- •1. Look at the pictures. Which could be connected to the following aims? Discuss in pairs.
- •2. A. What do you think the most important factors in keeping healthy are?
- •3. Paraphrase the following quotations. Which do you agree with? Why? Discuss.
- •1. A. You will read a text about four great medical discoveries. Before you read, discuss the following with a partner.
- •Throughout history, key discoveries have changed the course of medical science. We look at four historic medical breakthroughs.
- •Penicillin
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •1. Explain the highlighted words in the passage.
- •2. Match the beginnings with the endings.
- •3. Match the English word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •4. Discussion
- •Vocabulary and Speaking
- •1. Label the numbered parts of the body, using the words in the box. The numbers in black boxes are inside the body.
- •3. What part of your body do you use to do these things?
- •4. A. Say where each of the following body parts is located. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •If you’re fit, you don’t need to exercise. If you aren’t fit, exercise is dangerous.
- •If your total score is:
- •Say No to Death
- •1. Define the statements as true or false.
- •2. Answer the questions.
- •3. Match the beginnings with the endings.
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •4. Мatch the English word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •5. Paraphrase the sentences using the word combinations from the previous exercise.
- •6. Translate into Ukrainian.
- •7. Translate into English.
- •1. Study the ‘case history’ below. Then write ten headlines for the President’s ten-day illness, from President taken ill to The nation holds its breath.
- •2. After all that, do you feel well enough to read on? Note the ways that illnesses can be spoken of and reported in the text below. Examination Fever
- •4. Without looking back at the previous two texts (Ex. 1,2), try to supply the missing word that completes these expressions. Translate them into Ukrainian:
- •5. This is a section on symptoms, possible diagnosis and remedies. These six exchanges between doctor and patient have been mixed up. Decide which response should follow which question.
- •6. Rearrange these six paragraphs in the same way.
- •Vocabulary Practise
- •1. What are your symptoms? Study the material that follows to enlarge your vocabulary.
- •2. What does the doctor prescribe?
- •3. Match the diseases with their symptoms.
- •4. Fill in the missing words in these sentences. Use words from the box.
- •5. Make collocations by matching words from two columns.
- •Health: illness and disease
- •Aches and pains
- •6. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word.
- •7. Translate the following phrasal verbs and verb-preposition collocations for health and illness.
- •8. Read the text below and find words in the text which mean the following.
- •9. Translate into English.
- •10. Learn the following vocabulary.
- •11. Sort these everyday phrasal verbs and expressions connected with health and illness into two groups, depending on whether they have positive or negative meanings with regard to health.
- •12. Translate the sentences with minor ailments and ways of talking about minor problems.
- •13. Rewrite the underlined parts of these sentences using the active vocabulary.
- •1. What do you know about alternative medicine? Learn the new words and use them in the sentences of your own.
- •2. What do we call the type of alternative medicine which...
- •3. Read the text. Make sure you study the language of the text to be competent in further exercises and discussions.
- •4. Match the words with their definitions.
- •5. Match the two columns to form meaningful word combinations.
- •6. Translate into English.
- •7. Translate these sentences into English.
- •8. Complete the sentences using the material of the text about acupuncture (ex.3)
- •9. Translate into English.
- •1. Look at the pictures. What is the text about?
- •2. Do you take any exercise? Why/Why not?
- •1. Qigong is perfect for those who
- •3. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the words only once.
- •4. Which of the treatments and procedures below, relate to conventional and which to alternative medicine?
- •5. Match the medical people with what they might say...
- •6. Find the odd word out.
- •7. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in bold, then cover the text and talk about the two types of medicine.
- •8. Fill in the missing words related to medicine and health. The first letter is given to help you.
- •9. Underline the correct item.
- •A Visit to a Doctor
- •10. Read the text and describe your last visit to the dentist. At the dentist’s
- •11. Answer the questions.
- •12. Explain the meanings of the following words and word combinations in English and use them in situations of your own.
- •13. Translate into English.
- •14. Choose the right form.
- •15. Fill in the blanks with the words below. You may need to change the form оf the words. Each word can be used only once.
- •General Dental Practice
- •16. Give English equivalents for the following words and phrases.
- •Parts of the body
- •3. Choose the correct answer
- •4. Body. Match the Ukrainian names of the parts of the body with their English counterparts.
- •5. Body. Match the following parts of the body with the jumbled definitions on the right.
- •7. Body. Choose one of the four possibilities that best completes the sentence.
- •8. Body. Complete the sentences.
- •The Science of Life
- •A symbol of medicine, a triumph of simplicity
- •5. Read the article and answer the questions (1-7).
- •3. Match words from columns a and b to make collocations, then make sentences.
- •4. Match the sets of adjectives to the nouns to form collocations. Choose any 3 sets and make sentences.
- •5. Select two suitable words which can complete each sentence.
- •6. Study the pairs of words/phrases below and make sentences in order to show their difference in meaning.
- •1. Study the difference.
- •3. Give English equivalents for the following words.
