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    1. Book-keeping:

process of capturing; financial information; to record; accounting; to extend; far beyond; to include; analysis; interpretation; financial results; events; to created.

    1. the balance sheet:

to lists; assets; liabilities; owner’s equity; changes; double-entry bookkeeping; state; transaction; to record; separate entries; accounting equation; the totals; to be drawn up; periodically.

    1. The double-entry bookkeeping:

double entry system; to divide; two halves; the debit side; the credit side.

III. ORAL PRACTICE

A. Dialogue

1. Read and translate the dialogue in pairs: accountancy in a free-market economy

Ukrainian: What is the role of accountancy in a free-market economy?

American: Well, in a free-market environment, accounting provides sort of vehicle for transmitting information about the performance of enterprises to those with an interest in it.

Ukrainian: We know that your accountants communicate financial information to many people. What users need financial information?

American: I’m coming to the point. One branch of accounting, called managerial accounting, provides information that managers use in making decisions within the firm. Other accountants prepare financial reports for outside users. This branch of accounting is known as financial accounting.

Ukrainian: Financial accounting is only making its first steps in our country and we are having lots of teething problems. How does your accounting meet the needs of the users?

American: Our accounting standards and objectives of financial statements fully meet the users’ needs for useful information.

Ukrainian: What basic principles ensure the provision of such information in the manner the market requires?

American: First of all, accounts must be prepared on a going-concern basic.

Ukrainian: What exactly does it mean?

American: It means accounting is based on the assumption that the business in question will continue to operate. Besides, accounts must reflect the economic substance of the situation rather than simply its legal form.

Ukrainian: What other characteristics make information useful for the users?

American: I’d single our relevance, timeliness, prudence, reliability, materiality, consistency, and comparability.

Vocabulary list:

accountancy – бухгалтерський облік

performance – показники діяльності, результати роботи

fair – чесний, правильний, справедливий

economic status – економічне становище

user – користувач

managerial accounting – управлінський облік

outside user – зовнішній користувач

financial accounting – фінансовий облік

teething problems – проблеми, що виникають на етапі становлення

going-concern basic – принцип працюючого підприємства

assumption – посилання, припущення

economic substance – економічна сутність

characteristics of information – характеристика інформації

relevance – релевантність

timeless – своєчасність

prudence – розсудливість, передбачливість

reliability – надійність

materiality – матеріальність, істотність

consistency – незмінність, спадковість

comparability – порівнюваність