- •НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БІОРЕСУРСІВ ТА ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ
- •АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА
- •Посібник
- •Навчальне видання
- •Укладач: РИТІКОВА ЛАРИСА ЛЕОНІДІВНА
- •CONTENTS
- •WHAT IS ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. Make the sentences negative.
- •DISCIPLINES OF ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •Adjectives
- •Adverbs
- •sometimes
- •nowadays
- •never
- •already
- •naturally
- •mainly
- •certainly
- •often
- •unfortunately
- •scientifically
- •recently
- •seldom
- •rather
- •somewhere
- •either
- •practically
- •particularly
- •since
- •AN ECOLOGIST IS …
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •HISTORY OF ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •1.The portion of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist or that is capable of supporting life.
- •2. The combined differences of living things, generally classified in four broad categories.
- •1.the outer layer
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •ECOSYSTEM
- •Notes on the text
- •Post-text exercises
- •to interact
- •поживна речовина
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •1. Modal verbs.
- •ENVIRONMENT AND ITS CHANGING
- •Notes on the text
- •THE MAIN PROCESSES IN ECOSYSTEMS
- •Notes on the text
- •10. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi that decompose dead plants and animals.
- •1. Organisms (specifically, animals) that are not able to produce their own food and must eat other organisms.
- •A Сonsumers
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi ..... decompose dead plants and animals.
- •4. Open the brackets and put the proper form of verbs.
- •4. Open the brackets and put the proper form of verbs.
- •2. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi ..... decompose dead plants and animals.
- •POLLUTION
- •It is a complex and far reaching problem and includes:
- •land pollution: Land pollution can be caused by poor agricultural practices, pesticide use, mineral exploitation, industrial discharges and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes.
- •Notes on the text
- •2. Pollution effects have on human harmful can health.
- •2. Pollution can have harmful effects on …. .
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •Notes on the text
- •What do you know about radioactive contamination?
- •What problems can pollution bring?
- •7.Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •PRESERVATION OF NATURE
- •Notes on the text
- •3. Many species of animals and birds face extinction due to ...... .
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •B.:He (she) has read the journals too.
- •1. to look through the latest political events;
- •2. to be to the University;
- •3. to read the offer from the dean’s office;
- •4. to listen to the BBC English lessons;
- •5. to see a TV program about octopuses and snails.
- •B.:No, I haven’t. I have not read this journal yet.
- •1. to be to London;
- •2. to attend English classes;
- •3. to look through the latest biochemical papers;
- •4. to listen to this compact disk.
- •5. to watch this film
- •Example 3. (to go to Las Vegas)
- •2. Make up sentences using Present Perfect Tense.
- •ever – коли-небудь (питання)
- •3.Make up questions.
- •Exampe: A.Have you discussed the terms of the summer session with your dean yet?
- •B.We have already discussed the terms of the summer session with our dean, but we have not discussed the terms of our clinical practice yet.
- •4. Make up sentences using Past Perfect Tense.
- •before they sent their letter – до того, як вони надіслали свого листа
- •Example: He had translated the text by five o’clock.
- •(to translate the article, to learn to speak Spanish, to finish one’s work, to loose one’s textbook, to fulfill one’s plan, to look through the catalogue).
- •2.Our group had translated the article about preservation of nature by 6 o’clock.
- •UNIT 12
- •POLLUTION IN UKRAINE
- •Notes on the text
- •Notes on the text
- •When you only partially
- •7. Read and translate the following text:
- •HYDROGEN AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
- •PROBLEMS OF THE PLANET
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. The Complex Sentences.
- •14. We'll go to the party if he ______ us.
- •Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
- •Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging either to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities.
- •Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.
- •ACID RAINS
- •WHAT IS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT?
- •Text 9
- •Ecosystem as Landscape Building Block
- •An Agroecosystem Model
- •Text 10
- •FARMING AND NATURAL RESOURCES
- •The Past Continuous Tense
- •ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT CONTINUOUS В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •ЗВЕДЕНА ТАБЛИЦЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКИХ ЧАСІВ
- •В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •І worked –
- •Я працював
- •CONTINUOUS
- •PERFECT
- •PASSIVE VOICE
- •ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН ДІЄСЛОВА
- •SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) PASSIVE TENSES
- •CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) PASSIVE TENSES
- •PERFECT PASSIVE TENSES
- •Tense
- •Affirmative
- •Interrogative
- •Negative
- •Головне речення
- •Підрядне речення
- •giving
- •being given
- •РЕЧЕННЯ. ТИПИ РЕЧЕНЬ
- •ПРИСУДОК (THE PREDICATE)
- •ДРУГОРЯДНІ ЧЛЕНИ РЕЧЕННЯ
- •(THE SECONDARY PARTS OF THE SENTENCE).
- •ДОДАТОК (THE OBJECT)
- •ОЗНАЧЕННЯ (THE ATTRIBUTE)
- •ОБСТАВИНИ (THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS)
- •ОСНОВНI ПРЕФIКСИ ТА ЇХ ЗНАЧЕННЯ
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Таблиця основних нестандартних (неправильних) дієслів
- •Drought. An extended period of unusually low rainfall.
- •Fauna .
- •Фауна.
- •Глобальне потепління.
- •Парникові гази.
- •Microclimate.