- •4. Here is a list of injuries. Look them up in your dictionary to check the meaning and the pronunciation, and fill in the chart. Use your imagination to think of a cause for the injuries.
- •Diseases
- •5. Give the Ukrainian names of the following diseases.
- •6. Diseases. Choose the correct answer.
- •7. Read the article. Work in pairs and discuss the health problems people might have in the 21st century.
- •8. Find the appropriate word for the definitions.
- •9. Translate the following text into English. Україна – перша у Східній Європі за кількістю віл-інфікованих.
- •Doctors and specialists
- •1. Give Ukrainian equivalents for the following phrases.
- •2. Give the name of the people defined below.
- •3. Translate the article about the the world-famous Ukrainian surgeon, scientist and philosopher Mykola Amosov.
- •4. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate forms of the Verbals. Define their functions. What do you think of the new ailment? help me, doctor, I'm too wealthy
- •Are you ontop of the world?
- •6. Discuss the answers to the questions below.
- •7. Translate the following into English.
- •8. Match the words to form the meaningful word combinations.
- •9. Translate into English.
- •10. Choose the correct answer.
- •1. Read the article.
- •3. Explain the meaning of the words and word combinations in English and use them in the situations of your own.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •5. Transcribe the words.
- •6. Match the words to form the meaningful word combinations.
- •7. Read the text and discuss it using the active vocabulary.
- •8. Think ahead. Look at the title of the article and guess what the article runs about. Read the article through once to see if you have guessed correctly.
- •9. Answer the questions.
- •10. Find words or phrases in the text which have these meanings.
- •11. Match the words into collocations.
- •12. Choose a word from the box to match one of the definitions below.
- •13. Complete the sentences with the words from the previous exercise. Change the word forms if necessary.
- •14. Give the Ukrainian equivalents.
- •15. Give the English equivalents.
- •16. Explain the meaning of the following words and word combinations in English and make up your sentences with them.
- •17. Discuss the following.
- •18. Read the text. Make sure you study the language of the text to be competent in further exercises and discussions.
- •18. Answer the questions.
- •19. The text contains quite a few words whose pronunciation could pose difficulty. Transcribe the following words to avoid possible mispronunciation and miscommunication in future.
- •20. Match the words into collocations.
- •21. Explain the meaning of the following word combinations in English and make up your own sentences with them.
- •22. Find the words in the text which correspond to the given definitions.
- •23. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word from the topical vocabulary, making any necessary changes.
- •24. Find synonyms or near synonyms for the following words, and make up your own sentences to explore their associations.
- •25. Explain the contextual meaning of the words in bold and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •26. Translate the text into English.
- •The Subjective – with – the Participle Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
26. Translate the text into English.
Евтаназія: убивство чи милосердя?
А може, убивство з милосердя?
Щодня у свiтi тисячi фiзично здорових людей добровiльно йдуть iз життя через те, що не в змозi витримати душевнi страждання. У той же час тисячi безнадiйно хворих страждають вiд фiзичного болю. Чи має право хтось iз людей (бо самi вони не в змозi) покласти край їхньому стражданню, вчинивши «убивство з милосердя»?
Гарне медичне слово «евтаназiя» означає безболiсне навмисне умертвiння хворого з метою полегшення його страждань. Проблема евтаназiї виникла не сьогоднi i не раптово. Англiйський фiлософ Френсiс Бекон (1561—1626) для означення легкої безболiсної смертi ввiв термiн «евтаназiя», тобто хороша, спокiйна i легка смерть, без мук i страждань.
Кiлька рокiв тому великого розголосу набув судовий процес над 71-рiчним хiрургом Джеком Кеворкяном, активним пропагандистом евтаназiї (звільнення вiд страждань тяжкохворої людини за допомогою безболісного умертвіння), що вiдбувся у м.Понтiак штату Мiчiган США. «Лiкар Смерть» за певний перiод зa допомогою спецiального ним розробленого апарата умертвив 130 безнадiйних пацiєнтiв. Шiсть разiв за цей час вiн притягався до суду, i суд виправдовував лiкаря. Востаннє вiн вiдмовився вiд адвоката, i суд визнав його винним. Вирок — 25 рокiв тюремного ув’язнення. Багато хто висловлював на адресу «Лiкаря Смерть» осуд й неприязнь. Однак є i багато прихильникiв Кеворкяна серед вчених та хворих. Одна з його послiдовниць — медсестра з Угорщини, яка отримала прiзвисько Чорний Ангел, — нинi теж уже за гратами. Хоч вона й переконувала суддiв, що вводила смертельну iн’єкцiю хворим лише на їхнє прохання, чи, наприклад, якщо хворий перебував у глибокiй комi й життя його пiдтримувалося лише за допомогою апаратiв, на прохання близьких родичiв.
