
§ 4. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
§ 4. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
Модальные глаголы - это глаголы, обозначающие не действие, а отношение говорящего к нему (способность, возможность или необходимость совершения действия). Модальные глаголы сап, may, must употребляются только в сочетании с инфинитивом без частицы to.
1. Глагол can (could) и его эквивалент to be able to ("мочь", "быть в состоянии")
Физическая или умственная способность, умение |
can (could) + Infinitiveto be able to + Infinitive |
When he was five years old he could read quite well. В пятилетнем возрасте он мог довольно хорошо читать. Will you be able to see me tomorrow? Ты сможешь встретиться со мной завтра? |
Просьба, разрешение |
can + Infinitive could + Infinitive |
Can I take this book? - Yes, you can. Могу я взять эту книгу? - Да, можете. Could I use your book for a minute? Могу ли я взять на минуту вашу книгу? |
Предположение, основанное на наличии условий в реальной действительности |
can (could) + Infinitive |
It can rain today. Don’t forget to take the umbrella. Вполне вероятно, что сегодня будет дождь. Не забудь взять зонт. |
Предположение с оттенком удивления |
can + Infinitive |
Can this be true? Неужели это правда? |
2. Глагол may (might) и его эквивалент to be allowed to ("иметь разрешение")
Просьба, разрешение |
may + Infinitive to be allowed + Infinitive |
- May I take this book? - Yes, you may. - Можно взять эту книгу? - Да, можно. I am allowed to take this book. Я могу (мне разрешают) взять эту книгу. |
Предположение с сомнением, неуверенностью |
may (might) + Infinitive |
It may rain today. Don’t forget to take the umbrella. Возможно (может быть), сегодня будет дождь. Не забудь взять зонт. |
3. Глагол must и его эквиваленты to have to, to be to ("быть должным, вынужденным")
Должествование: а) в силу определенных обстоятельств б) согласно намеченному плану, инструкции |
must to have to to be to |
I must do immediately. Я должен сделать это немедленно I have to do it immediately. Мне придется сделать это немедленно. You are to pay the duties immediately. Вы должны оплатить пошлину немедленно. |
Приказание, запрещение |
must |
You mustn’t smoke here. Вы не должны курить здесь. |
Предположение с оттенком уверенности |
must |
Не must have understood nothing. Должно быть, он так ничего и не понял. |
Примечание. Модальный глагол have to образует отрицательную и вопросительную формы с помощью глагола do: Does he have to get up early? Ему приходится вставать рано?
Глаголы may, must, need в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях
На вопрос: |
При отрицательном ответе следует отвечать |
- May I read it? Можно мне прочитать это? - Must I read it? Должен ли я прочитать это? |
- No, you mustnt. Нет, нельзя. - No, you needn’t. Нет, не нужно (в этом нет необходимости). |
|
При утвердительном ответе следует отвечать |
- Need I read it now? Должен ли я прочитать это сейчас? |
- Yes, you must. Да, должны. |
Exercises