- •Озон. Форма кисню з трьох атомів кисню, який формує озоновий шар.
- •Збереження.
- •АНГЛО-УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ СЛОВНИК
- •СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
- •Навчальне видання
DISCIPLINES OF ECOLOGY
Ecology is a broad discipline comprised of many sub-disciplines. A common, broad classification, moving from lowest to highest complexity, where complexity is defined as the number of entities and processes in the system under study, is:
Physiological ecology (or ecophysiology) and behavioral ecology examine adaptations of the individual to its environment.
Population ecology (or autecology) studies the dynamics of populations of a single species.
Community ecology (or synecology) focuses on the interactions between species within an ecological community.
Ecosystem ecology studies the flows of energy and matter through the biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems.
Landscape ecology examines processes and relationship across multiple ecosystems or very large geographic areas.
Ecology can also be sub-divided according to the species of interest into fields such as animal ecology, plant ecology, insect ecology, and so on.
Another frequent method of subdivision is by biome studied, e.g., Arctic ecology (or polar ecology), tropical ecology, desert ecology, etc. The primary technique used for investigation is often used to subdivide the discipline into groups such as chemical ecology, genetic ecology, field ecology, statistical ecology, theoretical ecology, and so forth. Note that these different systems are unrelated and often applied at the same time; one could be a theoretical plant community ecologist, or a polar ecologist interested in animal genetics.
Notes on the text
сomprised - що складається broad - широкий complexity - складність
number of entities - число об'єктів вehavioral ecology -динамічна екологія examine - розглядати
community - 1) община, громада 2) (the community) суспільство
3) спільність 4) угрупування
multiple - 1) багаторазовий; багатократний; численний 2) складний, складений; що має багато відділів (частин) багаторазовий
technique - 1) техніка; технічні прийоми 2) метод; спосіб primary - те, що має першорядне значення
Post-text exercises
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I.Answer the questions:
1.What does the term ecology mean? 2.Why is ecology a broad discipline ?
3.What do physiological ecology (or ecophysiology) and behavioral ecology examine?
4.What does population ecology (or autecology) study?
5.What does community ecology (or synecology) study?
6.What does landscape ecology examine?
7.What sub-disciplines comprise ecology ?
8.How can ecology be sub-divided according to the species of interest into fields ?
2.Give definitions of the following words:
1. The branch of science that is concerned with the relationships between organisms and their environments is called ___.
2.______ studies the flows of energy and matter through the biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems.
3._____ examines processes and relationship across multiple ecosystems or very large geographic areas.
4.________ studies the dynamics of populations of a single species.
5._______ is all living matter on the planet or that portion of the planet occupied by life.
3. Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:
1) сommunity |
a) навколишнє середовище |
2) population |
в) рівень |
3) broad |
с) багаторазовий |
4) examine |
d) популяція |
5) complexity |
e) складність |
6) technique |
f) вид |
7) multiple |
g) широкий |
8) species |
h) метод |
9) environment |
i) розглядати |
10) level |
j) угрупування |
4. Make up word combinations using the text. Translate them into Ukranian in written form.
terrestrial |
layer |
insect |
compartments |
living |
technique |
multi-disciplinary |
basis |
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broad |
ecology |
biosphere primary |
matter |
primary |
level |
genetic |
discipline |
scientific |
science |
several |
ecology |
outer |
species |
5. Make up the sentences using the following words.
1.discipline is a broad discipline ecology
2.ecology examines of the individual to its environment behavioral adaptations
3.ecology processes and relationship across multiple examines ecosystems landscape
4.ecology the dynamics of populations of a single population studies species
6.Complete the following sentences:
1.Ecology is a broad discipline comprised of ….. .
2.Physiological ecology and behavioral ecology examine adaptations of …
3.Population ecology (or autecology) studies the dynamics of …. .
4.Community ecology (or synecology) focuses on …. .
5.Ecosystem ecology studies the flows of …. .
6.Landscape ecology examines ….. .
7.Ecology can also be sub-divided according to…. .
7.Give a brief summary of the text.
8.Test Your Vocabulary.
1.The study of living things, their environment, and the relation between the two is ....... .
A genetics B ecology
C environment D ecophysiology
2.The relationship between the environment and a species is ......... .
Acommunity ecology
Bphysiological ecology
Cinvironmental ecology
Dlandscape ecology
3. ...... is surrounding where living beings inhabit.
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Aharvesting
Benvironment
Ccultivation
Dpastures
4.Ecology is usually considered a branch of …. . A Biology
B Agronomy C Genetics
D Biochemistry
5.A scientist who studies living things is ..... .
A Ecologist B Chemists C Agronomist D Botanist
6. ...... is expressed at the ecological level (ecosystem), population level (intraspecific diversity), species level (specific diversity), and genetic level.
ABiodiversity
BEnvironment
CDiversification
DThe primary technique
7. ...... studies the flows of energy and matter through the biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems.
AEcophysiology
BEcosystem ecology
CLandscape ecology
DPhysiological ecology
8. ..... is the portion of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist or that is capable of supporting life.
AHydrosphere
BBiosphere
CAtmosphere
DLithosphere
9. Plants and photosynthetic microorganisms convert light into chemical energy by the process of ...... , which creates glucose (a simple sugar) and releases free oxygen.
Afood-making
Bsupporting life
Cphotosynthesis
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