Якщо розiбратися детальнiше, то поняття «евтаназiя» має дуже глибоке коріння. Так, у Спартi вбивали немовлят, народжених слабкими й хворими, у деяких первiсних племен був звичай убивати старих людей, якi стали тягарем для iнших. На початку минулого столiття юрист Бiндiнг i психiатр Гохе запропонували називати евтаназiєю знищення так званих «неповноцiнних» людей. Евтаназiя у такiй iнтерпретацiї широко застосовувалася в гiтлерiвськiй Нiмеччинi, де була спецiально розроблена програма масового знищення людей з рiзними формами захворювань (психiчно хворих, епiлептикiв, паралiзованих тощо). Все це робилося «в iнтересах нацiї». Нинi питання про допустимiсть евтаназiї обговорюється в багатьох країнах свiту, а в рядi країн евтаназiя визнана законною: зокрема, у Нідерландах, в Австралiї, з деякими застереженнями у Канаді. У нас же евтаназiю ранiше прийнято було згадувати як явище, властиве виключно капiталiстичному суспiльству, позбавленому елементарних принципiв моралi. Те, що подiбне може бути у нас, сприймалося як абсурд. Не тому, напевно, що всi українцi чи росiяни такi ревнi вiруючі i у всьому, зокрема в питаннi життя i смертi, покладаються на Бога. Можливо, тут далося взнаки горезвiсне українське терпiння? А може, не одному поколiнню втовкмаченi незабутнi слова Павки Корчагiна, що «життя дається тiльки раз...» У той же час багато вчених зі свiтовим iменем вважають, що є категорiї людей, для яких є допустимим «убивство з милосердя».
Це i невилiковнi хворi, i хронiчно хворi з незворотними вiковими змiнами, хворi з безнадiйно ушкодженим мозком та iншi. Доцiльнiсть примусової евтаназiї обгрунтовується. Переважно це стосується новонароджених з уродженою патологiєю i хворих старечого вiку. Лауреат Нобелiвської премiї Ф. Крiк запропонував не надавати медичну допомогу особам, старшим за 80. На пiдтримку такої позицiї висуваються, як правило, тези про захист економiчних iнтересiв держави й необхiдностi перерозподiлу медичних ресурсiв на користь хворих, котрi мають бiльше шансiв на одужання. Адже перебування у лiкарнi й пiдтримка життя пацiєнта з безнадiйним ушкодженням мозку обходиться вiд 25 до 30 тисяч доларiв на рiк. Невилiковний хворий, котрий перебуває в лiкарнi протягом року, займає мiсце, яке могли б використати близько 20 хворих з термiном лiкування по 2-3 тижнi.
До того ж, бiльшiсть сучасних молодих лiкарiв не вважають самогубство смертним грiхом перед Богом або зовсiм не вiрять нi в Бога, нi в загробне життя. Тож вони не бачать нiякого сенсу i в продовженнi страждань хворого та його близьких.
Злиденне становище нашої медицини – важливий об’єктивний фактор популярностi евтаназiї. Воно формує думку, що медично дозволена смерть i припинення життя є достойнiшими за нестерпне споглядання того, як помирають безнадiйно хворi, котрим суспiльство не в змозi допомогти. У той же час це сприятиме поширенню в суспiльствi цинiзму, нiгiлiзму i моральної деградацiї в цiлому, що є неминучим при вiдмовi вiд дотримання заповiдi «не убий».
Grammar Focus
The Participle
The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has verbal, adjectival and adverbial properties. There are two participles in English: Present Participle (Participle I) and Past Participle (Participle II). Present Participle is formed by adding the ending -ing to the infinitive without the particle to.
The Functions of the Participle
Attribute |
Participle I |
1. They looked at the flying plane. 2. The girl, sitting at the window, is my sister. | ||
Participle II |
1. A broken vase lay in the corner. 2. He saw a vase broken into small pieces. | |||
Adverbial Modifier |
of time |
Participle I
Note: to be (when)
being (cause) |
(When) going home I bought a newspaper. (While) walking in the park he met his old friend.
1. When I was in Kyiv (not: being in Kyiv) I visited a lot of museums.
2. Being tired they went home. | |
Participle II |
(When) asked if he wanted to put up at a hotel he replied he would. | |||
of cause |
Participle I |
Knowing English well he translated the article without a dictionary. | ||
Participle II |
Packed in cases the goods were in good condition. | |||
of compari-son |
Participle I |
This was said as if thinking aloud. | ||
Participle II |
He shook his head as though lost in wonder. | |||
of conces- sion |
Participle I |
Though knowing English well he had difficulty in translating. | ||
Participle II |
Though expected on Sunday he only arrived on Monday. | |||
of manner & attending circum-stances |
Participle I |
1. He sat in the armchair reading a newspaper. 2. He walked limping. | ||
of condition |
Participle II |
If asked he will tell them everything. | ||
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|
| ||
Predica-tive |
Participle I |
His conduct was humiliating. | ||
Participle II |
1. The letters are typed. 2. She stood amazed. | |||
Parenthesis |
1. Generally speaking, you’re a success. 2. Telling the truth, he is a flop. |